Instrument of the Research - an analysis on the implementation of transposition

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

C. Instrument of the Research

In this research, the researchertook the documents of the students’ final test from the translation lecturer. After that the researcher collected the result and analyzed them.

D. Data Collecting technique

The collecting term were useful before anything could be done through the research in order to make the researcher easily analyzed and interprete the data.

Technique of data collecting that the researcher used for this research is a test. In this tes the researcher were helped by lecturer of Translation II subject to do the test in final test. According to Arikunto (2006:223) a test used to measure the ability of the object of the research.

The researcher got English text to the respondents through the lecturer in final tes, after that the researcher collects the result and analyzed them. To analyzed the transposition and modulation procedures included the phenomena of modulation and transposition procedures were classified based on Catford, Chuquet and Paillard as the experts who supported the notion in detail about modulation and transposition procedures proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet. Then the researcher was analyze based on Mangatur Nababan as the expert who

supported about the aspect of the accuracy, acceptability, and readability of the respondents’ final testresult on applying transposition and modulation procedure.

E. Data Analysis Technique

Regarding the qualitative research, the researcher analyzed the data descriptively. After gathering the occurrences of modulation and transposition in the respondents task result, they were classified based on the procedures of modulation and transposition proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet which are supported and strengthened by Chuquet and Pailard and Catford (2001:60) and Mangatur Nababan. After indentifying the translation procedures the researcher focused on the aspects of accuracy, acceptability, and readability in the respondents task result with assessment translation technique, and the last section that is conclusion followed to reveal the result from what had been analyzed by the researcher.

F. Assessment Translation Technique

In this research, the researcher was assess the translation based on criteria of accuracy, acceptability, and readability in translation.

The researcher used assessment scale to assess the result of translation.

According to Nababan in his Journal (2012:44) Translation that qualified must fulfill three aspects, those are : aspect of accuracy, aspect of acceptability, and aspect of readability. Three aspects will described below:

4. Aspect of accurate

Accurateness is a terminology that used to evaluate translation to refer what source language text and target language text is having equivalence or not yet.

Equivalence concept point to equivalence of both content or message. A text can named as translation, if that text has meaning or message which has similarly with another text. Because of that, the effort to substract or added the content or message of the source language text into target language text we must avoid it. The effort like that its mean betray the writer of the source language all at once rook the target reader. In wider context, lessened or added can appear the fatal result at the man using a translation creation, especially on the translation that high risk, like the translation text of the law level, doctor, religion, and engineering.

In the translating theory literature exist some translation technique that can useful for contend equivalent problem. Both of them are deletion and addition. Two translation technique its not aim for lessen the information or added the information pleasure, but aim for produce the translation acceptable and easily to understand by the target reader. In the real practice translating, additional technique tended for explicity or for clarity a source language concept especially if that concept hasn’t one-to-one correspondence in the target language.

Table 3: Assesor instrument of Translation accuracy

Translation category

Score Qualitative parameter

Accuracy 3 Sense of the word, technical term, frase, clause, the sentence or source language text is shifted accurately in the target language; and no distortion meaning.

Less accuracy 2 Partly sense of the word, technical term, frase, clause, sentence or source language text had shifted accurately in target language. But, there is distortion meaning or opponent meaning or omitte the meaning Inaccuracy 1 Sense of the word, technical term, frase, clause,

sentence or source language text shifted inaccurate in target language or deleted.

Source : Nababan (2012: 50) 5. Aspect of acceptable

The second aspect of translation that qualified related with the problem of acceptable. Terminology of acceptable refer to does translation had express appropriate with principle, norm, and the culture that occur in target language or not yet, well on micro level as well as macro level. This acceptable concept be most important because, although the translation had accurate from aspect of content or aspect of message, that translation will be rejected by the target reader if expression way be in contradiction with principle, norm, and culture of target language.

