FEWKES] AECHEOLOGICAL OBJECTS 115 The three-pointed stones figured in plate xxxvii belong to those

specimensofthetirsttypethathave

human

faces. Specimen ahas

two

pits oneachsideofthe conical projectionanda broad,slightlyraised frontalridge. In neitherspecimena norspecimenhisthere agroove betweentheheadandthe conoid projection,asis true of most speci-

mens

of thefirsttypealready considered.

The

nose of the stonefig-

uredasa^isflattened,of thatfigured ash

more

pointed.

The

feetand legsof bothspecimensareobscurelyindicated. Theirsurfaceisfairly smooth.

On

the

same

plate are

shown

alsothreeviews(c,^(;',e")ofaninstruct- ivespecimen, thelaosteriorpoint of which has been broken and the object thus adaptedfor apestle; the broken end exhibitsevidences ofwear,whichare likewisevisibleonthe portion of the stone anterior to the conical projection, as is apparent in aviewof the base {r").

The

headofthisthree-pointed stone(t) iswell carved; the noseisnot projecting,northe forehead retreating.

The

frontal ridge is broad andflatanddecoratedwith incised lines,the earpendants beingindi- cated bycircular depressions.

The

mostremarliable feature of this objectisthe circulardepression inthemiddleof the basesurrounded by an incised ring(c"). Other three-pointed stones havelikebasal depressions,but thesurroundingringoccurs onlyin thisonespecimen.

Professor

Mason

describes theo))jectfiguredasaon platexxxvii, asfollows:

A

darkvolcanic specimen. Tlie headbandalnitsontlieniannna, leaving a very slightfurrowin front, but theposteriorfurrow i^'deeper. Onthesides of the

mamma

arecupcuttings. The bottomiselevatedandhollow. Length6.15,width

3.2,height2.7inches.

ProfessorMason'sdescription ofhonthesameplateisasfollows:

A

light-bluevolcanicstone. Thefurrowsarealmost wanting, and,as inaspeci-

menpreviouslymentioned, thefeetarereversed. The bottomisvery roughlyhol- lowedout. Length.5.6,width2.4,height3.6inches.

Specimencon thisplateisthus describedbyProfessor

Mason

:

A

^{finespecimen,}madeofwhite marble. Theface^iswellexecuted,theheadband beingwideand ornamentedwithcupcuttingsandfrets. Thefeetarebrolienoff.

Insteadofacymbiformcavity inthe bottom, thereisadeep cupcutting,aroundthe VKirder ofwhich isaperfectly circular furrow. This objecthasbeen batteredby secondary useasapestle. Thedimensionsareestimated. Length 12.8,width4.4, height3.7.5inches.

Plate XXXVIII, a, a', andi, h', represents

two

fragments of finely cut three-pointed stones,which once

may

have beenparts of a single object;

«and

h

show

a frontanda.sideviewofthehead; h'represents thesideviewof the pcsteriorpoint,or legs,whilea!shows the

same

from

therear.

The

frontalridgeisdecorated withcurvedandstraight lines,triangles,andpits,andthere isawell-marked circulardepres-

116 THE

ABORIGINES OF

PORTO

RICO [eth.ANN. 25 sionintheridgeabovethencse. Thereare likewisepits attheproxi- mal ends of thethighs.

The

leg.s are retracted, thefive toes being separatedbyparallel incisions.

The

rough brokenends of both these specimens are considerablyworn,asif the objects had been usedas pestles orpounding implements.

The

inciseddecorationinthese

two

objects, as in several others,is broughtoutintheillustration 1)3'the use of chalk.

Itisnotwhollyevident that these

two

ol)jectsoncebelongedtogether orformed head andlegsof a single object, but thetinishof both,no lessthan the character of the stone of whichthev aremade,su^jports thatconclusion.

