66 Plenary 10
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programs to alleviate poverty in rural communities have been implemented, the success of these programs still needs to be improved. One of the weaknesses of the program is the absence of guidance on an ongoing basis. Assisting the less fortunate rural communities needs to be done by doing a variety of activities. The assistance in the form of facilitation, mediation, and advocacy should be done by the local community elements, including the Universities. The role of Universities as one element of educated people in development programs and poverty reduction should be optimized. Universities should help the local communities through the transfer of technology. There are many different solutions to assist in risk management for small farmers. The correct one depends on socio-economic circumstances: 1. Underpinning of prices and stable prices, if the prices are stable and rewarding for the farmers, they will soon respond to it. 2. Infrastructure for marketing. 3.
Stimulation in formation of local co-operatives. 4. Political and economic stability in the country. Livestock kept by small farmers in developing countries have a very important product called security. If we ask Indonesian goat farmers when they will sell their goats, the answer always is when they need the money and not when the animal has reached a given age or weight. This banking system of animals of course means that a lot of food is used for maintenance of the animals, rather than for growth and/or milk production.
Goat population in Indonesia increases gradually about 4.6% per year. The total population of goats was around 17.4 million in 2011 involving 3.5 million household farmers (Indonesian Livestock Statistic, 2011). In Indonesia, there are many goat breeds such as the bali, boerawa, etawah, gembrong, jawa randu, kacang, kosta, marica, muara, samosir, kapra, etawah crossbreds and saanen. The highest goat population is in three provinces such as in Central Java (Sleman, Yogyakarta), East Java (Blitar), and West Java (Bogor, Bandung and Garut). From the total goat population, around 3 million are reared for milk production.
Farmers usually keep the animals for dual purpose, i.e., milk and meat, while for breeding purposes, only a few of them select goats for milk.
Community Project
Livestock is substantially an integral part of the agricultural sector. Therefore, in the context of rural culture, livestock is the additional activity and alternative income source of all productive economic activities of farmers. The majority of farmers often positioned
"livestock" as a form of savings (biological saving) that can be relied upon as a last alternative financing (the last resource) for both economic and social activities. However, the development of the livestock sector management among farmers is still not optimal, so that the income from the livestock sector functions more as additional revenue.
Community projects have been done by University of Gadjah Mada (UGM). This program is the empowerment of farmers to increase family income using goat as a model to provide family income diversification in rural communities (Kustantinah et al., 2006).
Mentoring on raising goats and role to increase the family income can be observed from the number of livestock owned. This program is the real proof of the empowerment of rural families who receive assistance from University. In addition to benefitting the farmers, the program also has a positive impact on the environment.
In Indonesia, the majority breed raised by farmers for goat milk is Ettawa cross breed.
In fact, the goats in Indonesia have crossed with Ettawa, but divided on meat and milk types.
When the goat is milk-type, the performance is closer to Ettawa, which is white-haired, black or brown spot, but when the goat is meat-type, the color of hair is brown, brown-black or a combination and they are more prolific than milk goats. In Indonesia, the locations are different for farmers who raised Ettawa Cross breed goats for milk production and meat production. The ones who raise goats for milk are situated in the hilly and cooler areas e.g.
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Kaligesing, Purworejo, Turi, Sleman, Sukorejo and so on while the ones raising them for meat production are situated in the hilly but hot areas. The pattern of goat raising is both individual or in a groups.
The activities always begin with socialization about the duties and rights of members, and participatory of implementation. One of the constraints of raising goats is marketing, thus, to solve the problem, we introduced a buffer marketing system. The background of the creation of this system is in the rural family, generally they will sell their livestock at the time of need, and this culture will not be changed. Farmers raise goats or cattle derive income but it is not treated as the main income. The family income does not depend on livestock, but such earnings are treated as exigency. They will sell the animals when they need money for school fees, ceremony, illness, etc. However, when the income of farmers is strongly influenced by livestock, optimum livestock productivity must be in place. This activity can be formulated into several stages as follows:
1. Socialization Program. Socialization program will be carried out before the event takes place; it is to inform participants of their rights and obligations, and it is done by consensus and counseling. Socialization program was conducted before and after the formation of the group, but if there were community members who disagree with the program to be carried out, they could immediately resign and were replaced by other community members. The goat management system was based on the principle of Gaduhan (Sharing), in which the majority of the women were given two females goats. For every ten females there is available one male goat. Each member of the group had to sign a legal agreement stating the age, sex, weight and price of goat received from the project, that they agree to the system of goat sharing and that they would manage the goats to the best of their ability. After the second pregnancy, the farmers became the sole owners of the female goats and the kids.
2. Counseling in the field of goats husbandry. Once the group was formed, then counseling in the field of animal husbandry followed:- Animals Housing; Reproduction, Disease Prevention and Treatment, Feed and Forage.; Waste management and marketing (buffer marketing system)
3. Improving Animal Housing and Introduction of feed. Goat sheds are made in accordance with the availability of local materials and technical requirements. For the supply of animal feed on site, it is necessary to introduce grass or legumes. Counseling regarding the types, benefits, how to care / cultivation, and ways to preserve food was previously done.