In the culture of english native speaker, a grandchild can accosted her grandfather with how are you, John. Seem clear that a grandchild immediatly

call her grandfather’s young name. The greeting like that is not respectful for Java language speaker, which always enclose greeting ‘Mbah’ that followed by her grandfather’s young name, say ‘Mbah Prawiro’, when a grandchild interact with her grandfather. In the context of Batak Tapanuli language culture, call grandfather’s young name is not respectful. This sample indicate that acceptable concept is a relative concept. Something that reputed respectful in a society can see is not respectful in another society.

In above had explain that one of a acceptable concept parameter is what a translation had expression agree with the target grammar principle. A translation in Indonesia language that expression follow english grammar principle, for instance, will make that translation not concerned with nature and in many cases will difficult to understand the meaning sense. Thus, a research abstract translation as a scientific text form will rejected the target reader if that translation expression by using slang. Thus the other way, a literature translation will inacceptable for target reader if that literature translation expressing with standard grammar literature.

A technical terminology may be has accurate equivalent in target language. However, the translator obviously not along with using that equivalent because can have consequence the result of translation inacceptable for target reader. In scientific of doctor, say, there are vagina terminology. Although, that terminology has equivalent in Java language, the translator usually not using equivalent in Java language because viewed not respectful.

Table 3: Assesor instrument of Translation acceptability

Translation category

Score Qualitative parameter

Acceptability 3 Nature translation; technical term that using is common used and intimate for the reader; frase, clause, and the sentence that used agree with principle of indonesia language.

Less

acceptability

2 In generally the translation is nature; but there is a mistake in technical term or less mistake in gramatical.

Inacceptability 1 The translation is not nature or like a translation opus; technical term that used is not common and not intimate for reader; frase, clause, and the sentence that used is not agree with the principle of indonesia language.

Source : Nababan (2012: 51) 6. Aspect of readable

At the beginning readable terminology just links with read activity.

Afterwards, that readable terminology use in interpretation level because every translate activity can’t be rid of read activity. In interpretation context, readable terminology basically just not about readable text of source language but readable text of target language also. That matter agree with essence from every interpretation process that always involve both of language all at once.

But, until nowadays the indicator that use for measure readable level a text still need to queried the reliability. Moreover, Gilmore and Root (1977:102) opine that measurement of a text which be based on language factor not more than just for the sake of assist tool for a writer in adjust readable text level

with ability of reader text. Regardless of not yet unwavering readable measure tool, a translator need to understand readable concept text source language and target language. Good comprehension toward readable concept will help the translator in carry out their task.

Table 3: Assesor instrument of Translation readability

Translation category

Score Qualitative parameter

Readability 3 Word, technical term, frase, clause, sentence or translation text can understand easily by the reader.

Less readability

2 In generally the translation can understand by the reader, but there are part specific which is must read more than once for to understand the translation.

Unreadability 1 The translation is difficult to understand by the reader.

Source : Nababan (2012: 51) From three aspects above has different value quality, quality of qualified aspect value are described as follows :

No.

Qualified aspect value

Quality

Transposition Modulation

Accuracy Acceptability Readability

3 2 1

Source : Nababan (2012: 52)

CHAPTER IV

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

This chapter focuses on the finding and the discussion of the research. The finding of the research deals with the result of the data analysis related to the implementation of transposistion and modulation procedures in the students’

translation that occured in the sentences contained in English text given by the lecturer.

A. Finding

The data were found from the students’ translation by implementing transposition and modulation procedures. The students’ translation were analysed word by word to find out the frequency of the students who implemented transposition and modulation procedures. Then the results of the analysis using transposition and modulation procedures were analysed their accuracy, acceptability, readability.

a. Transposition procedure

Transposition is obviously a kind of translation procedure which involves the grammatical changing from SL to TL without changing the meaning of the message. In transposition uses the word “shift” for this procedure, there were 4 parts of transposition procedures they are structural shift, unit shift, intra-system shift, and level shift. Table 4.1 describes the frequency and percentage of using transposition procedure covering structural shift, unit shift, intra-system shift,

