III. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CODE
5. EL-JEBEL
(3) El-Jebel, “the mountain.” This is the great volcanic range which stands on the edge of the desert, protecting the fertile reaches of el-Chauran from encroachment by the sand, known at different times as Mons Asaldamus, Jebel Chauran, and Jebel ed-Druze. This last is the name it bears today in consequence of the settlement of Druzes here, after the massacre in Mt.
Lebanon in 1860. Those free-spirited people have been a thorn in the side of the Turks ever since: and whether or not the recent operations against them (January, 1911) will result in their entire, subjugation, remains to be seen. The western slopes of the mountain are well cultivated, and very fruitful; vineyards abound; and there are large reaches of shady woodlands.
Calkhad, marking the eastern boundary of the land of Israel, stands on the ridge of the mountain to the South Jebel el-Kuleib in which the range culminates, reaches a height of 5,730 ft. Jebel Chauran is named in the Mishna (Rosh ha-shanah, ii.4) as one of the heights from which fire-signals were flashed, announcing the advent of the new year. For its history see BASHAN. The ruins which are so plentiful in the country date for the most part from the early Christian centuries; and probably nothing above ground is older than the Roman period. The substructions, however, and the subterranean dwellings found in different parts, e.g. at Der`ah, may be very ancient. The latest mention of a Christian building is in an inscription found by the present writer at el-Kufr, which tells of the foundation of a church in 720 AD (PEFS, July, 1895, p. 275, Inscr number 150). A good account of Hauran and its cities is given in HGHL, XXIX, 611.
W. Ewing
HAVE
<hav>: “To have” is to own or possess; its various uses may be resolved into this, its proper meaning.
A few of the many changes in the Revised Version (British and American) are, for “a man that hath friends” (Prov 18:24), “maketh many friends,”
margin (Hebrew) “a man of friends”; for “all that I have” (Lk 15:31), “all that is mine”; for “we have peace with God” (Rom 5:1) the English Revised Version has “let us have,” margin “some authorities read we have,” the American Standard Revised Version as the King James Version margin “many ancient authorities read let us have”; for “what great conflict I have” (Col 2:1), “how greatly I strive”; for “will have” (Mt 9:13; 12:7),
“desire”; Mt 27:43, “desireth”; for “would have” (Mk 6:19; Acts 10:10),
“desired”; Acts 16:27, “was about”; 19:30, “was minded to”; 23:28
“desiring”; Heb 12:17, “desired to”; for “ye have” (Heb 10:34), the English Revised Version has “ye yourselves have,” margin “ye have your
ownselves,” the American Standard Revised Version “ye have for yourselves,” margin “many ancient authorities read, ye have your own selves for a better possession” (compare Lk 9:25; 21:19); “having heard”
for “after that ye heard” (Eph 1:13); “having suffered before,” for “even after that we had suffered” (1 Thess 2:2); “and thus, having,” for “so after he had” (Heb 6:15).
W. L. Walker HAVEN
<ha’-v’-n>
(1) [twOj, choph] (Gen 49:13, the Revised Version margin “beach”; Jdg 5:17, the Revised Version margin “shore,” the King James Version
“seashore,” the King James Version margin “port”); elsewhere “sea- shore” (Dt 1:7; Josh 9:1; Jer 47:7) or “sea coast” (Ezek 25:16); from root [tp”j;, chaphaph], “to wash” or “to lave”; compare Arabic chaffa, “to rub”; and chaffat, “border”; Chufuf, in Eastern Arabia;
(2) [zwOjm;, machoz] (Ps 107:30);
(3) [limh>n, limen] (Acts 27:12 bis); also Fair Havens, [kaloi<
lime>nev, kaloi limenes] (Acts 27:8)): While the Greek limen is
“harbor,” the Hebrew Choph is primarily “shore.” There is no harbor
worthy of the name on the shore of Palestine South of Chaifa. Indeed there is no good natural harbor on the whole coast of Syria and Palestine. The promontories of Carmel, Beirut and Tripolis afford shelter from the prevalent southwest wind, but offer no refuge from the fury of a northern gale. On rocky shores there are inlets which will protect sail boats at most times, but the ships of the ancients were beached in rough weather, and small craft are so treated at the present time. See illustration under BITHYNIA, p. 483.
Alfred Ely Day HAVENS, FAIR
<ha’-v’-nz>.
See FAIR HAVENS.
HAVILAH
<hav’-i-la> ([hl;ywij}, chawilah]; [EuJila>, Heuila]):
(1) Son of Cush (Gen 10:7; 1 Ch 1:9).
(2) Son of Yoktan, descendant of Shem (Gen 10:29; 1 Ch 1:23).
