Through this study, the level of professional competence of teachers in terms of knowledge, skills and value of professionalism in implementing the PVMA program and the needs of PVMA program teachers in their professional development will be identified. The researcher will be able to assess the background of teachers involved in the PVMA program in order to provide appropriate information on the current implementation of the PVMA program at the secondary level in Malaysian academic schools. It is hoped that PVMA program teachers can implement the transformation of TVET with a high level of competence in order to uplift the technical and vocational images. Additionally, the outcome of this study will add value to the implementation of the PVMA program in schools and provide information to the Ministry of Education on the need for continuing professional development of VET teachers.
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Keberkesanan Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Di Kalangan Guru Matapelajaran Teknikal. Isu-isu Pendidikan teknik dan Vokasional. Penerbit UTM, Johor.
DiPaola, M., & Wagner, C. A. (2018). Improving instruction through supervision, evaluation, and professional development. IAP.
Faridah Mariani, Widad Othman, Hairul Nizam Ismail, Zainuddin Isa (2014). Isu Dan Cabaran Pelaksanaan Pendidikan Asas Vokasional (PAV) Di Sekolah Menengah Harian Malaysia. Teaching And Learning In The 21st Century:Challenges For Lecturers And Teachers. Profesional Development In Education (PDE) 2014. Open University Malaysia.
Irby, D. M., & O'sullivan, P. S. (2018). Developing and rewarding teachers as educators and scholars: remarkable progress and daunting challenges. Medical education, 52(1), 58- 67.
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (2001). Surat Pekeliling Ikhtisas Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia Bilangan 6 Tahun 2001. Pelaksanaan Program Mata Pelajaran Vokasional (MPV).
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Mohamad Zaid Mustafa, Mohd Khalil Yaccob, Rosnee Ahad, Abdul Rasid Abd. Razzaq, Ahmad Rizal Madar dan Mohd Yusop Ab. Hadi (2012). Kompetensi Guru Pelatih Keluaran Universiti Tun Husseian Onn Malaysia Terhadap Proses Pengajaran Amali Di Dalam Bengkel : Satu Tinjauan Dari Perspektif Guru Pembimbing. Fakulti Pendidikan Teknikal Universiti Tun Hussein Onn.
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Robiah Sidin (2002). Konsep Guru Profesional. Prosiding Seminar Kebangsaan Profesion Perguruan 2002. Profesion Keguruan : Cabaran masa Kini (1-11), Bangi. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Strategy of Clean Water Providing to the Community Around Lake Tempe, Indonesia
Andi Rumpang Yusuf1, Abdul Mun’im2 & Djusdil Akrim3
1,2&3
Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia
Abstract:
The provision of clean water to the community is the obligation of local government.
However, the declining quality of water sources resulted in the government having to find a practical strategy. The article describes about strategy clean water provision. This article describes the results of study on the utilization strategy of Lake tempe as a source of clean water. The quantitative approach by analysis data of expert judgement based on an instrument.. The focus of research are community role, technology development and the environmental quality. Socio cultural aspect is an important part of community role in utilizing Lake Tempe as a source of clean water. Furthemore, technological development supports for providing clean water that useful to increase the service coverage. Finally, the expert considered regarding to the environmental aspects that quality of water resource is the main priority. The results of this study became a consilderation for the government in the clean water distribution for the community in around the Tempe Lake, Indonesia.
Keywords: Strategy, Priority, and Water Resource
1.0 Introduction
The availability of clean water in a residential area is closely related to health and environmental conditions. The problem of clean water availability for the world's population is also expressed in the Millennium Development Goals target of 2015 (MDGs) that is 68.9 percent of Indonesia's population have access to clean water. (Leblanc, Arnold, & Arnold, 2014). The issue of clean water availability is evident in the low water quality and the continuity of the non-guaranteed flow rate. Even some areas are still "need special attention"
to the target of sustainable access to clean water and basic sanitation (Patunru, 2015)
Indonesia has thousands of lakes and serves as a source of clean water for the community. The lake ecosystem consists of water catchment areas, borders and lake waters.
silting and narrowing, lake water quality pollution, loss of biodiversity and the growth of weeds of water and algae. The quality of the lake is closely related to the quality of life of the surrounding community, both as a source of clean water and agricultural activity.
