Biomaterials science has evolved dramatically during the last 30 years with a significant impact upon clinical outcomes. Materials have transitioned from inert to functional replacements, in which a smart material is intended to mimic the structure–function dynamics of the native tissue.104 a better understanding of the processes involved in tissue development and repair has facilitated the shift in the targeted clinical utility of biomaterials. the mechanisms of these processes, however, have not been completely eluci- dated; there are still gaps in the understanding of specific intracellular path- ways by which eCM molecules influence cell behavior.
additional challenges in the generation of smart materials for various clinical applications exist in the context of complex tissue structures. Under- standing the dynamic interface between different tissues, gradients of cells and growth factors, and other naturally occurring phenomena may promote the functional repair of tissue junctions such as musculoskeletal interfaces and whole organs.
despite advances in the generation of smart materials with successful results at the bench, relatively few smart materials have shown successful clinical translation.161 different factors can affect the translation of smart materials from the bench to the bedside, including development and manu- facturing costs, scalability, use of valid pre-clinical models, regulatory path- ways, and determination of long-term safety, among others.162,163
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as our understanding of the complex mechanisms involved in the micro- environmental niche regulation of cell behavior improves, the design and manufacture of smart materials for a variety of clinical applications will con- tinue to advance based upon concepts described in the following chapters of this textbook.
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Published on 03 May 2017 on http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781788010542-00039
67 Smart Materials No. 25
Smart Materials for Tissue Engineering: Applications Edited by Qun Wang
© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
Applications of Injectable Smart Materials in Tissue Engineering
Qiang Zhao
aaState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of
Bioactive Materials, Ministry of education, College of Life Sciences, nankai University, 300071, tianjin, pr China
*e-mail: [email protected]