APPENDIX
Appendix 6. Mitigation actions for waste sector
4. Demonstration that the Methodologies Used to Produce the Results are Consistent with Those Used to Establish the
SECOND BIENNIAL UPDATE REPORT A-38
4. Demonstration that the Methodologies Used to Produce
APPENDIX A-39 decomposition was the IPCC defaults from “2013 supplement to the IPCC 2006 Guidelines for National GHG Inventory: Wetlands (2014)”.
Deforestation and forest degradation emission was calculated using the following equation:
!"#$= &#$× "($× 3.67 (1)
Where GEij = CO2 emissions from deforested or forest degraded area-i at forest change class-j, in tCO2e.
Aij = deforested or forest degradation area-i in forest change class j, in hectares (ha). EFj = Emission Factor from the loss of carbon stock due to change of forest class-j, owing to deforestation or forest degradation; in tons carbon per ha (tC ha-1). The 3.67 is conversion factor from tC to tCO2e.
Emission from deforestation and forest degradation at period t (GEt) was estimated using the following equation:
!"- = ∑3#12∑0$12!"#$ (2)
Where, GEt written in tCO2, GEij is emission from deforested or degraded forest area-i in forest class j expressed in tCO2. N is the number of deforested or degraded forest area unit at period t (from t0 to t1), expressed without unit. P is the number of forest classes, which meet natural forest criterion.
While calculation of emission from peat decomposition is described below:
45"678= &678 9 "(7 (3)
Where: PDEijt is Peat Decomposition Emission (PDE), i.e. CO2 emission (tCO2 yr-1) from peat decomposition occurring in peat forest area-i that changed into land-cover type-j within time period- t; Aijt is area-i of peat forest that changed into land-cover type-j within time period-t; EFj is the emission factor from peat decomposition of peat forest that changed into land-cover class-j (tCO2 ha-1 yr-1).
Consistent with deforestation and forest degradation activities, the emission from peat decomposition was calculated from 2013 to 2017. The base calculation for peatland emission is the area located on forested peatland in 1990. The emission baseline of peat decomposition for FREL was estimated using a linear equation approach. This estimate will be improved gradually through a stepwise process to produce a more accurate estimate for future implementation.
The decomposition process in organic soil will produce significant carbon emissions when organic soils are drained. The soils will be exposed to the aerobic condition, being oxidised and emit CO2. In another hand, when forested peatland being converted to other land uses, the organic soils will continuously decompose for years. These emissions are inherited for years after the initial disturbance. Therefore, emissions from peat decomposition will always increase with an additional peatland being deforested.
Regarding consistency, the data, methodologies, and procedures used for calculating the results presented in this report are similar to those used when establishing the FREL. These are described as follows:
4.1. Activity Data
The activity data used for deforestation and forest degradation were land-cover data available from NFMS for 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017. The data were generated from Landsat images to capture historical land-cover data for deforestation (defined as loss of natural forest cover below a certain threshold) and forest degradation (defined as a change from primary forest to disturbed secondary forest) using the same method and procedure as those used for land cover data of 1990-2012 in developing FREL. The land-cover maps that served as activity data were produced by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, which had been manually digitised through visual interpretation. The minimum threshold for mapping area was 6.25 ha. The activity data used for peatland decomposition
SECOND BIENNIAL UPDATE REPORT A-40
were obtained from peatland spatial map provided by the Ministry of Agriculture, and several related maps, field surveys and ground checks.
4.2. Emission Factors
The primary source of data used to derive emission factors for deforestation and forest degradation were the National Forest Inventory (NFI) plots available throughout the country (by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry), complemented by additional research plots to fill information gaps for specific forest type (i.e. mangrove forest) that had no representative NFI plots at the time of data being assessed. Emission factors for peat decomposition were taken from the 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement, which were mostly generated from Indonesia data.
4.3. Carbon Pools
The carbon pools presented in this report were above-ground biomass and soil organic carbon, maintaining the consistency of the same pools as the assessed FREL. Above-ground biomass was included for all forest strata, while soil organic carbon was included only for deforestation or forest degradation occurring on peatlands. Other pools (below ground biomass, litter and deadwood) were not included. Soil organic carbon on soil types other than peatlands was also not included.
4.4. Non-CO2 Gases
The assessed FREL included only carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. The results presented in this report did not incorporate other gases, maintaining the consistency with the assessed FREL. CO2 was the most significant gas concerning emissions from forests.
4.5. REDD+ Activities
The REDD+ activities included in this report were consistent with the assessed FREL, i.e. the REDD+
activities with most significant emissions (deforestation and forest degradation), and, hence, did not include emissions from other REDD+ activities (the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks). These other REDD+ activities were considered in the area for improvement and will be included in future submissions.
APPENDIX A-41