an analysis on the implementation of transposition

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AN ANALYSIS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF TRANSPOSITION AND MODULATION PROCEDURES INTHE STUDENTS’

TRANSLATION

(A Descriptive Study at the Sixth Semester Students of English Department of FKIP Unismuh Makassar)

A Thesis

Submitted to the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Makassar Muhammadiyah University in Part Fulfillment

of the Requirement for the Degree of English Education

SITTI AISYAH 10535 4801 11

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION MAKASSAR MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY

2015

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ABSTRACT

SITTI AISYAH, 2015. An Analysis On The Implementation Of Transposition And Modulation Procedures In The Students’ Translation (A Descriptive Study At Sixth Semester Students of English Department of FKIP Unismuh Makassar), Ratna Dewi, and Nurdevi Bte Abdul as the first and the second consultant. This research applied a descriptive method. It aimed at describing the implementation of transposition and modulation procedures in the students’translation.

The population of this research was the sixth semester students of English Department of FKIP Unismuh Makassar in academic year 2014/2015. The researcher was used cluster sampling technique because there were more than one classes in the English Department. The researcher chose 30 students who study english language in the sixth semester of English Department from 210 students.

In collecting the data, The researcher got English text to the respondents through the lecturer in final tes, after that the researcher collects the result and analyzed them. Then the researcher was analyze based on Mangatur Nababan as the expert who supported about the aspect of the accuracy, acceptability, and readability of the respondents’ final test result on applying transposition and modulation procedure.

Considering the findings and the discussion, the researcher would like to conclude that based on the The aspect of accuracy,show the result of the students’

translation in the implementation of transposition and modulation procedures there were 56.6% for the students who implemented transposition in their translation, and 33.3% for the students who implemented modulation in their translation. The aspect of acceptability,show the result of the students’ translation in the implementation of transposition and modulation procedures there were 73.3% for the students who implemented transposition in their translation, and 43.3% for the students who implemented modulation in their translation. The aspect of readability, show the result of the students’ translation in the implementation of transposition and modulation procedures there were 73.3% for the students who implemented transposition in their translation, and 40% for the students who implemented modulation in their translation.

Key Word: Translation, Transposition, Modulation

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Alhamdulliahi Robbil Alamin, the writer expresses her sincere gratitude to the almighty God, Allah S.W. T. who has given guidance, mercy, and good health, so that she could finish writing this thesis with the tittle “An Analysis on the Implementataion of Transposition and Modulation Procedures in the Students’ Translatio ” (A Descriptive Study at sixth Semester Students of English Department of FKIP Unismuh Makassar). Salam and Shalawat are addressed to the beloved and chosen messenger, the Prophet Muhammad SAW (Peace is Upon Him).

In writing this thesis the writer found many difficulties, so the writer realized that the thesis has a lot of mistakes and weakness. In order to become perfect, the writer needs correction and suggestion. The writer would like to say thank you very much for the people who gave spirit, advice, suggestion, and helping to the write as follows:

1. My highest appreciation and deepest thankful to my beloved parents Muhammad Amin and Apaso, who always be my best parents and my Heroes. And also for my Sister Nurjannah and her husband , Niswati and her husband, Sitti Madaiyah, my beloved bother Maskur and my beloved brother Muhammad Ansar who had help me in the financial side,

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motivation and thanks for your best pray for me, and for all my family for the attention, support and their love.

2. My highest appreciation for the Rector of Muhammdiyah University of Makassar, Dr. Irwan Akib, M.Pd.

3. My highest appreciation and deepest thankful are due to Dr. Ratna Dewi, S.S., M.Hum as my first consultant and Nurdevi Bte Abdul, S.Pd., M.Pd as my second consultant that always give motivation, suggestion, support, and advice in writing this thesis.

4. My deeply and most grateful to Dr. A. Sukri Syamsuri, M.Hum as the Dean of FKIP Unismuh Makassar, and also all lecturers who have taught during study at Muhammdiyah University of Makassar.

5. My deeply and most grateful to Erwin Akib, S.Pd., M.Pd as the head of English Education Depatment.

6. My special gratitude and extended to my best cousin Arly, and for my friend Rani and all my best friends, owner of Aspuri Diana and for their kindness, help, support, and understanding.

7. The last gratitude also goes to all my best friends from EDSA Jusrianti, Asriani Ananta, and Nurindah Sari and especially for class A in 2011 that cannot mentioned one by one.

It never been forgotten. I love u all.

The Writer

SITTI AISYAH

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER...i

APPROVAL SHEET...ii

COUNSELING SHEET... iii

SURAT PERJANJIAN...v

ABSTRACT...vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENT...vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS...ix

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Background... 1

B. Problem Statement... 3

C. Object of The Study... 4

D. Significant of The Study... 4

E. Scope of The Study ... 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Previous related finding... 6

B.

Definition of Translation ... ...7

C. Translation Procedures ... 8

D. Aspects of Parameter Qualified Translation ... 19

E. Conceptual Framework... 25

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY A. The Research Method ... 26

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B. Population and Sample ... 26

C. Instrument of the Research ... 27

D. Data Collecting Tecnique ... 27

E. Data Analysis Tecnique... 28

CHAPTER IV: FINDING AND DISCUSSION A. Finding... 34

B. Discussion... 45

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion ... 57

B. Suggestion ... 58 BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIXES

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background

English language is the important language to face the global competition nowadays. Most countries in all over the world use English as their second language, cause English as the international language that will connect betwen one country to another country, and English is one of the key to get the knowledge. In our country (Indonesia) that uses English as a foreign language, certainly we can not easily to understand what the meaning of each words in English language, so we need translation to understand clearly in communication of both source language (SL) and target language (TL).

