CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
D. Hypothesis Formulation
Based on theoretical framework and paradigm above the writer formulates the hypothesis as follow:
“There is a positive and significant influence of using CIRC (cooperative integreted reading and composition) method toward the students‟ reading comprhension at the eight graders of junior high school Darul „Ulum Sekampung academic year 2017/2018.
24 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Research Design
The writer would conducting a quantitative research. Quantitative research is
“explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically base methods (in particular statistics)”21, in experiment research form, one or more variables may be deliberately manipulated and result analyzed and rationalized22. The characteristic of this research is compared and has group pretest posttest design. In this design, the pretest and posttest were intended to investigate whether using CIRC Method can be significantly students about Reading Comprehension. Then, the means pretest and posttest were conduct to find out the progress before and after treatment. This research uses eighth grade class as experimental group by using total sampling. This class had both pretest and posttest.
Based on explanation above, the writer can assume that quantitative research is a research can be measured by statistical method. The writer uses the quantitative research, because data which is collected by writer include into the numerical data.
21 Daniel Muijs, Doing quantitative Research in Education, SAGE Publications Ltd, London, 2004,
p.1
22 James E.Mauch, et. al,Guide to the Succesful Thesis and Dissertation: A Handbook for students and Faculty, Marcel Dekker, inc, New York, 2003,p.129
25 B. The Operational Definition of variables
Operational definition is “the definition which based on characteristic of the thing that will be defined, and it can be observed or measured”. Meanwhile, a variable can be defined as an attribute of a person or of an object which „varies‟
from person to person or from object to object23. Variable is a construct or a characteristic that can take on different.24
Based on the meaning each variable above, the operational definitions of variable as follow:
1. Independent Variable
According to Evelyn Hatch, “The independent variable is the major variable which you hope to investigate. It is the variable which is selected, manipulated, and measured by the researcher.” Independent variable of this research is Cooperative Integreted Reading and Composition Method.
Cooperative Integreted Reading and Composition is developed to support traditionally used “skill-based reading groups” approach.
Independent variable (X) of this research is CIRC Method. In this research the students can read using CIRC Method. For the measure of this variable, the reseacher will conduct based on pretest and post test The reseacher will take on
23 Hatch and Farhady, Research Design and Statistic for Applied Linguistics, Newbury House Publishers, Massachusetts, 1982, p.12
24 Donald Ary, introduction to research in education, Wardrworh,UAS.2006. p 37
26
class where the students given pretest before they were given material about CIRC method.
Furthermore, they also will be given post test after they was given treatment. The indicators of this variable are:
a. The student have a many vocabulary
b. The student can answer the question of the number c. The student compete to answer the questions
The researcher use the several way to measure the using CIRC method toward the studens reading comprehension by making questions based on the theories of CIRC method, the reseacher devided measurement as follow:
a) The teacher explains what narrative paragraph, it is a social function, generic stucture and review simple past.
b) The teacher devides the students into heterogenous group which consist 4 – 5 students.
c) In the group, students discuss the material to answer the question.
d) The student explains in front of the class about material and answering the material.
e) The teacher gives point to each group.
27 2. Dependent Variable
According to Evelyn Hatch, “The dependent variable, on the other hand, is the variable which you observe and measure to determine the effect of the independent variable.”25Moreover, Douglas Brown states that reading comprehension is primarily a matter of developing appropriate, efficient comprehension strategies. Dependent variable (Y) of this research is reading comprehension that can be defined as knowledge to identificate the text such us: main idea, topic and the other. In this research the students can identify and analyze the reading text.
This variable measured by giving pre test and pos test through multiple chooise . Which consisted of 20 questions with the range score 0-100, and the score for item is5. The student answered the entire question correctly, they got 100 score. If they get the right answer in 18 – 15 numbers (90 – 75 points). It means that they have an enough in reading comprehension. When they get the right answer in 14 – 10 numbers ( 70 – 50 points). It means thatthey have a bad score in reading comrehension.
There are some of indicators of reading comprehension,namely:
a. The students can identify the topic/title of the text.
b. The students can identify the man idea of the text.
25 Evelyn Hatch and Hossein Farhady, loc.cit.
28
c. The students can identify the detail information of the text.
d. The students can identify the purpose of the text.
e. The students can determine the moral value of the text.
Therefore, the researcher used to several ways to measure the students reading comprehension based on the score of the text.
Table 3
Passing Grade Criteria
Grade Letter Categories
80 – 100 70 – 79
0 – 69
A B C
Good Fair Bad
Moreover, based on the theoretical review, the indicators of reading comprehension in learning process of the eleventh grade of SMP Darul Ulum Sekampung in the academic year of 2017/2018.
C. Population and Sampling Technique