Professor

Mason

thus writes of thesetwofragments:

17017. The headofainammiformstone, ofwhite marble. The headband^isorna- mentedwith chevronsandthreecupcuttings. Thiswas undoubtedlya verybeautiful implement. Theateenceof <lup!icatesinsucha large collectionissomewhatstrik- ing,andyettestifiestotherichness offancyintheartists. Thisfigure,however,is almostidentii'alin material,physiognomy, and theshapeandornamentationofthe headbandwith theheadofnumber17003. (Platexxxvii,c.)

17018. The ^foot of a marblemammiform stone. Thefeetare finely exjjressed;

indeedthey are thebestlookingpair of feet inthewholelot. Thethighs are orna- mente<lwithchevronsand cupcuttings. Thismayhavebeen thefoot ofthe object towhichthe foregoingnumber wasthe head,ormoreprobablytothebrokenspeci-

mendescribedasNo.17003. Ifnot,itisarelicofaveryfinelywroughtimplement.

Specimenc,plate xxxaiii,isa roughly

made

three-pointed stone of thefirsttype, showinga long neck andan ob.scurely indicated

mouth

and frontal ridge,the legs being slightly rai.sed abovethe surface.

Thisspecimenhas thegeneralappearanceofan unfinished object or of one

whose

surface is considerablywaterworn. Specimens

d

andcof the

same

plate are bothA'eiT

much

waterworn,the second showing breccia-like fragments left in relief bythewearing

away

of asofter matrix.

PlateXXXIX,^(/to<i",showsthreeviewsof a three-pointed stoneidol, the onl}'oneinthe collection inourNational

Museum

withadepres- sionattheapexofthe conical projection.

The

headhasa

mouth

anda pointed snoutlikealizard's,butnonose, the place of thelatterbeingoccupiedbyarounded protuberance with pits,resembling nostrils,oneach side. There are noindications of ears,as inalmostall other stones representing

human

heads,andthe frontal ridgeis here replaced by an ele\ation,the top of the head.

This elevation, however, like the frontal ridge, isornamented with incisedlinesandhas amedianpitsurroundedbyanincised ring.

The

posteriorapjiendages areveryobscurelyindicated.

Professor

Mason

^{gives the}following description of the stone figured as7}inthis plate:

Aroughspecimenmadeofvolcanicstone. Theface an<l feetaremuch flattened out,andtheanteriorandposterior furrowarebroadandshallow. Theleftsideis

FEWKEs]

ABCHEOLOGICAL

OBJECTS

117

fuller than theright. The

mamma

is slightlywinged,or angular,onthe sides, front,andrear. The bottom isnearlyflat,andvery rough. Length8,width3.55, height3.8inches.

Specimencofthisplatehas aflattenedfaceasseenin profile,anda lowconical projection. Profes.'ior

Mason

gives thefollowing descrip- tion,withfigure,ofthisspecimen:

A

dark-coloredspecimen,ofvolcanicmaterial. The headisgrotesqueand high- ridged,makingthefrontfurrow deep. Across the thighsisachevroned band. The right sideisfullerthan theleft. The bottomiswarpedup andhollowedout. There arefourshallowcylindricaldepressionsonthe

mamma

onalevelwith the furrows, oneoneither side ofthe anteriorandposterior portions. Length 11.65,width4.6, height4.05 inches.

Plate

XL

represents thesideandtopviewsof a three-pointed stone witha

human

faceinwhichthe chinisprotuberant.

The

frontalband

isornamented withincisedlines,andthereisamedianpitsurrounded byaring.

The

specimenis

made

ofwhitestone.

Professor

Mason

thus describes a similarobject:

A

dark,mottled,volcanicstone. Thefacehasbeen verymuchbatteredbytime.

Thereisanelevatedbandacrossthe forehead,makingthefurrowsnarrowanddeep.

Theright sideisfuller than the left,andthebottomelevatedand hollowedout.

Length7.95, width3.5, height4 inches.

