Decisions. about. RFID. ISO. standards. are. made. by. two. groups.. ISO. and. International. Electro- Technical.Commission.(IEC).jointly.sponsor.Joint.Technical.Committee.number.one,.JTC.1,.to.
address. subjects. of. interest. to. both. organizations.. JTC. 1. has. several. subcommittees. to. address.
specific.issues,.including.SC31..SC31,.AIDC.techniques.oversee.standardization.of.data.formats,.
data.syntax,.data.structures,.data.encoding,.and.technologies.for.the.process.of.AIDC..There.are.
seven.work.groups.from.this.subcommittee:.data.carriers.(WG1),.data.syntax.(WG2),.conformance.
(WG3),.and.RFID.(WG4),.real-time.locating.systems.or.RTLS.(WG5),.mobile.item.identification.
and.management.or.MIIM.(WG6),.and.the.newly.formed.file.management.and.security.for.item.
management.(WG7).
RFID.standards.at.the.item.level.are.described.for.ISO.under.the.ISO–IEC.AIDC.standard..See.
the.attached.chart..The.section.is.labeled.JTC-1.SC31/WG4..This.is.often.referred.to.as.the.EPC.
global.standard.for.(1).Class.0.Gen.1,.(2).Class.1.Gen.1,.and.(3).Gen.2.
The.SC31.organization.structure.for.RFID.is.carried.out.in.SG1,.SG3,.SG5,.and.SG6..The.SG.1.
is.responsible.for.data.content.and.includes.the.ISO/IEC.15961.data.protocol—application.interface.
description,. and. the. ISO/IEC. 15962. data. protocol—data. encoding. rules.. SG3. is. responsible. for.
ISO/IEC.18000.series.air.interface.standards.at.<135.kHz;.13.56.MHz;.433.MHz;.860–960.MHz;.
2.45.GHz..The.ISO/IEC.18000,.RFID.for.item.management—air.interface.is.described.in.the.fol- lowing.parts.
Part.1:.Air.Interface.Communication.for.Globally.Accepted.Frequencies Part.2:.Air.Interface.Communication.below.135.kHz
Part.3:.Air.Interface.Communication.at.13.56.MHz Part.4:.Air.Interface.Communication.at.2.45.GHz
Part.5:.Air.Interface.Communication.at.5.8.GHz.withdrawn Part.6:.Air.Interface.at.860–930.MHz
Part.7:.Air.Interface.at.433.92.MHz
9.3.1 18000-1 pARt 1: geneRIc pARAmeteRsfoRthe AIR InteRfAce foR gLoBALLy Accepted fRequencIes
The.scope.of.this.standard.is.to.describe.the.reference.architecture.for.RFID.for.item.management.
and.to.establish.the.parameters.that.shall.be.determined.in.any.standardized.air.interface.defini- tion.in.the.ISO.18000.series..The.subsequent.parts.of.this.standard.providing.specific.values.for.air.
interface.definition.parameters.shall.then,.once.approved,.provide.the.frequency-specific.values.and.
value.ranges.from.which.compliance.to.(or.noncompliance.with).this.standard.can.be.established.
This.standard.limits.its.scope.to.transactions.and.data.exchanges.across.the.air.interface.at.refer- ence.point.delta..The.means.of.generating.and.managing.such.transactions,.other.than.a.requirement.
to.achieve.the.transactional.performance.determined.within.this.standard,.are.outside.the.scope.of.
this.standard,.as.is.the.definition.or.specification.of.any.supporting.hardware,.firmware,.software,.
or.associated.equipments.
This.standard.is.an.enabling.standard,.which.supports.and.promotes.several.RFID.implementa- tions.without.making.conclusions.about.the.relative.technical.merits.of.any.available.option.for.any.
possible.application.
9.3.2 18000-2 pARt 2: pARAmeteRsfoR AIR InteRfAce communIcAtIonsBeLow 135 khz This.document.specifies.the.physical.layer.that.shall.be.used.for.communication.between.the.inter- rogator.and.the.tag..The.interrogator.shall.be.capable.to.communicate.with.tags.of.both.Type.A.
(FDX).and.Type.B.(HDX).
9.3.2.1 Protocol and the Commands
The.method.to.detect.and.communicate.with.one.tag.among.several.tags.(“anti-collision”).
