CHAPTER II LITERATURE RIVIEW
E. Hypothesis Of The Research
Based on the theoretical study and framework above, the hypotheses proposed in this study are:
Ha: is there any Effectiveness of MmmEnglish Youtube Channel in Improving Students‟ English Pronunciation Skills at the Tenth Grade of SMA Negeri 09 South Bengkulu in Academic Year 2022/2023 ?
BAB III
RESEARCH METHOD A. Research Design
In this research, the researcher conducted quantitative through a Quasi-Experimental research method past tense.
The experimental approach can be interpreted as a research approach used to find the effect of certain treatments on others under controlled conditions .
The experimental research model has several research designs. In this study, the design used was quasi-experimental because the research pattern used in this research is nonequivalent control group design. This design involves two groups namely the experimental group and the control group.
Experimental group given treatment using youTube videos while, the control group did not use YouTube videos.
(Sugiyono, 2016) In the book, Sugiyono further says that
"Quasi-experimental is a type of experiment that has a control
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group but cannot fully function to control external variables that affect the implementation of the experiment".
Tabel 3.1
Research Design Nonequivalent Control Group Design
Groups Pretest Treatment Posttest
Experiments O1 X ( Using
Youtube Video )
O2
Control O3 - O4
Description:
O1 = mean pretest experimental group O2 = mean posttest experimental group O3 = mean pretest control group O4 = mean posttest control group
X = Doing treatment (using youtube videos)
The research steps using this design are as follows:
1. Determine the sample from the population.
2. Establish the control band along with the experimental group randomly.
3. Provide pretest to both bands to find out pupil's original capability.
4. Checking circumstances that the two bands are the in the same manner, but the processing on experimental band.
5. Provide posttest to both bands to find out student's ultimate capability.
6. Execute data test to establish the ultimate capability of students.
Quasi-experimentation has treatments, result measures, as well as experimental units but perform not exploit accidental position. That design has a control band, but it cannot operate totally to dominate the outer variables that influence
the implementation of the experimentation. (Alwehaibi &
Bint, 2015) Though, that design is possibly improved than the pre-experimental design. Would-be Experimental Design was possibly applied because actually it was possibly complex to discover a control group applied for exploration.
Fake-experimental exploration could be seen as exploration that nears trials or otherwise fake-trials.
B. Research Variable
In this research, there were two variables, they are:
a. Independent variable is online media (youtube videos) (X) b. Dependent variables is students‟ english pronunciation skills (Y)
C. Place and Time
This research will be conducted at SMA Negeri 09 Kelutum, Pinoraya District, South Bengkulu Regency. When the research began to be carried out after the issuance of a research degree from the Faculty. After the Research Decree
was issued, the research only conducted observations at SMA Negeri 09 Kelutum, Pinoraya District, South Bengkulu Regency.
D. Population and Sample 1. Population
Population is an object/subject that has quality and certain characteristics defined by the researcher to be studied and then the conclusion is drawn (Sugiyono, 2011: 80).
Population on This research is class X SMAN 09 Bengkulu Selatan in Academic Year 2022/2023. The number of population subjects is 24 students, namely class X B.
Tabel 3.2 Students Population
No Class Female Male
1 X B 12 12
Total 24
2. Sample
Sample is part of the number and characteristics possessed by population (Sugiyono, 2011: 81). The sample in this study is students of class X B of SMAN 09 South Bengkulu in Academic Year 2022/2023. Sampling in this study based on a specific purpose is the experimental group and the control group each of 24 people in each group.
The sampling technique used in this study is a simple random sampling technique of probability type. According to Sugiyono (2013:57) simple random sampling is a technique of taking samples from members of the population which is done randomly without regard to the existing strata in the population. That means this technique can be used when the number of sampling units in a population is not too large.
E. Technique of The Collecting Data
Data collection techniques or research technique, are the methods used to collect data. While the research instrument is a research tool or tool used in collecting the data.
1. Pre-Test
In pre-test, the students‟ surrendered the exam for experimental grade as well as control grade before present treatment to measure the students' skill in pronunciation dexterity before present the scientist utilize the technique, it targeted to was acquainted with the students preceding capability.
2. Treatment
The treatment applied for two meetings and each meeting take 60 minutes in the class. So, the researcher taught a material related to the case of the study.
a. Experimental Group
During the treatment, the researchers applied the YouTube video method in the meeting. The treatment procedure follows several steps below, (Suprijono, 2011:131):
1) The teacher prepares materials or videos according to the competencies that will be taught achieved.