(3) Mentioned with Shur as one of the limits of the territory of the Ishmaelites (Gen 25:18); compare the same limits of the land of the Amalekites (1 Sam 15:7), where, however, the text is doubtful. It is described (Gen 2:11,12) as bounded by the river Pishon and as being rich in gold, bdellium and “shoham-stone” (English Version of the Bible,
“onyx”). The shoham-stone was perhaps the Assyrian samtu, probably the malachite or turquoise. The mention of a Cushite Havilah is explained by the fact that the Arabian tribes at an early time migrated to the coast of Africa. The context of Gen 10:7 thus favors situation on the Ethiopian shore, and the name is perhaps preserved in the kolpos Aualites and in the tribe Abalitai on the South side of the straits of Babel-Mandeb. Or possibly a trace of the name appears in the classical Aualis, now Zeila` in
Somaliland. But its occurrence among the Yoktanite Arabs (Gen 10:29) suggests a location in Arabia. South Arabian inscriptions mention a district of Khaulan (Chaulan), and a place of this name is found both in Tihama and Southeast of San`a’. Again Strabo’s Chaulotaioi and Chuwaila in
Bahrein point to a district on the Arabian shore of the Persian Gulf. No exact identification has yet been made.
A. S. Fulton HAVOC
<hav’-ok>: “Devastation,” “to make havoc of” is the translation of [lumai>nomai, lumainomai], “to stain,” “to disgrace”; in the New
Testament “to injure,” “destroy” (Acts 8:3, “As for Saul he made havoc of the church,” the Revised Version (British and American) “laid waste”; 1 Macc 7:7, “what havoc,” the Revised Version (British and American) “all the havock,” exolothreusis, “utter destruction”).
The Revised Version has “made havoc of” (portheo) for “destroyed” (Acts 9:21; Gal 1:23), for “wasted” (Gal 1:13).
HAVVAH
<hav’-a> ([hW;j”, chawwah]): Hebrew spelling, rendered Eve, “mother of all living,” Gen 3:20 the Revised Version margin.
See EVE.
HAVVOTH-JAIR
<hav-oth-ja’-ir> ([ryaiy; tWOj”, chawwoth ya’ir] “the encampments” or
“tent villages of Jair”; the King James Version Havoth-Jair, ha-voth-ja’ir):
The word chawwoth occurs only in this combination (Nu 32:41; Dt 3:14;
Jdg 10:4), and is a legacy from the nomadic stage of Hebrew life. Jair had thirty sons who possessed thirty “cities,” and these are identified with Havvoth-jair in Jdg 10:3 ff. The district was in Gilead (10:5; Nu 32:41). In Dt 3:13 f, it is identified with Bashan and Argob; but in 1 Ki 4:13, “the towns of Jair” are said to be in Gilead; while to him also “pertained the region of Argob, which is in Bashan, threescore great cities with walls and brazen bars.” There is evident confusion here. If we follow Jdg 10:3 ff, we may find a useful clue in 10:5. Kamon is named as the burial place of Jair.
This probably corresponds to Kamun taken by Antiochus III, on his march from Pella to Gephrun (Polyb. v.70, 12). Schumacher (Northern `Ajlun, 137) found two places to the West of Irbid with the names Qamm and Qumeim (the latter a diminutive of the former) with ancient ruins. Qamm
probably represents the Hebrew Qamon, so that Havvoth-jair should most likely be sought in this district, i.e. in North Gilead, between the Jordan Valley and Jebel ez-Zumleh.
W. Ewing HAWK
<hok> ([6ne, nets]; [iJe>rax, hierax], and [glau~x, glaux]; Latin Accipiter nisus): A bird of prey of the genus accipiter. Large hawks were numerous in Palestine. The largest were 2 ft. long, have flat heads, hooked beaks, strong talons and eyes appearing the keenest and most comprehensive of any bird. They can sail the length or breadth of the Holy Land many times a day. It is a fact worth knowing that mist and clouds interfere with the vision of birds and they hide, and hungry and silent wait for fair weather, so you will see them sailing and soaring on clear days only. These large hawks and the glede are of eagle-like nature, nesting on Carmel and on the hills of Galilee, in large trees and on mountain crags. They flock near Beersheba, and live in untold numbers in the wilderness of the Dead Sea. They build a crude nest of sticks and twigs and carry most of the food alive to their young. Of course they were among the birds of prey that swarm over the fresh offal from slaughter and sacrifice. No bird steers with its tail in flight in a more pronounced manner than the hawk. These large birds are all-the- year residents, for which reason no doubt the people distinguished them from smaller families that migrated. They knew the kite that Isaiah
mentioned in predicting the fall of Edom. With them the smaller, brighter- colored kestrels, that flocked over the rocky shores of the Dead Sea and over the ruins of deserted cities, seemed to be closest in appearance to the birds we include in the general term “falcon.” Their ate mice, insects and small birds, but not carrion. The abomination lists of Lev 11:16 and Dt 14:15 each include hawks in a general term and specify several species as unfit for food. Job 39:26 reads:
“Is it by thy wisdom that the hawk soareth, And stretcheth her wings toward the south?”
Aside from calling attention to the miraculous flight,, this might refer to migration, or to the wonderful soaring exhibitions of these birds.
See GLEDE; KITE; NIGHT HAWK; FALCON.
Gene Stratton-Porter
HAY
<ha>.
See GRASS.
HAZAEL
<ha-za’-el>, <ha’-za-el>, <haz’-a-el> ([laez;j}, chaza’-el] and [laehz;j}, chazah’-el]; [ JAzah>l, Hazael]; Assyrian haza’ilu):