In plate XLI,aand a' represent a brokenthree-pointed stonewith face,

shown

inprofileview, resemblingthatof amonkey.

The

well-

marked

frontal ridgewhich ends at eitherendisobscurely indicated, the earshavingthe

form

ofknobs.

Specimen^7>,h'in thisplatehas areptilianhead withbackwardextend- ingmouth, semicircular eyes,andlateralh'placedprotuberanceswith nostrils,but no frontal band or ridge. This .specimen has shallow pits initssurface,oneoneachsideof theIjaseofthe conical projection.

The

posterior point has the appearance of another head, with deep depressions for eyes,whichare probablj^only highly conventionalized legand thigh depressions.

The

height ofthisspecimenas

compared

withitslengthislessthan inanyother that hasbeen.studied.

In the

same

plate(xli,candc')thereis

shown

afine specimenofa three-pointed stone ofreptilianappearance,oneofthreefoundtogether inacanefieldnearSalinas,PortoRico,andpresentedtotheSmithson- ian Institutionby

Mr

ZoUer. Initthemainfeatures of thereptilian

group

are well marked.

The

head is long,with semicircular eyes, prominent nostrils, and

mouth

extending backward. There is no frontal ridgeand the posterior point has two eye-like depressions obscurel}'representing the legs.

The

surface is finelypolishedand therock of which^{it is}

made

isveryhard.

The

three-pointed stonesinplate xlii(^/,I)havelizard-shapedheads andaregood examplesofthesecondgroupof thefirsttype,specimena beingoneofthe best of these stonesinthecollection. Itsheadhas a

118 THE

ABORIGINES OF

PORTO

RICO

pointed form,which,

when

seenfromabove, isahnost trianguhirin profile,witheyeslateral; nostrils,pits

mounted

ontubercles;

mouth

extendingbackward, andlipswellrepresentedbya ridgesurrounding themouth.

Back

ofeacheyethereisa triangular incisedfigure,and inaprominence ontop of the head a small depression. There^isno frontalbandor ridge,or representation of ears.

The

surface of the object is smoothly polished and presents a mottled appearance; the rock of which the specimen is

made

isveiyhard.

The

object

now

beingconsidered(a, a') isthus described

by

ProfessorMason:

Of mottled marble. The headresembles thatofahogor peccary,butisgrotesque.

Thefeetarehuman;the furrowsaiv liroadanddeeji; theleftside^isfullerthan the right, andthebottom is deeply hollowed. Length 12..55,width 5.5, height5.3 inches.

The

specimendesignatedhhas amarkedlyreptilianhead andisone of a

few

possessingteetli.

The

^ej'esarelateralcirculardepressions,and thenostrilsare

mounted

ontubercleswithpitsopeninglaterally.

The

Fig.in.Thri'c-f.ointedstoneoffirsttype.

mouth

extendsbackward,andthetwo rowsofteeth,oneintheupper, the other in thelower, jaw,are indicated byincised lines.

The

pos- teriorappendages are alsowell cut,and there arepitsonthe thighs thatresemble eyes.

Of

specimenhProfessorJNIasonwrites:

A

smallspecimen of white marble. Thegrotesqueheadresembles thatof an alligator. Thefeet,as usual, arehuman. Thethighsareornamentedwith chevrons and circles. Thefurrows arenarrow andshallow,the leftside full,the liottom unusually cymbiform. Length4.85,width 2,height2.75 inches.

A

three-pointed .stoneof singular undcscribed

form

is exceptional inshowingthe forelegscutin relief on thesideof thebody.

At

the shoulder of each there is a shallowpit,whichcan be seeninseveral other specimens. This object(figure 18)

owned by Mr

Yuughannis, of

Bayamon,

PortoRico,inthe

form

oftheheadand intheposse.ssion ofbothforeand hindlegs, ditfers

from

anyotheryetfigured.