In learning English, translation is an important thing in teaching and leaning English process as a foreign language in Indonesia. For the student also cannot separate it from the translation activity. However the student cannot understand what they read completely if they do not understand the language used in those media. For example, a story in English is difficult for student who do not understand English. Therefore, translation is necessity in solving the problem.

Translation is the general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (sourse) to another (target), whether the languages are in written or oral form; whether the languages have established orthographies or do not have such standardization; or whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with sign languages of the deaf (Brislin, 1976:1).

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The translator’s aim is to get the message accross as accurately as possible, to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation on the part of target language (TL) readers. However, the transmission of a message is complex process and ensuring accurate in interpretation is difficult task. To be a good translator one need good knowledge in translation field and must be proficient in both language.

Translation has some important things; the meaning, style or form, and message of the translation text. And according to Kusfajarini (2013) the translator needs translation procedure to get good result in translation procedure. According to Martono (1995:24) Procedures are the technical devices which are used to transfer the meaning of a text in one language into a text in another language.

Based on the explanation above, the researcher can get the conclusion that the good translator need skill about translation procedures. So in this research the researcher will uses translation procedures, there are seven translation procedures but the researcher just uses two procedures of translation, they are transposition and modulation procedures. Transposition is obviously a kind of translation procedure which involves the grammatical changing from SL to TL without changing the meaning of the message. Whereas transposition Based on Chuquet and Paillard in Eprida (2009:39), modulation splits in to grammatical and lexical.

Grammatical modulation usually occupies the sentence, aspect and modality, whereas lexical modulation occupies the words, phrases, and expressions.

According to Prasetyani (2012) in her research show results that using both transposition and modulation is in good category, it is can see from 224 sentences using both transposition and modulation forms show that 154 sentences (69%) are

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translated accurately, 54 sentences (24%) are translated less accurately and 16 sentences (7%) are not accurately, so these conditions influence the readability level.

Kusfajarini (2013) states that the students’ ability on applying transposision and modulation procedure in translation is in good category, it is identified that two respondents for the category excellent with the three-scale, eight respondents for the category good with the two-scale, ten respondents for the category fair with the one-scale. The researcher has everage the result of calculation 20 respondents is 2 point that it is identify the students’ ability on applying transposition and modulation procedure in translation is in the good category.

Based on the review of two research results, the researcher is interested to analyze the implementation of transposition and modulation procedure in the students’ translation. So in this case, the researcher intends to take up that problem, through this paper intitled: “An Analysis on the implementation of transposition and modulation procedure in the students’ translation” (A study at the fifth semester students of English Departement of FKIP UNISMUH Makassar 2014/2015).

B. Problem Statement

Based on the description above, the writer formulated three problem statements in research questions form as follows:

1. How is the accuracy of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation?

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2. How is the acceptability of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation ?

3. How is the readability of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation ?

C. Objective of the Study

Based on the problem statement, the objectives of the research are to find out:

1. The accuracy of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation.

2. The acceptability of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation.

3. The readability of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation.

D. Significance of the Study

The result of this study are hoped to give benefit to the teachers, the researcher and the other researcher.

1. For the teachers

The result of this study can be used for teacher to evaluate the study and teaching learning translation proccess. The teachers are able to know the students’s ability in translation, so they can use exact method to teach translation to get a good result in teaching learning proccess.

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2. For the researcher

Through this study the researcher will be able to improve the researcher’s knowledge to write a good paper and to improve the researcher’s knowledge in the implementation of transposition and modulation procedures in the students’ translation.

3. For the other researcher

The other researchers can use the result as a comparative study.

E. Scope of the Study

The researcher focused on the analysis of accuracy, acceptability, readability of the students’ translation.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter clarified the reference needed, the researcher give review of the definition of translation, procedures in translation including modulation and transposition, and Aspects of accurate, acceptable, readable. The aspects recited are based on several ideas from some experts in translation and linguistic fields to support this research.

A. Previous related findings

According to Prasetyani (2012) in her research show results that using both transposition and modulation is in good category, it is can see from 224 sentences using both transposition and modulation forms show that 154 sentences (69%) are translated accurately, 54 sentences (24%) are translated less accurately and 16 sentences (7%) are not accurately, so these conditions influence the readability level.

Kusfajarini (2013: 83) states that the students’ ability on applying transposision and modulation procedure in translation is in good category, it is identified that two respondents for the category excellent with the three-scale, eight respondents for the category good with the two-scale, ten respondents for the category fair with the one-scale. The researcher has everage the result of calculation 20 respondents is 2 point that it is identify the students’ ability on applying transposition and modulation procedure in translation is in the good category.

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B. Definition of translation

Some experts define about translation, as follow : Brislin states that translation is the general term referring to transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (target), whether the languages are in written or oral form; whether the languages have established orthographies or do not have such standardization; or whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with sign languages of the deaf (Brislin, 1976:1). Catford (1964) sees translation as ‘an operation performed on languages: a process of substituting a text in one language (source language) for a text in another (target language)’. The reference to

‘substitution’ in this definition is important. According to Catford, we do not

‘transfer’ meaning between languages; we merely ‘replace’ a source language meaning by a target language meaning that can function in the same way in the situation at hand (Catford, 1965:1 in Hatim, 2001:14). In oxford learner’s pocket dictionary is written that the translation is put something written or spoken into a different languages or be changed into a different form. Meanwhile, Newmark states that the translation can be explained as a skill consisting in the effort to replace a meaning from source language in to target language by the same meaning of both languages.Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text ( Newmark, 1988: 5 in Kusfajarini, 2013:30).