Table 4.1 The frequency and percentage of the students who implemented transposition procedure in the translation

No. Transposition Procedure Frequency Percentage (%)

a) Structural shift 26 86%

b) Unit shift 16 53%

c) Intra- system shift 23 76%

d) Level shift 16 53%

a) Structural shift

This type is the most common form of shift and to involve mostly a shift in grammatical structure. This type contains different structure between source language (SL) and target language (TL). Similar different structure were else found at other ranks. For example at group rank, there is often a shift from MH (modifier + head) to (M) HQ ((modifier +) head + qualifier).

The example of this part reveals as follow:

Data Sentence 1

Source language (SL):

As a pregnant woman (MH) who drinks alcohol, the alcohol is passed into her bloodstream almost simultaneously.

Target language (TL):

Sebagai seorang wanita hamil (HM) yang meminum alkohol, alkohol itu masuk melalui aliran darahnya hampir secara bersamaan.

b) Unit shift

This type is employed when source language (SL) is transposed to different rank in target language (TL). “rank” here reverses to the hierarchical linguistic unit of sentence, clausa, group, word, and morpheme. The example of this part reveals as follows:

Data Sentence 2 Source language (SL):

Human fetus is particularly vulnerable as alcohol is delivered quickly into the blood and passes into the tissues and membranes.

Target language (TL):

khususnya janin manusia yang mudah diserang alkohol itu cepat disalurkan masuk ke darah dan melewati selaput membran.

c) Intra-system shift

This type of shifting takes place when the source language (SL) and target language (TL) possess approximately corresponding systems but where the translation involves selection of a noncorresponding term in the TL

system, the kinds of this type occur when the plural changes into singular.

The example of this part reveals as follows:

Data Sentence 2

Source language (SL):

Human fetus is particularly vulnerable as alcohol is delivered quickly into the blood and passes into the tissues and membranes.

Target language (TL):

Janin manusia sangat rentan dengan alkohol karena sangat cepat menyebar kedalam darah melalui jaringan sel dan selaput.

d) Level shift

This type of shift is functioned to fill the lexical gap, it either happens when the lexical in the source language (SL) changes into grammatical structure in target language (TL) or for the suffix that mostly happens in Indonesian changes also into grammatical structure in English. The example of this part reveals as follows:

Data Sentence 3 Source language (SL):

As the fetus is connected with mother through the bloodstream, so the alcohol passes directly into the bloodstream of the fetus as well. Thus,

pregnant woman are strictly forbidden to drink alcohol.

Target language (TL):

Sebagai janin dihubungkan dengan jaringan darah ibu, jadi alkohol masuk ke jaringan darah secara langsung melewati jaringan darah pada janin. Dengan demikian, wanita hamil dilarang keras minum alkohol.

b. Modulation procedure

Modulation splits in to grammatical and lexical. Grammatical modulation usually occupies the sentence, aspect and modality, whereas lexical modulation occupies the words, phrases, and expressions. Table 4.2 describes frequency and percentage of using Modulation procedure covering active for passive, and adjective source language (SL) to adjective target language (TL).

Table 4.2 The frequency and percentage of the students who implemented modulation procedure in the translation

No. Modulation Procedur Frequency Percentage

(%)

a) Active for Passive 16 53%

b) Adjective SL to Adjective TL 15 50%

a) Active for Passive

Active (A) for passive (P) is the sentence change occurred from active sentence to passive sentence, for example the sentence in source language (SL) is active form then be change passive sentence in target languag (TL).

Data Sentence 4

Source language (SL):

One of the most dangerous drugs for pregnant woman is alcohol (A).

Target language (TL):

Salah satu obat-obatan yang paling berbahaya untuk wanita hamil adalah alkohol (P)

b) The changing of adjective stylistic form to another stylistic adjective form

Data Sentence 2

Source language (SL):

Human fetus is particularly vulnerable as alcohol is delivered quickly into the blood and passes into the tissues and membranes.