2) The teacher explains about the video material that will be watched.
3) Students watch and understand the video shown by the teacher.
4) Then, students understand how to pronounce correctly.
5) The teacher tests the students, whether the students have any changes after watching the youtube video
"Mmmenglish youtube channel"
6) The teacher gives a score on student activities.
b. Control Group
In the control group, students were taught using the teacher's method, namely the Direct Method. Direct Method
is the most commonly used method in teaching. It is a direct or natural teaching method. The basic goal is that students learn to communicate using language spontaneously and orally. The procedure for treatment follows the following steps:
1) Students take turns reading vocabulary aloud.
2) The teacher and students recite the vocabulary together.
3) The teacher asks students to repeat the correct pronunciation.
4) The teacher gives a brief explanation as well as provides a conclusion
5) Evaluation 6) Closing 3. Post-Test
After treatment, the post-test gave for both of the group (Experimental class and Control class) and it aimed to finding out the students‟ achievement, the post-test used to know the students‟ english pronunciation skills in learning english, after
learning process after implementation of using youtube video
“MmmEnglish”. The Post-Test takes two meetings.
F. Instruments of The Research
The instrument of the research that utilized in collection data was pronunciation test as well as it issued double (Pre- test and post-test). It was composed of grade introduction as an verbal test. The pre-test gave in to the pupils in the first off encounter, whilst post-test donated as well as took advantage of the in the same manner exam by pre-test after treatment to finding out the pupils' upgrade in pronunciation. The function of the research instrument was possibly to recognize the skill of the students' pronunciation via using the technique.
G. Technique of Analyzing The Data
After obtaining the data, the researcher conducted homogeneity and normality tests. To determine if data collection from experimental and controlled classes is distributed within a normal curve or not, the normality test
was utilized. The data distribution can be characterized as normal if the normality test result is more than > 0.05, which was performed using SPSS Statistic version 26. (Sugiyono, 2016). Calculating the data's homogeneity was the next step.
Data in both classes were examined using the homogeneity test to see if they were homogeneous or not. To ensure that the test produced results with a significant level greater than = 0.05 and data homogeneity, SPSS Statistic Version 26 was also used. Following that, researchers examined the control class using t-tests.
1. Score Classification
To measure the students‟ pronunciation ability of the students on the two components observed include
accuracy and fluency, the data was tabulated by referring to the scoring system introduced by Heaton (1988:97).
Tabel 3.3 the classification score and criteria of the components above:
No Language components
Description
1 Pronunciation 1. Pronunciation of individual noises as well as expressions 2. Pronunciation of
sentences, the right- handed pronunciation as well as stress 2 Grammatical
Accuracy
Accurate use of structure, or how the learner gets his/her utterance correct 3 Vocabulary The learner‟s capability in
opting for convenient expressions as well as how to settle the issues when he/she cannot find suited expressions by clarifying
around the expression.
4 Fluency 1. The capability to aid the conversation 2. Interpret a text
smoothly forthwith, or otherwise unseemly pause, or otherwise reiterating
expressions/lines.
5 Interactive Communication
The capacity to
understand the meaning across the audience.
No Aspect Scale Indicator
1 Pronunciation 0 1 2 3
Many wrong
pronunciation Frequent incorrect pronunciation
4 Occasional errors in pronunciation Some errors in pronunciation No errors/ minor errors
2 Grammatical Accuracy
0 1 2 3 4
No mastery of sentence
construction Major problems in structure
Several errors in stucture
Minor problems in structure
Demonstrates
mastery of
structure (few
errors)
3 Vocabulary 0
1 2 3 4
Small know-how of English
expressions usual faults of expression decision
Casual faults in term decision Slight faults in expression decision Effective/
convenient expression choosing
4 Fluency 0
1 2 3
Dominated by hesitation
Frequent hesitation Occasional
4 hesitation Minor hesitation No hesitation 5 Interactive
Communication 0 1 2 3 4
Message unclear Disconnected idea Ideas stand but loosely organized
Clear and
organized ideas Well-organized and clear-cut thoughts Source: (Heaton, 1988:99) The maximal score is 20 points.
Obtained score
Student‟s mark = x 100
The maximal score
2. Data Quality Test
a. Validity test
This validity test makes use of Corrected Item - Total Correlation. One of the criteria that seeks to determine whether the item function fits with the scale's overall function is the corrected item-total correlation.