Forage to be introduced includes the types of legume trees such as Calliandra, Leucaena, Sesbania and Desmodium rensonii, and Jack fruit etc. It was suggested to choose legume which is not difficult to establish and relatively fit for local conditions and favored by goats
4. Introduction of goats. After the animal housing program and the introduction of livestock feed is completed, then the introduction of goats began.
Performance and Livelihood of semi intensive dairy goat
One of the three main tasks of the University is public services. Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University has a special program named ―Mobile Nutrition Services‖
whose main function is giving technical advice to more than ten semi-intensive dairy goat farmers in Bogor district, West Java which contributes significantly to the goat milk production and marketing. Three of them have been evaluated and supported by the program and received forages (Indigofera sp.), feed analysis and health services (see Tables 1 and 2).
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a. Breeds: Ettawa crossbred ram is going to be a contest animal while the female goat are still used as milk producers. To improve the production, the farmer crossbred male Ettawa with female Saanen goat in order to get good quality and high milk production. Case study in Bangun Karso farm, with Ettawa-Saanen crossbred showed that the milk production was around 6 L/d. So far there is very low support from the government to improve dairy goat breeding system in Indonesia.
b. Management: Dairy goat feeding depends on native grass, king grass and now being introduced is Indigofera sp. Some farmers gave low quality of concentrates (made by them), tofu waste, soybean cake waste and dates waste. Milk marketing has been done directly to the consumers in the form of fresh milk, but some farmers do milk pasteurizing and sell it to the home industries in order to produce a kind of yoghurt.
c. Livelihood: Most farmers in West Java do keep not more than 10 animals, but some of semi traditional farmers keep more than 100 animals with 2-3 laborers. The income comes from milk sales, goat kids and manure. The laborers work from morning 5.00 am until afternoon 5.00 pm with salary of around US$ 15 – 20 per day (personal communication, 2013).
d. Health status: Data on blood parameters showed the normal range, whereas in Bangun Karso, the farm has better health status as a result of good quality ration. Ration with 50% legumes-grass mixture plus 50% concentrate will give good milk production. Astuti et al., (2008) reported that small ruminants like sheep raised under the tropical forest with low management feeding system had low serum glucose, total protein and triglyceride concentrations.
n Yogyakarta special district, Central of Java, there are about 15 communal goat housing, especially in Sleman sub district with supervision by UGM e.g. Sukorejo I, Turgo lestari, Kemiri Kebo, Pangestu etc. The majority of goats raised in the communal form, for example in farmer group of Sukorejo I, established in 2007 with the support of Orskov Foundation (Suranindyah et al., 2010), has a present population of 220, and on average, the occupancy per farmer is about 8 to 10. The primary job of farmers in this group was producing mixed crop with vegetables and fruits as the majority crop. The main purpose of raising goats in this group was to produce kids and manure. In this
Table 1. Ettawa crossbred Dairy Goat performance in semi intensive farm, Bogor district West Java, Indonesia
Bangun Karso farm
Cordero farm Mitra Primata farm Population (head) Total
- Doe - Ram - Kid
275 202 6 67
206 100 6 100
120 85 25 10 Milk yield and quality
- Production (L/head/d) - Density
- Fat (%) - Protein (%) - Lactose (%) - SNF (%)
- Milk Price (US$/L)
0.8 – 3.50 1.0386
6.90 6.82 3.35 11.66 3.50 – 5
0.80 1.0284
5.80 4.30
- 9.37 3.50
0.50 1.0280
4.55 4.90 3.40 9.10 2.50
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Table 2. Hematology and Blood metabolite status of Ettawa crossbred in semi intensive farm
Parameter Bangun Karso
farm
Cordero farm Mitra Primata farm Hemoglobin (g%)
- Doe - Ram - Kid
8.40 9.50 8.60
6 7.10 7.50
6.50 7 8 Glucose (mg/dl)
- Doe - Ram - Kid
57 67 83
28 28 24
30 29 28 Trigliceride (mg/dl)
- Doe - Ram - Kid
39 33 44
14 22 33
32 23 36 BUN (mg/dl)
- Doe - Ram - Kid
12 14 11
20 11 16
10 19 12
group, milking for human consumption only comes from the late lactation.
Consequently, there was only little milk to be collected for sale (Suranindyah et al., 2009) (Table 3). The study of half milking (restricted milking) showed a positive effect on milk production.
Table 3. Milk production and lactation period
Variables Treatment
Half day milking Full 3 months nursing Lactation period (day) ns 153.4 ± 6.9 129.6 ± 9.8 Milk production (l/lactation) 63.6 ± 11.5 a 20.7 ± 6.8 b Birth weight (kg) ns 2.97 ± 0.11 3.11 ± 0.28 Weaning weight (kg) ns 13.10 ± 1.07 15.00 ± 2.45 Daily gain:
Birth to 1 month of age (g) ns 1 to 2 months of age (g) ns 2 to 3 months of age (g) ns
137.0 ± 15.9
123. ± 23.2 103.0 ± 29.7
132.0 ± 11.3 144.3 ± 23.7 116.7 ± 34.0
a, b means within row with different superscripts were significantly different (p<0.05) ; ns Non significant