Owji (2013) in her journal explain that Translation is a complicated task, during which the meaning of the source-language text should be conveyed to the target-language readers. In other words, translation can be defined as encoding the

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meaning and form in the target language by means of the decoded meaning and form of the source language. And addition according to Nida and Taber , translation can be define as the translating process consists of reproducing in target language the closest same meaning of the source language, and they are added that the translation has two terms, first in term of meaning and secondly in terms of style.

In accordance with Nida, Larson states:

“Translation consists of transferring the meaning of source language into the receptor language. Going does this from to form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure, it is meaning which is being transfered and must be held constant. Only the form changes.”

Mildred Larson added the translation is some process to replace the meaning from source language into a target language (Mildred in Kusfajrini, 2013:31).

Mahmoud Ordudari strengthen in her journal;

“Translation typically has been used to transfer written or spoken SL texts to equivalent written or spoken TL texts. In general, the purpose of translation is to reproduce various kinds of texts—including religious, literary, scientific, and philosophical texts—in another language and thus making them available to wider readers.”

C. Translation Procedure

In oxford learner’s pocket dictionary is written that the procedure is usual or proper way of doing something. Meanwhile according to Martono in Kusfajarini (2013:31) procedures are the technical devices which are used to transfer the

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meaning of a text in one language into a text in another language. And Kusfajarini add explanation in her thesis that Procedures are an important part of procedural knowledge, they are related to knowing how to do something, the ability to organise actions to reach a specific goal. Procedures include the use of simple techniques and skills, as well as expert use of strategies (Kusfajarini,2013:32)

Vinay and Darbelnet in Lili (2009:1) proposes seven procedures in translation in which those seven procedures compile into two general categories i.e. direct and oblique. It depends on the timing to decide whether direct or oblique that will be used in translating a text. The translator will use direct procedure when structural and conceptual elements of the source language (SL) can be translated immediately into target language (TL), while oblique is used when structural and conceptual elements of source language (SL) cannot directly translated without changing the meaning and stylistic elements to target language (TL). Direct translation consists of three procedures (borrowing, calque and literal translation), they are used when structural and conceptual elements of the source language can be transposed into the target language, while oblique translation consists of four procedures (transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation).

1. Borrowing

Based on Vinay and Dalbernet in Lili (2009:1) borrowing is used when the source language (SL) word is transferred directly to the target language (TL). This usually happens because (a) the source language (SL) term does not have any equivalent in target language (TL) and/or (b) the

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vocabulary. The examples of borrowing in Debora (2010:10) are as follows:

SL( English) TL(Bahasa)

Action Aksi

Actor Aktor

Taxi Taksi

Aplication Aplikasi

2. Calque

It is a procedure to „borrow‟ the source language (SL) expression or structure and then transfer it in a literal translation. In other words calque is a special kind of borrowing, so. as borrowing procedure mentioned above, it has the same influence on the enhancement of cultural integration. Vinay and Darbelnet in Debora (2010:17) divides calque into two kinds, they are:

a. Lexical calque: a calque which respects the syntactic structure of target language (TL), whilst introducing a new mode of expression.

SL TL

Four-by-four (4×4) empat kali empat (4×4)

Table tennis tenis meja

Classic guitar gitar klasik

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b. Structural calque: a calque which introduces a new construction into the language (TL). The example of structural calque in Debora (2010:15)is as follows.

SL TL

Equity financing Pemerataan keuangan

3. Literal Translation

Literal translation is briefly a procedure of word-for-word translation in translating the source language (SL) to target language (TL).

It is used the most common in translating between languages of the sa me family and culture. Vinay and Darbelnet in Debora (2010:17) states that literal translation is the direct transfer of source language (SL) text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate target language (TL) text in which the translator task is limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the target language (TL). The examples of literal translation is as follows:

SL TL

A glass of juice Segelas jus

Reading a novel Membaca sebuah novel 4. Transposition

Rather than transposition, in Catford (1964) uses the word “shift”

for this procedure. Transposition is obviously a kind of translation procedure which involves the grammatical changing from source language (SL) to target language (TL) without changing the meaning of

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the message. According to Vinay and Darbelnet in Lili (2009) this procedure can also be found within a language, I give him a kiss is semantically no difference from I kiss him though the word kiss is changed from a noun into a verb. Vinay and Darbelnet states that the first expression can be called the base expression, while the converted form of kiss as a verb is called the transposed expression. Intent to delve the deeper view about this procedure the researcher decides to employ Catford’s shift in order to support the transposition procedure proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet. According to Catford in Hatim (2001: 15) shift or transposition splits into two types, i.e. category shift and level shift. This study has included both of them which are defined as follows.

a. Category shift.

Category shift is a generic term referring to shifts involving any of the four categories of class, structure, system and unit, e.g. ST adjectival phrase becomes an adverbial phrase in the TT.

Catford subdivides this type into four kinds, they are:

1. Class shift: when an source language (SL) item is translated by means of a target language (TL) item belonging to a different grammatical class, e.g. the adjective in ‘medical student’

becomes an adverbial phrase in the French equivalent ‘student in medicine’.

Example:

SL: Medical student (adj)

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TL: Student in medicine (adv) Or

SL: A sudden crash happened this morning (adj) TL: Kecelakaan secara tiba-tiba terjadi pagi ini (adv)

2. Structural shift: this type is the most common form of shift and to involve mostly a shift in grammatical structure. Catford states that this type either contains different elements or changes the sequence of the elements. It can be found at other ranks. For example at group rank, there is often a shift from MH (modifier + head) to (M) HQ ((modifier +) head + qualifier).