The tool has alignment or consistency on the scale the greater the correlation score. If "r count > r table," the measuring device is considered to be acceptable;
otherwise, it is said to be invalid if "r count<r-table".
b. Reliability Test
A reliability test is an indicator of how much a measuring device can be depended upon or trusted. When using the Cronbach Alpha measurement technique
repeatedly, reliability is the ability of a measuring instrument to consistently measure the same symptoms. A measuring instrument is considered reliable if its Cronbach Alpha value is larger than 0.50 and invalid if it is less than 0.50 (Sugiyono, 2011:121).
2. Inferential Analysis
The inferential analysis used in this study includes the normality test, and the homogeneity test.
a. Normality test
The foundation of parametric statistics is the presumption that the data for each variable under study is normally distributed. In order to determine if the samples used in this study are drawn from a population with a regularly distributed population, a normality test is required.(Alwehaibi & Bint, 2015) The Kolmogorov- Smirnov formula in the Statistical Product for Servicer Solution (SPSS) Program is used by the author to
determine the instrument dependability. The sample value used for research purposes originates from a regularly distributed population if the significant value is greater than 0.05.
b. Homogeneity Test
Basically the homogeneity test was conducted to investigate whether or not the homogeneity of the variation between groups was fulfilled. (Silviyanti, 2014) In looking for instrument reliability, the author uses the Kolmogorov-Smirnov formula in the Statistical Product for Servicer Solution (SPSS) Program. If the significant value is higher than 0.05, then the value of the sample taken for the purposes of the study is homogeneous.
3. Hypothesis test
The comparison test is the data analysis method employed in this study (t test). T The normality test and the homogeneity test are the precondition tests that must
be run on the data before the t-test can be used to examine it (Sugiyono, 2016). In the research that follows, hypothesis testing will be conducted utilizing a comparison test called the t test. Decisions about t-tests are based on:
1. If tcount is equal to or greater than ttable, then the null hypothesis (0) is rejected, which means there is a significant difference.
2. If tcount is smaller than ttable then the null hypothesis (0) is accepted, which means there is no significant difference.
The formula for finding t count is:
t= (X1-X2)/√((〖ΣD〗^2- (ΣD)〗^2/n)/(n(n-1))) or
t=
√
Description:
X1 = First Sample Mean X2 = Second Sample Mean
D = The difference between the first and second scores D2 = Different Square
D2 = Sum of Different Squares n = Number of Sample Pair
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter presents the result of the research and its discussion. In this chapter, the data which had been collected were analyzed and interpreted.
A. Findings
In research on the effectiveness of online media in improving students' english pronunciation skills. With a sample of class X B as the control class and as the experimental class. Before conducting research in schools, the authors first made observations in order to obtain information about the learning process that took place.
In the data collection process, the first technique used was Test testing, the test consisted of two types of pre-test and post-test which contained learning materials to be tested to show learning outcomes from both control and
65
experimental classes. After that the data is edited and tabulated for further calculation.
The next step is to analyze and interpret the data obtained. The data from the research results analyzed were learning outcomes scores on the cognitive aspect consisting of pretest and posttest scores from the control and experimental groups. The learning outcomes data were obtained from 24 students in the control class and 24 in the experimental class.
Based on the observations made by the observer, it can be interpreted as follows: In the initial activities it has been carried out very well and pays great attention to students, in the core activity each step of the use of
"mmmEnglish" Youtube Videos is carried out according to what is carried out as what has been observed and can produce a
fun learning process and the last stage is the conclusion that is drawn. what the researcher has done
according to what is on the pre-test, treatment and post- test sheets did well and concluded that in order to achieve good results, it was realized in the process of improving English pronunciation ability learning outcomes.
1. The Students’ Pre- Test and Post-Test Scores
The results of the study are used in tabular form, and in narration (written). The researcher started the research on June 10 to July 22, 2022. The population in this study was 155 students consisting of X A, X B, X C, X D, X E, X F and the sample of this study was X B which consisted of 24 students. The results showed that the use of videos explained through "mmmEnglish"
YouTube Videos as a medium for teaching Pronunciation had an effect on the students' English pronunciation skills at SMAN 09 Bengkulu Selatan. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. In the following description, the research findings are presented. After the authors
conducted the research, they obtained two kinds of data;
pre-test and post-test scores:
Table IV.1
The Score of Pre- Test and Post-Test
NO Respondent Pre-Test Post-Test
1 AN 72 92
2 ARP 79 87
3 AAP 77 85
4 BNS 70 82
5 IDA 88 90
6 JDR 81 89
7 LS 76 85
8 PRL 76 80
9 RS 77 83
10 RD 80 84
11 RC 82 88
12 SA 78 80
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13 SD 87 90
14 TAW 88 92
15 THA 83 87
16 TA 81 86
17 TS 79 82
18 TJ 77 81
19 VA 88 90
20 VD 83 87
21 WP 89 92
22 YA 79 81
23 ZAM 78 80
24 ZA 81 83
Total Mean
1929 1974
80,375 85,6667
Based on the table above, the students' highest pre- test score was 82, and the lowest was 72. Meanwhile, the highest post-test score was 92 and the lowest score was
80. After the writer collected data on Ms. in Excel 2010, the author found that the mean score of the pre-test was 80.3 and the mean score of the post-test was 85.6.