Lake Tempe as one of the water resources experiencing degradation of visible shallow and abundant water weeds. The siltation causes a decrease in the capacity of the container being the problem of water weeds due to the growth of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), watercress (Ipomoea aquatica) and other plants. (Yang et al., 2016). Closure of water bodies with aquatic vegetation increases from year to year. The research by Tjahjaningsih et al.
(2014) shows that. Monitoring analysis of the coverage area of water hyacinth with digital image illustrates the percentage of water hyacinth cover in 1989 covering 9%, in 2000 increased to 31%, 76% year and year 2010 by 69%.
Tempe lake water quality conditions greatly affect the quality of life. The area of Lake Tempe is very fluctuating depending on the season. During the dry season, Lake Tempe has
an area of 10,000 ha with water depth between 0,50 - 2,00 m. This area increased to 28,000- 43,000 ha with an average depth exceeding 6.00 meters. (Soeprobowati, 2015). Based on the mapping and field survey analysis, the result shows that there is a decrease of lake area of 19 973 Ha and is expected to continue to shrink in the future. The area of shrinking lakes is also accompanied by an increase in the area of settlements and area wetlands. Residents of the area are mostly permanent inundation (inundated for more than six months) and have difficulty accessing clean water. People use lake water as the fulfilment of their clean water needs. In reality, the water conditions of Lake Tempe are highly polluted due to its hydrological conditions.
Hydrologically, Tempe Lake is an estuary of several rivers included in Bila Watershed and Walanae Watershed. The catchment area of Bila River is 1,368 km2 with drainage over 100 km. Walanae River has a catchment area of 3,190 square kilometres. Lake Tempe occupies a region that is divided into three areas of local government that is Wajo Regency (54.6%), while Soppeng Regency (34.6%) and Sidenreng Rappang Regency Sidrap (10.7%).
Human activities in water catchment areas are the determinants of water quality. Agricultural activities dominate community activities in water catchment areas. Consequently, Lake Tempe has water contamination sourced from nitrogen and phosphorus. The condition of water pollution and water utilisation by the community requires the existence of clean water service as a whole. An economical choice is the provision of water communally and distributed with pipelines. This provision begins with improving the quality of clean water, shelter and distribution.
The common water supply system is a water supply system managed in a participatory manner by the community. Water management by community groups is sustainable because it is exclusive and can not be accessed by other groups. However, the provision of support facilities and capacity building of the community is the responsibility of the local government in meeting the needs of the community. Several criteria for sustainability of clean water supply system: drinking water management system, water quality and quantity, operational and maintenance, financing, community institutions, water resources protection and inter- institutional cooperation. Further, the reference Brikké, Bredero, Supply, & Network (2003), described that the four factors that become sustainability of common water supply system that is technical factors, community factors, environmental factors and institutional factors.
Technical factors related to supporting technology along with the availability of skilled personnel in operation and maintenance. This factor must be supported financially to ensure service sustainability, spare parts costs and total operational and maintenance costs. The main factor of society is its participation in the provision. The willingness to pay by the community is a fundamental element in service sustainability. Also, involvement in the maintenance of technical facilities, as well as minor improvements, is a contributing factor of providing clean water sources.
Environmental factors are characterised by the maintenance of clean water quality in the form of conservation of water catchment areas and protection from potential pollutants.
Collective behaviour factors influenced by community knowledge and awareness about the importance of clean water and sanitation for health. UNESCO establishes three criteria that support the sustainability of public water supply, environmental, technological and community criteria (Castro, Msuya, & Makoye, 2009)
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