Example:

SL: We must bring the book TL: Buku itu harus kita bawa Or

SL: A white house (MH) TL: Rumah (yang ) putih (HM)

3. Unit shift or rank shift: this type is employed when SL transposed to different rank in TL. “Rank” here reverses to the hierarchical linguistic unit of sentence, clause, group, word and morpheme.

Example:

SL: Holiday (word)

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TL: Hari libur (phrase) Or

SL: The girl who wears red gown. (Adj. C) TL: Prempuan bergaun merah. (Adj. P)

4. Intra-system shift: this type of shift will occur internally when the SL and TL process approximately corresponding system but where the translation involves selection of a noncorresponding term in the TL system, example given between English and Bahasa are number and article systems, where, although similar systems operate in the two languages, they do not always correspond or in other word this types involves the transposition of plural in SL to singular to TL.

Example:

SL: A pair of glasses (plural).

TL: Sebuah kacamata (singular).

b. Level shift.

Level shift occurs when an SL item has a TL translation equivalent at a different linguistic level from its own (grammatical, lexical, etc). For example, source text ‘word play’ achieved at the phonological level may be translated by exploiting the possibilities of the lexical level in the target language.

Example SL: Completion

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TL: He has achieved 5. Modulation

Translator will be encountered by many kinds of obstacles if they just translate a text based on the literal meaning, as a result, the TL cannot be understood easily, even more TL will produce bias meaning or it has no point of meanings that could be grabbed by the reader. Larson in Prasetyo (2011:2) argues a text that is translated as literal form (SL to TL) will give nothing toward the meaning. Related to the prominence of meaning in TL, this paper will employ modulation as a kind of tool used.

Stated by Lili in her journal (2009:4) modulation can be adopted when, through literal or transposition translation result considered as abnormal or awkward. For instance the words in SL “Be my guest” is transformed into bahasa Indonesia is “Silahkan” not “Jadilah tamu saya”

and “don‟t mention it” (on the reply of thank you) not “Jangan menyebutkannya” or “Jangan sebutkan itu” but “Terimakasih kembali” or

“Sama-sama” Suryati in Kesuma (2009:11). An extending study about modulation proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet is done by Chuquet and Paillard. They basically have similar stand point toward this procedure;

therefore the researcher employs Chuquet and Paillard modulation type in order to give clear explanation. Based on Chuquet and Paillard in Eprida (2009:39), modulation splits in to grammatical and lexical. Grammatical modulation usually occupies the sentence, aspect and modality, whereas

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lexical modulation occupies the words, phrases, and expressions. The example of two types of modulation reveal as follows:

a. Grammatical modulation 1. Active for passive

Example:

SL: That question is hard to answer (A).

TL: Pertanyaan itu susah untuk di jawab (P).

2. Double negative for positive.

Example:

SL: You should not be oblivious about the penalty given by your lecturer.

TL: Kamu seharusnya menyadari tentang hukuman yang diberikan oleh dosenmu.

b. Lexical modulation

1. Abstract for concrete.

Example:

SL: I’m just a religious pupil.

TL: Saya hanya seorang santri.

2. The changing of equal connotation from SL to TL.

Example:

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SL: Like father like son.

TL: Buah jatuh tak jauh dari pohonnya

3. The connotation stated in SL being explained in TL, this type is usually used if the SL does not have the equal connotation in TL, therefore the connotation in SL is explained in TL.

According to Badudu (2008) the example is stated as bellow:

Example:

SL: Death is better than I have to bear the shame like this.

TL: Lebih baik berputih tulang dari pada menanggung malu seperti ini.

4. The changing of proverb or word because of cultural differentiation.

Example:

SL: Just a book worm wants to stay at the library all day long.

TL: Hanya seorang kutu buku yang ingin tinggal di perpustakaan seharian.

5. The changing of adjective stylistic form to another stylistic adjective form

Example:

SL: She looked lovely in that dress.

TL: Dia terlihat cantik dengan pakaian itu.

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Example:

SL: I've got a new set of wheels.

TL: Saya mempunyai mobil baru.

7. One part to another.

Example:

SL: The little girl was wearing red from head to toe.

TL: Pakaian anak perempuan itu bernuansa merah dari ujung rambut hingga ujung kaki.

8. Place for function Example:

SL: Buckingham has prepared the tea party to celebrate Kate and William 1st anniversary.

TL: Pihak kerajaan telah mempersiapkan pesta minum teh untuk merayakan hari jadi Kate dan William yang pertama.

6. Equivalence

Vinay and Darbelnet in Lili (2009) states that equivalence is a procedure to describe the same situation by using completely different stylistic or structural methods for producing equivalent texts. In other words, the procedure of equivalence can be used to translate fixed expression in SL such as idioms, clichés, proverbs, nominal or adjectival phrases, animal onomatopoeia, etc. into the equal different form in TL.

According to Debora (2010) the example is tated as bellow:

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Example:

SL: It‟s raining cats and dogs.

TL: Hujan turun dengan derasnya.

Or

SL: Birds of a feather flock together.

TL: Rasam minyak dengan minyak, rasam air dengan air.

Source: Debora (2010:21) 7. Adaptation

Lili (2009) in her journal states that this procedure refers to a method used in the cases where the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In such cases translators have to create a new situation in SL that can be considered as being equivalent in TL. Adaptation can, therefore, be described as a special kind of equivalence, a situational equivalence. Titles of books, movies, and characters fit into this category.

