(1)
(2)
Fig. 10.13 FTIR spectra of (1) soybean oil (2) soybean oil biodiesel
Table 10.1 Physico-chemical properties of produced soybean oil biodiesel S. no Physical properties Standard methods Soybean oil
biodiesel
Biodiesel standards
1 Appearance/color Visual Clear and bright
yellow
–
2 Density @15 °C – 0.8795 gm/cm3 0.86–0.90 g/cm3
3 Kinematic viscosity
@40 °C, mm2/S
IS1448/P-25 6.52 cSt 2.5–6.0 cSt
4 Flash point °C (PMCC)
IS1448/P-21 170 120 min
5 Fire point °C (PMCC)
IS1448/P-21 184 –
6 Cloud point °C IS1448/P-10 (+) 1 –
7 Pour point °C IS1448/P-10 (−) 2 –
8 Cetane index D 4737 48.5 51
9 Oxidation stability
@110 °C
EN 14,112 4 h Minimum 3 h
• To provide an efficacy of KSS ash catalyst for soybean oil methanolysis, the Karanja seed shell was calcined at 650 °C. According to XRF, EDS, and XRD analysis, the catalyst shows the presence of several alkalies and alkaline earth metals. K and Ca were the most prevalent elements in the ash’s elemental compo- sition, which suggests that the prepared catalyst can used as a heterogeneous catalyst and increased its catalytic activity to produce biodiesel.
• The KSS ash catalyst demonstrated a yield of 96% production of biodiesel from soybean oil in 60 min at 65 °C. The catalyst was reused up to the 4th cycle which yielded a drop to 70% after the 4th run. The fuel properties of the produced biodiesel also meet biodiesel standards.
• Consequently, utilizing KSS catalyst will result in simple reaction procedures, low-cost catalyst preparation, and minimal waste problems for biodiesel synthesis on a wide scale. Additionally, this will helps in lowering greenhouse gas emissions and waste management for wealth.
Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the CIF, Jiwaji University, Gwalior (M.P.), India for providing XRD, FT-IR, and TGA facilities; the Innovation Centre, Bundelkhand University (U.P.), India for GC-MS analysis; the SAIF, IIT Patna, India for the 1H NMR facility;
the CSIF, University of Calicut, India for providing BET facility; IIT Roorkee, India for SEM-EDX analysis; SICART Anand, India for WD-XRF facility; and Hindustan Laboratories Regd., New Delhi, India for testing biodiesel properties.
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