FEWKEs]

ARCHEOLOGICAL

OBJECTS

119 The

specimen figured a« e uaturall}-falls intothe third group,or those with bird heads. Thisspecimenisdescribed

by

Professor

Mason

asfollows:

A

dark specimenofvolcanicmaterial. The headresembles^that,ofaparrot. The furrows are broadandshallow. Theleft sideis full,the bottomslightlyelevated andhollow. Length6.3,width2.55,height2.95 inches.

Specimen

d

has a monkey-shaped head with prominentforehead, but no frontal ridge; ej'es shallow; earsobscureh' indicated. This rudely

made

image

may

belongtoeither thefirstor the secondgroup.

PlateXLiii,a, representsoneof the most instructive of the Porto Ricanthree-pointed stones of thefirsttype.

The

general.shapeof the head isreptilian; eyes lateral;

mouth

extending backward; nostrils

mounted

on prominenttubercles.

The

legs of the specimen

shown

in figure19

somewhat

resemble flippers, buttheheadishuman.

The

legsare so cutonthe posterior pointas toimparttothat region theformof ahead, wellbroughtout inthefigure.

The

exceptional feature ofthisobjectistheanteriorlegs cutinrelief,one oneach

sideofthe conical projec- tion, the toes extending forward. Thereisatthe shoulder of each anterior leg an oval depression corresponding in posi- tion to the pits some- timesfound in thesides of the conical projection.

This specimen

was

pre-

sented to the Smithsonian Institution by^IrZollev,of the Aguirre Central,Porto Rico,having been plowed upina canefield nearSali- naswiththeother

two

elsewhere figuredanddescribed.

Specimenh,plate xliii,represents another bird,

much more

care- fully

made

thanusual. Its surface issmooth,the rock admitting of afine polish.

Head

andlegsarecut in relief andthereis a circular pit oneachsideof the conical projection near the base.

The

well- definedbird'sheadhas a longcurvedbeak,lateraleyes,butnofrontal bandorridge.

The

raised area atthe sideof the beak and head is

peculiarto thisspecimen,but

may

be thesameas the triangular raised areasidentified aswingsinfigure20.

The

legsare well cutand

more

extended thanin

many

specimens.

The

objectfiguredas histhus describedbyProfessorMason:

This sjjecimenisofalight-bluish material. Theheadandbreast ofanalbatross replacethehumanhead. Oneither side of thebreastand oneither side of the front ofthe

mamma

isacup-cutting. Thefurrowsatthe baseofthe

mamma

inthe frontand reararewideand deep. The bottom^iswarped up andhollowedout.

Length11.95,width4.5,height4.9inches.

retfointed stoneof^firsttype

120 THE

ABORTGTNES OF

PORTO

RICO

One

ofthemostiustructiveof theseobjects,(figure 20) repi-esentsa bird,the

body

ofwhich

would

seemto bereversed as

compared

with the others, having its back forthe base, thus bringing the conical projectionon the ventral instead of on thedorsal region.

The

^oval elevated areascarvedon each sideof the back are supposed to rep- resentwings.

The

specimenisremarkablealso inbeingpainted blue, but whetherthiscoloration isnativeor notcould not bedetermined This specimen is one of thetinestofallthe stone objectswith three points,andissaid tohave

come from

Santo

Domingo.

PlatexLiii,(',representsanotheridolofthefirsttype, whichisone of thebest-known specimens of the group with birds'heads.

The

beakislongandcurved; appendedtotheeyes is a triangular raised area that

may

represent awing.

On

eachside of averylow conical ])r()jectionthereare

two

shallow depressions,

shown

inthesideview(c).

The

baseiscurvedandthelegsareobscurelyindicated.

The

specimen wasot)tainedin19u4inthe

Neumann

collection.

Flfi.20. BirflformtlireP-r"intHd stone.

Plate XLiv, «, is a three-pointed stone with a bird's head on the anterior projectionand what appearsto be a secondheadatthepos- teriorend. Itwouldappear,however,thatthissecond headinrealitj' ishighly conventionalized limbs.