Example:

SL: Baseball (English) TL: Futbol (Spanish)

SL: After the Night (a novel by Linda Howard) TL: Menunggu Fajar

Source : Debora (2010:22)

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D. Aspects of parameter qualified translation

According to Nababan in his Journal (2012:44) Translation that qualified must fulfill three aspects, those are : aspect of accurate, aspect of acceptable, and aspect of readable. Three aspects wiil described below.

1. Aspect of accurate

Accurateness is a terminology that used to evaluate translation to refer what source language text and target language text is having equivalence or not yet. Equivalence concept point to equivalence of both content or message. A text can named as translation, if that text has meaning or message which has similarly with another text. Because of that, the effort to substract or added the content or message of the source language text into target language text we must avoid it. The effort like that its mean betray the writer of the source language all at once rook the target reader.

In wider context, lessened or added can appear the fatal result at the man using a translation creation, especially on the translation that high risk, like the translation text of the law level, doctor, religion, and engineering.

In the translating theory literature exist some translation technique that can useful for contend equivalent problem. Both of them are deletion and addition. Two translation technique its not aim for lessen the information or added the information pleasure, but aim for produce the translation acceptable and easily to

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understand by the target reader. In the real practice translating, additional technique tended for explicity or for clarity a source language concept especially if that concept hasn’t one-to-one correspondence in the target language.

2. Aspect of acceptable

The second aspect of translation that qualified related with the problem of acceptable. Terminology of acceptable refer to does translation had express appropriate with principle, norm, and the culture that occur in target language or not yet, well on micro level as well as macro level. This acceptable concept be most important because, although the translation had accurate from aspect of content or aspect of message, that translation will be rejected by the target reader if expression way be in contradiction with principle, norm, and culture of target language.

In the culture of english native speaker, a grandchild can accosted her grandfather with how are you, John. Seem clear that a grandchild immediatly call her grandfather’s young name. The greeting like that is not respectful for Java language speaker, which always enclose greeting ‘Mbah’ that followed by her grandfather’s young name, say ‘Mbah Prawiro’, when a grandchild interact with her grandfather. In the context of Batak Tapanuli language culture, call grandfather’s young name is not respectful. This sample indicate that acceptable concept is a

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relative concept. Something that reputed respectful in a society can see is not respectful in another society.

In above had explain that one of a acceptable concept parameter is what a translation had expression agree with the target grammar principle. A translation in Indonesia language that expression follow english grammar principle, for instance, will make that translation not concerned with nature and in many cases will difficult to understand the meaning sense. Thus, a research abstract translation as a scientific text form will rejected the target reader if that translation expression by using slang. Thus the other way, a literature translation will inacceptable for target reader if that literature translation expressing with standard grammar literature.

A technical terminology may be has accurate equivalent in target language. However, the translator obviously not along with using that equivalent because can have consequence the result of translation inacceptable for target reader. In scientific of doctor, say, there are vagina terminology. Although, that terminology has equivalent in Java language, the translator usually not using equivalent in Java language because viewed not respectful.

3. Aspect of readable

At the beginning readable terminology just links with read activity. Afterwards, that readable terminology use in

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interpretation level because every translate activity can’t be rid of read activity. In interpretation context, readable terminology basically just not about readable text of source language but readable text of target language also. That matter agree with essence from every interpretation process that always involve both of language all at once. But, until nowadays the indicator that use for measure readable level a text still need to queried the reliability. Moreover, Gilmore and Root (1977:102) opine that measurement of a text which be based on language factor not more than just for the sake of assist tool for a writer in adjust readable text level with ability of reader text. Regardless of not yet unwavering readable measure tool, a translator need to understand readable concept text source language and target language. Good comprehension toward readable concept will help the translator in carry out their task.

Based on three aspects of parameter qualified translation, Mangatur Nababan using qualitatif parameter as assesment instrument. Assesment instrument of three aspects parameter qualified translation are described as follows:

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Table 2.1: Assesor instrument of Translation accuracy

Translation category

score Qualitative parameter

Accurate 3 Sense of the word, technical term, frase, clause, the sentence or source language text is shifted accurately in the target language; and no distortion meaning.

Less accurate

2 Partly sense of the word, technical term, frase, clause, sentence or source language text had shifted accurately in target language. But, there is distortion meaning or opponent meaning or omitte the meaning.

Inaccurate 1 Sense of the word, technical term, frase, clause, sentence or source language text shifted inaccurate in target language or deleted.

Source : Nababan (2012: 50) Table 2.2: Assesor instrument of Translation acceptable

Acceptable 3 Nature translation; technical term that using is common used and intimate for the reader; frase, clause, and the sentence that used agree with principle of indonesia language.

Less acceptable

2 In generally the translation is nature; but there is a mistake in technical term or less mistake in gramatical.

Inacceptable 1 The translation is not nature or like a translation opus; technical term that used is not common and not intimate for reader; frase, clause, and the sentence that used is not agree with the principle of

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indonesia language.

Source : Nababan (2012: 51) Table 2.3: Assesor instrument of Translation readable

Readable 3 Word, technical term, frase, clause, the sentence or translation text can understand easily by the reader.

Less readable

2 In generally the translation can understand by the reader, but there are specific part which is must read more than once for to understand the translation.

Unreadable 1 The translation is difficult to understand by the reader.

Source : Nababan (2012: 51) From three aspects above has different value quality, quality of qualified aspect value are described as follows :

Table 2.4: Qualified aspect value

No.