2. Data Testing
a. Experimental Class 1) Normality of Pre-Test
Table IV.2 Normality of Pre-Test Kolmogorov-
Smirnova3
Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic Df Sig. Statistic Df Sig.
Pre- Test
.129 24 .200 .935 24 .126
71
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
The writer got the result of a normality test using SPSS 26, which used Lilliefors Significance Correction. From the table IV.2 above, it can be seen that the significance value of the data was 0.200>0.05. It can be concluded that H0 is accepted and the data from the pre-test was in normal distribution.
IV.3
Histogram Normality of Pre-Test
2) Normality of Post-Test
Table IV.3
73
Normality of Post-Test Kolmogorov-
Smirnova3
Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic Df Sig. Statistic Df Sig.
Post- Test
.118 24 .200 .928 24 .088
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
The writer got the result of a normality test using SPSS 26, which used Lilliefors Significance Correction. From the table IV.3 above, it can be seen that the significance value of the data was 0.200>0.05. It can be concluded that H0 is accepted and the data from the pre-test was in normal distribution.
IV.4
Histogram Normality of Post-Test
b. Control Class
Table IV.5
75
Normality of Pre-Test 1) Normality of Pre-Test
Kolmogorov- Smirnova3
Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic Df Sig. Statistic Df Sig.
Pre- Test
.223 24 .003 .920 24 .058
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
The writer got the result of a normality test using SPSS 26, which used Lilliefors Significance Correction. From the table IV.4 above, it can be seen that the significance value of the data was 0.58>0.05. It can be concluded that H0 is accepted and the data from the pre-test was in normal distribution.
IV.6
Histogram Normality of Pre-Test
Table IV.7
77
Normality of Post-Test 2) Normality Of Post-Test
Kolmogorov- Smirnova3
Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic Df Sig. Statistic Df Sig.
Post- Test
.176 24 .053 .927 24 .082
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
The writer got the result of a normality test using SPSS 26, which used Lilliefors Significance Correction. From the table IV.5 above, it can be seen that the significance value of the data was 0.053>0.05. It can be concluded that H0 is accepted and the data from the pre-test was in normal distribution.
IV.8
Histogram Normality of Post-Test
3) Homogeneity Result
79 Table IV.9
Homogeneity Test Results Test of Homogeneity of Variance
Levene Statistic
df1 df2 Sig.
Students' Pronunciation Results
Pretest ,007 1 46 ,933
Posttest ,002 1 46 ,963
The homogeneity test of variance on the pre-test value shows that the significance value is 0.933, it can be seen that higher than 0.05, it can be concluded that the data is homogeneous. The homogeneity test of variance on the post-test value shows that the significance value is 0.963. It can be seen that higher than 0.05, it can be concluded that the data is homogeneous.
4) The Hypothesis of Testing
The writer used a paired sample T-Test to analyze this research. A paired-sample t-test is conducted when a research study only has one group object.
a. Paired Sample T-Test Analysis Table IV.10
Paired Samples Statistics Test Experiment Class Paired Samples Statistics
Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean P
a i r
1
Pre-Test Eksperimen 68,25 24 6,278 1,281
Post-Test Eksperimen
85,67 24 4,082 ,833
Based on the Paired Samples statistic for the experimental class, the average pre-test result in the experimental class was 68.25 and the standard deviation was 6.27. The average post-test result of the research in the experimental class is 85, 67 and the standard deviation
81
is 4,082 this indicates that there is an increase in students' English pronunciation skills.
Table IV.11
Paired Samples Test Experiment Class
Paired Differences
t df
Sig. (2- tailed) Mean
Std . De viat ion
Std.
Error Mean
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Lower Upper Pre-Test
Eksperime n - Post-Test Eksperime n
-17,417 7,7 51
1,582 -20,690 -14,144 -11,008 23 ,000
The research was conducted to answer the research problem of whether the use of online media (mmmEnglish) Youtube Videos has any significant effect