No

neck is represented; thebeak

isparrot-shaped, theej-esaresmall,thewingsabsent.

In the object represented in 7>, plate xliv,

we

have one of the mostaberrant of these bird forms.

The

eyes are

mounted

onglobular prominences and the beak is curved

downward,

andseparated

from

the breast b}- aslight perforation.

The

identity of this image ^is problematical, its affinities appearing to be avian.

The

specimen is

made

^ofhardblackrock withasmoothlypolished surface.

Plate XLIV,c, c',andc",represents^side,face,andrearviewsof an animalwhich,on accountof the owl-like

form

ofthe eyes,^isidentified

by

Professor

Mason

asabird. Thereisno beak,however,and the

mouth

resembles that of areptileor frog.

As

ⁱⁿseveralof the pi'e- ceding specimens, there aregrooves backoftheheadand in front of

FEWKES]

ARCHEOLOGICAL

OBJECTS 121 the legs,suo-gestingwear,as if the object once had been lashed to

some

foreign body.

An

exceptional feature in thisspecimenisthat it has only one posterior appendage represented, as

shown

in <j"

.

Thislegisapparently so twisted that the thigh, indicated bythe pit ontheside,isbroughttothe rightside of thespecimen, thetoesand legbeing turnedtotheleft.

The

surfaceisrough,thebase flat,and the apex of the conical projection slightly curved and apparently broken. Professor

Mason

thus describesthiszemi:

A

dark specimen ofvolcanicmaterial. The head resemblesthat ofannwl or parrot. Thefurrowsaredeep, theright sidefull,andthebottomflat. T^ensithA.\)h,

width2.9,heiaht2.95 inches.

TTPE

WITH

FACE

BETWEEN ANTEKIUR AND

CONOID PK0.7ECTI0N.S There are only a few

known

specimensof thistype,which ^dill'er

little

from

one another. In

some

of these objects there is a pro- nouncedridgeextending on each side

from

the apexof the coneto themarginoftheba.se.

The

anteriortiltingof theapexof theconoid projectionispronouncedinmo.stofthespecimens.

Five specimensofthistypeoccurintheSmith.sonianInstitution,of which

two

wereobtained

from

theLatimercollection andthreewere collected

by

theauthor in1903.

The

author likewise has one inhis possession (figure 21) which

came from

Santo

Domingo

and was describedin a previousarticleonzcmiiiof thatisland."

The

essential feature of this type isthe restriction of the face to theinterval betweenthe conical projectionandthe anteriorpoint,so thatthehead isnot clearlydiflerentiated

from

the bod}' of thestone, as inthefirsttype.

Two

of thespecimenshave

two

pairs oflegs,and intheremainingthreeappendagesarenot represented.

PlateXLV,rt,isa highly polishedspecimenofdarkgreenstone,well made,with conical projection and other points slenderandtapering.

The

baseisrough andslightlycurved, the eyes look forward, the ears are oval-areas .slightlyenlarged at the lower end,butwithout pits.

Nose andfrontalridge are absent.

From

a frontviewthespecimen appearstohave an angularappearance, the conical projectionnarrow- ingabovethe eyestoapoint. Professor

Mason

gives the following description ofthisobject:

A

highly polished specimen,madeofa dark greenstone,similar tothe material ofthemostbeautiful celts. The endsandtop taper out finger-like. The human

faceiscarvedonthefront ofthemamma. The bottomiselevatedandroughened, but not hollowed. This^isa highlyfinishedandunique specimen, departing quite widelyfromthetyjiicalform,andresemblingnootherinthecollection.

The

three-pointed stone representedin plateXLV, Z>and}>\and in figure21, alsoafineexampleof thesecondtype,

was

presentedtothe author in1877 by

Mr Edward

Hall, of Cambridge,Mass., by

whom

aAmericanATtthropolotfist, iv, 167,April,1891.