Qualified aspect value

Quality

Transposition Modulation

1.

2.

3.

Accurate Acceptable

Readable

Accurate Acceptable

Readable

3 2 1

Source : Nababan (2012: 52)

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E. Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework that will be the basic from this research and can be visualized in figure below. The figure shows the process of the Students’

translation in implementing transposition and modulation procedures. The components of figure are described as follows:

Figure 2.1

In this figure the reseacher want to describe about an analysis the implementation of transposition and modulation procedure in the students’

translation, and reseacher want to know how are accurate, acceptable, and readable the translation result in both of transposition and modulation procedure.

Translation

Modulation Transposition

The implementation of transposition and modulation procedure in the students’ translation

Readable Acceptable

Accurate

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the research method, population and sample, procedure of collecting data and technique of data analysis.

A. The Research Method

This research applied a descriptive method. It aimed at describing the implementation of transposition and modulation procedures in the students’

translation.

In this research, the researcher used quantitative documentary research method to analyze and to describe the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation procedures. Afterward, this research give a complete description of the accuracy, acceptability, and readability toward respondents’

task result by applying transposition and modulation procedures.

B. Population and Sample 1. Population

The population of this research was the sixth semester students of English Department of FKIP Unismuh Makassar in academic year 2014/2015. At this semester, the students were divided into six classes, where each class average consists of 35 students, so the total numbers of the students were 210 students.

2. Sample

The researcher used cluster sampling technique because there were more

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each English Department class who are given treatments. The researcher chose 30 students who study English language in the sixth semester of English Department from 210 students. In the “cluster sampling technique were restrict one's selection to a particular subgroups. from within the population (Nunan and Bailey in Wahyu: 2011)”.

C. Instrument of the Research

In this research, the researchertook the documents of the students’ final test from the translation lecturer. After that the researcher collected the result and analyzed them.

D. Data Collecting technique

The collecting term were useful before anything could be done through the research in order to make the researcher easily analyzed and interprete the data.

Technique of data collecting that the researcher used for this research is a test. In this tes the researcher were helped by lecturer of Translation II subject to do the test in final test. According to Arikunto (2006:223) a test used to measure the ability of the object of the research.

The researcher got English text to the respondents through the lecturer in final tes, after that the researcher collects the result and analyzed them. To analyzed the transposition and modulation procedures included the phenomena of modulation and transposition procedures were classified based on Catford, Chuquet and Paillard as the experts who supported the notion in detail about modulation and transposition procedures proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet. Then the researcher was analyze based on Mangatur Nababan as the expert who

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supported about the aspect of the accuracy, acceptability, and readability of the respondents’ final testresult on applying transposition and modulation procedure.

E. Data Analysis Technique

Regarding the qualitative research, the researcher analyzed the data descriptively. After gathering the occurrences of modulation and transposition in the respondents task result, they were classified based on the procedures of modulation and transposition proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet which are supported and strengthened by Chuquet and Pailard and Catford (2001:60) and Mangatur Nababan. After indentifying the translation procedures the researcher focused on the aspects of accuracy, acceptability, and readability in the respondents task result with assessment translation technique, and the last section that is conclusion followed to reveal the result from what had been analyzed by the researcher.

F. Assessment Translation Technique

In this research, the researcher was assess the translation based on criteria of accuracy, acceptability, and readability in translation.

The researcher used assessment scale to assess the result of translation.

According to Nababan in his Journal (2012:44) Translation that qualified must fulfill three aspects, those are : aspect of accuracy, aspect of acceptability, and aspect of readability. Three aspects will described below:

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4. Aspect of accurate

Accurateness is a terminology that used to evaluate translation to refer what source language text and target language text is having equivalence or not yet.

Equivalence concept point to equivalence of both content or message. A text can named as translation, if that text has meaning or message which has similarly with another text. Because of that, the effort to substract or added the content or message of the source language text into target language text we must avoid it. The effort like that its mean betray the writer of the source language all at once rook the target reader. In wider context, lessened or added can appear the fatal result at the man using a translation creation, especially on the translation that high risk, like the translation text of the law level, doctor, religion, and engineering.

In the translating theory literature exist some translation technique that can useful for contend equivalent problem. Both of them are deletion and addition. Two translation technique its not aim for lessen the information or added the information pleasure, but aim for produce the translation acceptable and easily to understand by the target reader. In the real practice translating, additional technique tended for explicity or for clarity a source language concept especially if that concept hasn’t one-to-one correspondence in the target language.

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Table 3: Assesor instrument of Translation accuracy

Score Qualitative parameter

Accuracy 3 Sense of the word, technical term, frase, clause, the sentence or source language text is shifted accurately in the target language; and no distortion meaning.

Less accuracy 2 Partly sense of the word, technical term, frase, clause, sentence or source language text had shifted accurately in target language. But, there is distortion meaning or opponent meaning or omitte the meaning Inaccuracy 1 Sense of the word, technical term, frase, clause,

sentence or source language text shifted inaccurate in target language or deleted.

Source : Nababan (2012: 50) 5. Aspect of acceptable

The second aspect of translation that qualified related with the problem of acceptable. Terminology of acceptable refer to does translation had express appropriate with principle, norm, and the culture that occur in target language or not yet, well on micro level as well as macro level. This acceptable concept be most important because, although the translation had accurate from aspect of content or aspect of message, that translation will be rejected by the target reader if expression way be in contradiction with principle, norm, and culture of target language.