JTC 1 Information technology AIDC technologySC31
RFID for item managementWG4
SG1 data syntax SG3 air interface FIGURE 9.1 ISO/IEC.standard.structure.
Standards Organizations and RFID Standards 109
9.3.2.1.1 Tag Types
This.standard.specifies.two.types.of.tags:.Type.A.(FDX).and.Type.B.(HDX).
These.two.types.differ.only.by.their.physical.layer..Both.types.support.the.same.anticollision.
and.protocol.
FDX.tags.are.permanently.powered.by.the.interrogator,.including.during.the.tag-to-interrogator.
transmission..They.operate.at.125.kHz.
HDX.tags.are.powered.by.the.interrogator,.except.during.the.tag-to-interrogator.transmission..
They.operate.at.134.2.kHz.
An.optional.anticollision.is.described.in.the.informative.Annex.D.
9.3.2.2 Compliance Rules 9.3.2.2.1 Tag
To.claim.compliance.with.this.standard,.a.tag.shall.be.of.either.Type.A.or.B.
9.3.2.2.2 Interrogator
To.claim.compliance.with.this.standard,.an.interrogator.shall.support.both.Types.A.and.B.
Depending.on.the.application,.it.may.be.configured.as.Type.A.only,.Type.B.only,.or.Types.A.
and.B..When.configured.in.Types.A.and.B,.and.when.in.the.inventory.phase,.the.interrogator.shall.
alternate.between.Type.A.and.Type.B.interrogation..See.Annex.C.
9.3.3 18000-3 pARt 3: pARAmeteRsfoR AIR InteRfAce communIcAtIonsAt 13.56 mhz This.standard.is.to.provide.physical.layer,.collision.management.system.and.protocol.values.for.
RFID.systems.for.item.identification.operating.at.13.56.MHz.in.accordance.with.the.requirements.
of.ISO.18000-1..This.standard.provides.parameter.value.for.each.MODE.determined.in.the.require- ments.clause.below.
In.this.version.of.the.standard,.two.non-contending.MODES.are.defined:
•. The.MODES.are.NOT.interoperable
•. The.MODES,.whilst.not.interoperable,.are.non-contending 9.3.3.1 Intellectual Property
Both.of.the.MODES.require.a.license.from.the.owner.of.the.intellectual.property.(IP),.which.shall.
be.available.on.terms.in.accordance.with.ISO.Policy.(RAND).(reasonable.and.nondiscriminatory)..
Details.of.IP.are.shown.at.the.end.of.Clause.7..Neither.of.the.MODES.in.this.version.of.the.standard.
may.be.used.without.a.license.
9.3.4 18000-4 pARt 4: pARAmeteRsfoR AIR InteRfAce communIcAtIonsAt 2.45 ghz 9.3.4.1 Frequency
This.standard.is.intended.to.address.RFID.devices.operating.in.the.2450.MHz.industrial,.scientific,.
and.medical.(ISM).frequency.band.
9.3.4.2 Interface Definitions
This.standard.supports.a.standard.API.(ISO/IEC.18000-1).and.standard.air.interface.implementa- tions. for. wireless,. noncontact. information. system. equipment. for. item. management. applications..
Typical.applications.operate.at.ranges.greater.than.1.m.
There.are.two.MODES..MODE.1.is.a.passive.tag,.MODE.2.is.a.battery.assisted,.tag.talks.first.tag.
9.3.4.2.1 MODE 1: Passive Backscatter RFID System
The.FHSS.backscatter.option.or.the.narrow.band.operation.RFID.system.shall.include.an.interroga- tor.that.runs.the.FHSS.backscatter.option.1.RFID.protocol.or.in.narrow.band.operation,.as.well.as.
one.or.more.tags.within.the.interrogation.zone.
9.3.4.2.2 MODE 2: Long-Range High Data-Rate RFID System
This.clause.describes.a.RFID.system,.offering.a.gross.data.rate.up.to.384.kbps.at.the.air.interface.
in.case.of.read/write.(R/W).tag..In.case.of.read.only.(R/O).tag,.the.data.rate.is.76.8.kbps..The.tag.is.
battery.by.back.scattering..Battery-powered.tags.allow.for.a.system.is.well.designed.for.long-range.
RFID.applications..This.air.interface.description.does.not.explicit.claim.for.battery.assistance.in.the.
tag,.also.real.passive.tags.or.tags.for.mixed.operation.are.conceivably.
