III. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CODE
2. FIGURATIVELY
It is used
(1) for what is hard to bear, oppressive, kabhedh (Ex 18:18; Nu 11:14;
1 Sam 5:6,11; Ps 38:4; Isa 24:20); motah, a “yoke” (Isa 58:6, the Revised Version (British and American) “bands of the yoke”); qasheh,
“sharp,” “hard” (1 Ki 14:6, “heavy tidings”); barus, “heavy” (Mt 23:4);
(2) for sad, sorrowful (weighed down), mar, “bitter” (Prov 31:6, the Revised Version (British and American) “bitter”); ra`, “evil” (Prov 25:20); ademoneo, literally, “to be sated,” “wearied,” then, “to be very heavy,” “dejected” (Mt 26:37, of our Lord in Gethsemane, “(he) began to be sorrowful and very heavy,” the Revised Version (British and American) “sore troubled”); “ademonein denotes a kind of stupefaction and bewilderment, the intellectual powers reeling and staggering under the pressure of the ideas presented to them” (Mason, The Conditions of our Lord’s Life on Earth); compare Mk 14:33;
(3) morose, sulky, as well as sad, car, “sullen,” “sour,” “angry” (1 Ki 20:43; 21:4, “heavy and displeased”);
(4) dull, kabhedh (Isa 6:10, “make their ears heavy”; 59:1, “neither (is) his ear heavy”);
(5) “tired” seems to be the meaning in Ex 17:12, “Moses’ hands were heavy” (kabhedh); compare Mt 26:43 and parallels above.
Heavily is the translation of kebhedhuth, “heaviness” (Ex 14:25), meaning
“with difficulty”; of qadhar, “to be black,” “to be a mourner” (Ps 35:14 the King James Version, the Revised Version (British and American) “I bowed down mourning”); of kabhedh (Isa 47:6).
Heaviness has always the sense of anxiety, sorrow, grief, etc.; de’aghah,
“fear,” “dread,” “anxious care” (Prov 12:25, “Heaviness in the heart of a
man maketh it stoop,” the Revised Version margin “or care”); kehah, “to be feeble,” “weak” (Isa 61:3, “the spirit of heaviness”); panim, “face,”
“aspect” (Job 9:27 the King James Version, “I will leave off my heaviness,”
the Revised Version (British and American) “(sad) countenance”; compare 2 Esdras 5:16; The Wisdom of Solomon 17:4; Ecclesiasticus 25:23);
ta’aniyah, from ‘anah, “to groan,” “to sigh” (Isa 29:2, the Revised Version (British and American) “mourning and lamentation”); tughah,
“sadness,” “sorrow” (Ps 119:28; Prov 10:1; 14:13); ta`anith, “affliction of one’s self,” “fasting” (Ezr 9:5, the Revised Version (British and American)
“humiliation,” margin “fasting”); katepheia, “dejection,” “sorrow”
(literally, “of the eyes”) (Jas 4:9, “your joy (turned) to heaviness”); lupe,
“grief” (Rom 9:2, the Revised Version (British and American) “great sorrow”; 2 Cor 2:1, the Revised Version (British and American)
“sorrow”); lupeomai (1 Pet 1:6, the Revised Version (British and American) “put to grief”); for nush, “to be sick,” “feeble” (Ps 69:20, the Revised Version margin “sore sick”), and ademoneo (Phil 2:26 the Revised Version (British and American) “sore troubled”), the King James Version has “full of heaviness.” “Heaviness,” in the sense of sorrow, sadness, occurs in 2 Esdras 10:7,8,24; Tobit 2:5; lupe (Ecclesiasticus 22:4, the Revised Version (British and American) “grief”; 30:21, “Give not thy soul to heaviness,” the Revised Version (British and American) “sorrow”; 1 Macc 6:4); lupeo (Ecclesiasticus 30:9, the Revised Version (British and American) “will grieve thee”; penthos (1 Macc 3:51, etc.).
The Revised Version has “heavier work” for “more work” (Ex 5:9); “heavy upon men” for “common among men” (Eccl 6:1); for “were heavy loaden”
(Isa 46:1), “are made a load”; for “the burden thereof is heavy” (Isa 30:27), “in thick rising smoke.”
W. L. Walker HEBER
<he’-ber> ([rb,j,, chebher], “associate” or, possibly, “enchanter”; [ ]Eber, Eber]): A name occurring several times in the Old Testament as the name of an individual or of a clan.
(1) A member of the tribe of Asher and son of Beraiah (Gen 46:17; Nu 26:45; 1 Ch 7:31 f).
(2) A Kenite, husband of Jael, who deceptively slew Sisera, captain of the army of Jabin, a Canaanite king (Jdg 4:17; 5:24). He had separated himself from the main body of the Kenites, which accounts for his tent being near Kedesh, the place of Sisera’s disastrous battle (Jdg 4:11).
(3) Head of a clan of Judah, and son of Mered by his Jewish, as
distinguished from an Egyptian wife. He was father, or founder, of Soco (1 Ch 4:18).
(4) A Benjamite, or clan or family of Elpaal belonging to Benjamin (1 Ch 8:17).
(5) Heber, of our Lord’s genealogy (Lk 3:35 the King James Version), better, Eber.
So, the name “Eber,” [rb,[e, `ebher], in 1 Ch 5:13; 8:22, is not to be confused with Heber, [rb,j,, chebher], as in the foregoing passages.
Edward Bagby Pollard HEBERITES
<he’-ber-its> ([yrib]j,h”, ha-chebhri]): Descendants of Heber, a prominent clan of Asher, (Nu 26:45). Supposed by some to be connected with the Chabiri of the Tell el-Amarna Letters.
HEBREW; HEBREWESS
<he’-broo>, <he’-broo-es> ([yrib][i, `ibhri], feminine [hY;rib][i,
`ibhriyah]; [ JEbrai~ov, Hebraios]): The earliest name for Abraham (Gen 14:13) and his descendants (Joseph, Gen 39:14,17; 40:15; 41:12; 43:32;
Israelites in Egypt, Ex 1:15; 2:6,11,13; 3:18; in laws, Ex 21:2; Dt 15:12; in history, 1 Sam 4:6,9; 13:7,19, etc.; later, Jer 34:9, “Hebrewess,” 34:14;
Jon 1:9; in the New Testament, Acts 6:1; 2 Cor 11:22; Phil 3:5). The etymology of the word is disputed. It may be derived from Eber (Gen 10:21,24,25, etc.), or, as some think, from the verb [rb”[;, `abhar], “to cross over” (people from across the Euphrates; compare Josh 24:2). A connection is sought by some with the apri or epri of the Egyptian monuments, and again with the Habiri of the Tell el-Amarna Letters. In Acts 6:1, the “Hebrews” are contrasted with “Hellenists,” or Greek- speaking Jews. By the “Hebrew” tongue in the New Testament (Hebraisti,
Jn 5:2; 19:13,17,20; 20:16) is meant ARAMAIC (which see), but also in Rev 9:11; 16:16, Hebrew proper.
James Orr HEBREW LANGUAGE
See LANGUAGES OF THE OLD TESTAMENT; ARAMAIC.
HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO THE:
<he’-brooz>,