In the culture of english native speaker, a grandchild can accosted her grandfather with how are you, John. Seem clear that a grandchild immediatly

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call her grandfather’s young name. The greeting like that is not respectful for Java language speaker, which always enclose greeting ‘Mbah’ that followed by her grandfather’s young name, say ‘Mbah Prawiro’, when a grandchild interact with her grandfather. In the context of Batak Tapanuli language culture, call grandfather’s young name is not respectful. This sample indicate that acceptable concept is a relative concept. Something that reputed respectful in a society can see is not respectful in another society.

In above had explain that one of a acceptable concept parameter is what a translation had expression agree with the target grammar principle. A translation in Indonesia language that expression follow english grammar principle, for instance, will make that translation not concerned with nature and in many cases will difficult to understand the meaning sense. Thus, a research abstract translation as a scientific text form will rejected the target reader if that translation expression by using slang. Thus the other way, a literature translation will inacceptable for target reader if that literature translation expressing with standard grammar literature.

A technical terminology may be has accurate equivalent in target language. However, the translator obviously not along with using that equivalent because can have consequence the result of translation inacceptable for target reader. In scientific of doctor, say, there are vagina terminology. Although, that terminology has equivalent in Java language, the translator usually not using equivalent in Java language because viewed not respectful.

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Table 3: Assesor instrument of Translation acceptability

Acceptability 3 Nature translation; technical term that using is common used and intimate for the reader; frase, clause, and the sentence that used agree with principle of indonesia language.

Less

acceptability

2 In generally the translation is nature; but there is a mistake in technical term or less mistake in gramatical.

Inacceptability 1 The translation is not nature or like a translation opus; technical term that used is not common and not intimate for reader; frase, clause, and the sentence that used is not agree with the principle of indonesia language.

Source : Nababan (2012: 51) 6. Aspect of readable

At the beginning readable terminology just links with read activity.

Afterwards, that readable terminology use in interpretation level because every translate activity can’t be rid of read activity. In interpretation context, readable terminology basically just not about readable text of source language but readable text of target language also. That matter agree with essence from every interpretation process that always involve both of language all at once.

But, until nowadays the indicator that use for measure readable level a text still need to queried the reliability. Moreover, Gilmore and Root (1977:102) opine that measurement of a text which be based on language factor not more than just for the sake of assist tool for a writer in adjust readable text level

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with ability of reader text. Regardless of not yet unwavering readable measure tool, a translator need to understand readable concept text source language and target language. Good comprehension toward readable concept will help the translator in carry out their task.

Table 3: Assesor instrument of Translation readability

Readability 3 Word, technical term, frase, clause, sentence or translation text can understand easily by the reader.

Less readability

2 In generally the translation can understand by the reader, but there are part specific which is must read more than once for to understand the translation.

Unreadability 1 The translation is difficult to understand by the reader.

Source : Nababan (2012: 51) From three aspects above has different value quality, quality of qualified aspect value are described as follows :

No.

Qualified aspect value

Quality

Transposition Modulation

1.

2.

3.

Accuracy Acceptability Readability

3 2 1

Source : Nababan (2012: 52)

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CHAPTER IV

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

This chapter focuses on the finding and the discussion of the research. The finding of the research deals with the result of the data analysis related to the implementation of transposistion and modulation procedures in the students’

translation that occured in the sentences contained in English text given by the lecturer.

A. Finding

The data were found from the students’ translation by implementing transposition and modulation procedures. The students’ translation were analysed word by word to find out the frequency of the students who implemented transposition and modulation procedures. Then the results of the analysis using transposition and modulation procedures were analysed their accuracy, acceptability, readability.

a. Transposition procedure

Transposition is obviously a kind of translation procedure which involves the grammatical changing from SL to TL without changing the meaning of the message. In transposition uses the word “shift” for this procedure, there were 4 parts of transposition procedures they are structural shift, unit shift, intra-system shift, and level shift. Table 4.1 describes the frequency and percentage of using transposition procedure covering structural shift, unit shift, intra-system shift,

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Table 4.1 The frequency and percentage of the students who implemented transposition procedure in the translation

No. Transposition Procedure Frequency Percentage (%)

a) Structural shift 26 86%

b) Unit shift 16 53%

c) Intra- system shift 23 76%

d) Level shift 16 53%

a) Structural shift

This type is the most common form of shift and to involve mostly a shift in grammatical structure. This type contains different structure between source language (SL) and target language (TL). Similar different structure were else found at other ranks. For example at group rank, there is often a shift from MH (modifier + head) to (M) HQ ((modifier +) head + qualifier).

The example of this part reveals as follow:

Data Sentence 1

Source language (SL):

As a pregnant woman (MH) who drinks alcohol, the alcohol is passed into her bloodstream almost simultaneously.

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Target language (TL):

Sebagai seorang wanita hamil (HM) yang meminum alkohol, alkohol itu masuk melalui aliran darahnya hampir secara bersamaan.

b) Unit shift

This type is employed when source language (SL) is transposed to different rank in target language (TL). “rank” here reverses to the hierarchical linguistic unit of sentence, clausa, group, word, and morpheme. The example of this part reveals as follows:

Data Sentence 2 Source language (SL):

Human fetus is particularly vulnerable as alcohol is delivered quickly into the blood and passes into the tissues and membranes.

Target language (TL):

khususnya janin manusia yang mudah diserang alkohol itu cepat disalurkan masuk ke darah dan melewati selaput membran.

c) Intra-system shift

This type of shifting takes place when the source language (SL) and target language (TL) possess approximately corresponding systems but where the translation involves selection of a noncorresponding term in the TL

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system, the kinds of this type occur when the plural changes into singular.