Target language (TL):

khususnya janin manusia yang mudah diserang alkohol itu cepat disalurkan masuk ke darah dan melewati selaput membran.

1. The accuracy of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation procedures

There were 5 sentences in one paragraph that have been translated by 30 students of the sixthsemester, to find out the accuracy of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation, the reseacher analyzed all sentences in one paragraph. Table 4.3 describes frequency and percentage of the

accuracy of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation procedures.

Table 4.3 The accuracy of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation procedures

Translation category

Score Frequency Percentage (%)

Qualitative parameter

Accuracy 3 19 190% Sense of the word,

technical term, phrase, clause, the sentence or source language text is shifted accurately in the target language, and no distortion meaning.

Source language (SL):

One of the most dangerous drugs for pregnant woman is alcohol. Human fetus is particularly vulnerable as alcohol is delivered quickly into the blood and passes into the tissues and membranes. Very often babies born after exposure to alcohol are said to be suffering from fetal alcohol syndrome. As a pregnant woman who drinks alcohol, the alcohol is passed into her bloodstream almost simultaneously. As the fetus is connected with mother trough the bloodstream, so the alcohol passes directly into the bloodstream of the fetus as well. Thus. Pregnant women are strictly forbidden to drink alcohol.

Target language (TL):

Salah satu obat-obatan yang paling berbahaya untuk wanita hamil adalah alkohol. Khususnya janin manusia yang mudah diserang alkohol itu cepat

disalurkan masuk ke darah dan melewati selaput membran. Sering sekali anak-anak lahir setelah terkena alkohol mereka menderita syndrom janin dari alkohol. Sebagai seorang wanita hamil yang meminum alkohol. Kebanyakan alkohol itu masuk secara serentak melewati jaringan darahnya. Sebagai janin dihubungkan dengan jaringan darah ibu, jadi alkohol masuk ke jaringan darah secara langsung melewati jaringan darah pada janin. Dengan demikian, wanita hamil dilarang keras minum alkohol.

2. The acceptability of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation procedures

There were 5 sentences in one paragraph that have been translated by 30 students of the sixth semester, to find out the acceptability of the students’

translation in implementing transposition and modulation, the reseacher analyzed all sentences in one paragraph. Table 4.4 describes frequency and percentage of the acceptability of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation procedures.

Table 4.4 The acceptability of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation procedures

Translation category

Score Frequency Percentage (%)

Qualitative parameter Acceptability 3 22 220% Nature translation, technical

term that using is common used and intimate for the reader, frase, clause, and the sentence that used agree with principle of indonesian.

Source language (SL):

Target language (TL):

Salah satu obat-obatan yang paling berbahaya untuk wanita hamil adalah alkohol. Khususnya janin manusia yang mudah diserang alkohol itu cepat disalurkan masuk ke darah dan melewati selaput membran. Sering sekali anak-anak lahir setelah terkena alkohol mereka menderita syndrom janin dari alkohol. Sebagai seorang wanita hamil yang meminum alkohol. Kebanyakan alkohol itu masuk secara serentak melewati jaringan darahnya. Sebagai janin dihubungkan dengan jaringan darah ibu, jadi alkohol masuk ke jaringan darah secara langsung melewati jaringan darah pada janin. Dengan demikian, wanita hamil dilarang keras minum alkohol.

3. The readability of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation procedures

There were 5 sentences in one paragraph that have been translated by 30

translation in implementing transposition and modulation, the reseacher analyzed all sentences in one paragraph. Table 4.5 describes frequency and percentage of the readability of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation procedures.

Table 4.5 The readability of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation procedures

Translation category

Score Frequency Percentage (%)

Qualitative parameter

Readability 3 29 290% Word, technical term,

phrase, clause, sentence or translation text can understand easily by the reader.

Source language (SL):

Dalam dokumen an analysis on the implementation of transposition (Halaman 37-55)