9.3.5 18000-5 pARt 5: pARAmeteRsfoR AIR InteRfAce communIcAtIonsAt 5.8 ghz This.standard.is.to.provide.physical.layer,.anticollision.system.and.protocol.values.for.RFID.sys- tems.for.item.identification.operating.at.5.8–5.9.GHz.in.accordance.with.the.requirements.of.ISO.
18000-1..This.standard.provides.parameter.value.for.each.MODE.determined.in.the.requirements.
section.below.
In.this.version.of.the.standard,.two.non-contending.MODES.are.defined:
•. None.of.the.MODES.are.interoperable
•. All.of.the.MODES.whilst.not.interoperable.are.non-contending 9.3.5.1 Intellectual Property
Some.of.the.MODES.require.a.license.from.the.owner.of.the.IP,.which.shall.be.available.on.terms.
in.accordance.with.ISO.policy..Details.of.IP.are.shown.at.the.end.of.each.MODE.
MODE.1.in.this.version.of.the.standard.may.be.used.without.a.license.
This.part.has.been.withdrawn.due.to.lack.of.global.acceptance..The.physical,.anticollision,.and.
transmission.protocols.determined.in.this.MODE.are.consistent.with.the.approach.taken.in.ISO/
IEC.15693..This.section.provides.the.normative.part.of.MODE.1.by.reference.
The.physical.layer.for.the.MODE.1.air.interface.at.5.8.GHz.shall.be.consistent.and.compliant.to.
CEN.12253..The.data.link.and.MAC.layers.shall.be.compliant.to.CEN.12795.
The.anti-collision.system.and.protocols.for.the.MODE.1.air.interface.at.5.8.GHz.shall.be.consis- tent.and.compliant.to.CEN.12834.
9.3.6 18000-6 pARt 6: pARAmeteRsfoR AIR InteRfAce communIcAtIons At 860–930 mhz
This.standard.describes.the.following:
•. The.physical.interactions.between.the.interrogator.and.the.tag
•. The.protocols.and.the.commands
•. The.collision.arbitration.schemes
There.are.four.types.of.protocols;.Type.A.and.Type.B,.Type.C.and.Type.D..For.the.forward.link,.
Type.A.uses.pulse.interval.encoding,.Type.B.uses.bi-phase.modulation.and.Manchester.encoding..
For.the.collision. arbitration,.Type.A.uses.an. Aloha-based.mechanism;.Type.B.uses.an.adaptive.
binary.tree.mechanism..Both.types.use.the.same.bi-phase.space.FM0.return.link.encoding..Type.C.
is.based.on.the.EPC.global.Gen.2.protocol.and.Type.D.will.be.defining.tag.only.talks.after.listen.
(TOTAL).interrogator.and.tag.behavior.
Standards Organizations and RFID Standards 111
9.3.7 18000-7 pARt 7: pARAmeteRsfoR AIR InteRfAce communIcAtIonsAt 433 mhz Information.technology.AIDC.techniques—RFID.for.item.management—air.interface,.Part.7—
parameters.for.an.active.RFID.air.interface.communications.at.433.MHz..This.standard.is.intended.
to.address.RFID.devices.operating.in.the.433.MHz.frequency.band.
At.the.time.of.publication,.ISO/IEC.18000-7.was.the.only.RFID.air.interface.protocol.standard.
operating.with.a.single.mode.(or.type).
9.3.7.1 DASH7 Alliance
The.DASH7.Alliance.(www.dash7.org).was.formed.in.2009.to.advance.the.use.of.DASH7.wire- less.data.technology.by.developing.extensions.to.the.ISO.18000-7.standard,.ensuring.interoper- ability.among.devices,.and.educating.the.market.about.DASH7.technology..This.consortium.is.
continuously.growing:.manufacturers,.systems.integrators,.developers,.regulators,.academia,.and.
end.users.are.all.working.together.to.promote.the.use.of.DASH7.technology.in.a.wide.array.of.
industries.and.applications..We.should.expect.many.new.developments.for.this.ISO.active.RFID.
air.interface.protocol.standard.in.the.coming.years.as.adoption.accelerates.and.end.users.around.
the.world.embrace.a.proven.technology.used.in.different.environments.from.human.friendly.to.
harsh.and.chaotic.
Finally,.the.WG-3.defines.standard.conformance.