The example of this part reveals as follows:

Data Sentence 2

Target language (TL):

Janin manusia sangat rentan dengan alkohol karena sangat cepat menyebar kedalam darah melalui jaringan sel dan selaput.

d) Level shift

This type of shift is functioned to fill the lexical gap, it either happens when the lexical in the source language (SL) changes into grammatical structure in target language (TL) or for the suffix that mostly happens in Indonesian changes also into grammatical structure in English. The example of this part reveals as follows:

Data Sentence 3 Source language (SL):

As the fetus is connected with mother through the bloodstream, so the alcohol passes directly into the bloodstream of the fetus as well. Thus,

pregnant woman are strictly forbidden to drink alcohol.

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Sebagai janin dihubungkan dengan jaringan darah ibu, jadi alkohol masuk ke jaringan darah secara langsung melewati jaringan darah pada janin. Dengan demikian, wanita hamil dilarang keras minum alkohol.

b. Modulation procedure

Modulation splits in to grammatical and lexical. Grammatical modulation usually occupies the sentence, aspect and modality, whereas lexical modulation occupies the words, phrases, and expressions. Table 4.2 describes frequency and percentage of using Modulation procedure covering active for passive, and adjective source language (SL) to adjective target language (TL).

Table 4.2 The frequency and percentage of the students who implemented modulation procedure in the translation

No. Modulation Procedur Frequency Percentage

(%)

a) Active for Passive 16 53%

b) Adjective SL to Adjective TL 15 50%

a) Active for Passive

Active (A) for passive (P) is the sentence change occurred from active sentence to passive sentence, for example the sentence in source language (SL) is active form then be change passive sentence in target languag (TL).

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Data Sentence 4

One of the most dangerous drugs for pregnant woman is alcohol (A).

Salah satu obat-obatan yang paling berbahaya untuk wanita hamil adalah alkohol (P)

b) The changing of adjective stylistic form to another stylistic adjective form

Data Sentence 2

khususnya janin manusia yang mudah diserang alkohol itu cepat disalurkan masuk ke darah dan melewati selaput membran.

1. The accuracy of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation procedures

There were 5 sentences in one paragraph that have been translated by 30 students of the sixthsemester, to find out the accuracy of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation, the reseacher analyzed all sentences in one paragraph. Table 4.3 describes frequency and percentage of the

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accuracy of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation procedures.

Table 4.3 The accuracy of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation procedures

Translation category

Score Frequency Percentage (%)

Qualitative parameter

Accuracy 3 19 190% Sense of the word,

technical term, phrase, clause, the sentence or source language text is shifted accurately in the target language, and no distortion meaning.

Source language (SL):

One of the most dangerous drugs for pregnant woman is alcohol. Human fetus is particularly vulnerable as alcohol is delivered quickly into the blood and passes into the tissues and membranes. Very often babies born after exposure to alcohol are said to be suffering from fetal alcohol syndrome. As a pregnant woman who drinks alcohol, the alcohol is passed into her bloodstream almost simultaneously. As the fetus is connected with mother trough the bloodstream, so the alcohol passes directly into the bloodstream of the fetus as well. Thus. Pregnant women are strictly forbidden to drink alcohol.

Salah satu obat-obatan yang paling berbahaya untuk wanita hamil adalah alkohol. Khususnya janin manusia yang mudah diserang alkohol itu cepat

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disalurkan masuk ke darah dan melewati selaput membran. Sering sekali anak-anak lahir setelah terkena alkohol mereka menderita syndrom janin dari alkohol. Sebagai seorang wanita hamil yang meminum alkohol. Kebanyakan alkohol itu masuk secara serentak melewati jaringan darahnya. Sebagai janin dihubungkan dengan jaringan darah ibu, jadi alkohol masuk ke jaringan darah secara langsung melewati jaringan darah pada janin. Dengan demikian, wanita hamil dilarang keras minum alkohol.

2. The acceptability of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation procedures

There were 5 sentences in one paragraph that have been translated by 30 students of the sixth semester, to find out the acceptability of the students’

translation in implementing transposition and modulation, the reseacher analyzed all sentences in one paragraph. Table 4.4 describes frequency and percentage of the acceptability of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation procedures.

Table 4.4 The acceptability of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation procedures

Qualitative parameter Acceptability 3 22 220% Nature translation, technical

term that using is common used and intimate for the reader, frase, clause, and the sentence that used agree with principle of indonesian.

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Salah satu obat-obatan yang paling berbahaya untuk wanita hamil adalah alkohol. Khususnya janin manusia yang mudah diserang alkohol itu cepat disalurkan masuk ke darah dan melewati selaput membran. Sering sekali anak-anak lahir setelah terkena alkohol mereka menderita syndrom janin dari alkohol. Sebagai seorang wanita hamil yang meminum alkohol. Kebanyakan alkohol itu masuk secara serentak melewati jaringan darahnya. Sebagai janin dihubungkan dengan jaringan darah ibu, jadi alkohol masuk ke jaringan darah secara langsung melewati jaringan darah pada janin. Dengan demikian, wanita hamil dilarang keras minum alkohol.

3. The readability of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation procedures

There were 5 sentences in one paragraph that have been translated by 30

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translation in implementing transposition and modulation, the reseacher analyzed all sentences in one paragraph. Table 4.5 describes frequency and percentage of the readability of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation procedures.

Table 4.5 The readability of the students’ translation in implementing transposition and modulation procedures

Qualitative parameter

Readability 3 29 290% Word, technical term,

phrase, clause, sentence or translation text can understand easily by the reader.