RFID and Auto-ID in Planning and Logistics

With.RFID and Auto-ID in planning and logistics,.we.hope.to.establish.concepts.and.principles. Tags.and.reader.(WMRM/WORM).The.methodology.used.for.research.in.the.laboratory.is.known.

INTRODUCTION

ASSYRIANS

You.will.not.find.it.difficult.to.prove.that.fights,.campaigns.and.even.wars.are.primarily. been.won.or.lost. An.even.greater.challenge.for.the.Assyrians.in.this.period.was.the.transportation.of.supplies.to.

PHILIP II OF MACEDON AND ALEXANDER THE GREAT

R eductIon of L ogIstIcAL B uRdens

Military Logistics Introduction and History 5 oars.on.both.sides.of.the.vessel.Although.some.galleys.were.mainly.powered.by.slaves. By.staying.within.few.weeks.or.months.range.of.navigable.waters,.Alexander.was.able.

A dvAnced s uppLy d epots

MIDDLE AGES LOGISTICS: 1000–1400 AD

Finally.in.this.period.military.food.logistics.is.credited.with.the.development.of.the.cracker. It.is.a.twice-baked.bread.meant.to.reduce.the.moisture.in.the.cracker.This.in.turn.

EARLY BRITISH NAVAL LOGISTICS: 1700–1800s

L oRd n eLson

Introduction and History of Military Logistics 7 mortuary.logistics.Unfortunately,.the.brandy.in.this.coffin.was.reputable.have.been.consumed.

L ogIstIcAL R equIRements to p Revent s cuRvy

Whatever.the.guns.fired,.it.was.necessary.to.use.gunpowder.Due.to.the.explosive.nature.of.the. For example, the.creation.of.the.most.powerful.navy.in.the.world.required.more.than.200.years.considerable.military.logistics.Without.the.development.of.specific.logistics. .procedures.to.support.the.navy.

AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR

Introduction and History of Military Logistics 9 Of course.this.had.the.effect.that.the.local.population.supported.the.US.side.Because.the.British.

EARLY 1800s

U.S. CIVIL WAR

R AILwAys And t RAIns

ZULU WARS

SPANISH–AMERICAN WAR

The.invasion.force's.departure.was.also.hampered.by.the.limited.number.of.transport.ships. In.the.field.the.army.also.encountered.logistical.problems.The.raw.canned.meat.in.normal.rations.

WORLD WAR I

Airplanes.were.first.used.for.reconnaissance.purposes.and.then.later.for.fighter.and.bombing.missions.In.support.of.these.operations.the.concept.of.came.from. air.operations.logistics.Not.only.has. The.use.of.bombers.to.attack.not.only.airfields.but.also.civilian.populations.and.industrial.areas.

Introduction and history of military logistics 13 and.the.Bremen.in.1916.These.U-boats.were.actually.used.for.trade.with.neutral.countries.

WORLD WAR II

A mmunItIon

The.trend.to.consume.more.ammunition.of course.continued.with.the.use.of.fully-automatic.weapons.

Introduction and history of military logistics 15 Barbarossa.lasts.only.6.weeks.The.invasion.began.in.the.spring.of.1941.and.continued. German.Army.In.1942.the.supply.efforts.of.the.German.winter.were.frustrated.by.the.weather.and.the.

KOREAN WAR

AntIAc

Logistical maintenance of these parts is further complicated by the fact that these parts.

COLD WAR

With.the.ending.of.the.Cold.War,.military.logistics.were.forced.again.to.think.again. As.in.most.previous.wars.the.individual.soldier's.firepower.was.increased.

VIETNAM WAR: VIET CONG PERSPECTIVE

Viet.Cong.had.to.turn in.used.shells.The.shells.were.then.reloaded.into.ammunition. Evacuation.in.this.way.helped.the.soldier's.exposure.to.enemy.fire.

SOVIET–AFGHANISTAN WAR

600.or.more.of.these.types.of.attacks.a.year.In.contrast,.the.Soviets.couldn't.reciprocate.since. Mujahideen.to.establish.various levels of supply depots.The.issue.for.the.Soviets.now.became.

IRAN–IRAQ WAR

As.it.was.no longer.possible.to.live.off.their.local.neighbors,.the.Mujahideen.were.forced.to.develop.more.conventional.logistics.systems.This.included.the.transportation.of.supplies.from.neighboring.countries .

FALKLAND ISLANDS WAR

The.Argentines.continued.to.fire.large.numbers.of.Exocets.at.the.British.Navy.The.Effectiveness.of.the.Exocet.at.HMS.Sheffield,.even.though.it.didn't.explode,.caused.British.concern.

GULF WAR

L Ack of R esuppLy

WAR ON TERRORISM IN AFGHANISTAN

Introduction and History of Military Logistics 23 things.an.example.of.how.the.Taliban.have.forced.US.and.NATO.troops.to.spend.even.more.

IRAQ WAR

While drinking water does not fall into the same logistical category as ammunition, it is still necessary. In the Iraq War, a number of civilian organizations were contracted to ensure the availability of potable water. However, in what it can. it.only.becomes.characterized.as.a.shameful.shame,.

FUTURE OF MILITARY LOGISTICS

SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

The.other.subgroup.represented.by.EC.is.a.two-digit.country.code.(CC).or.national.codification. This.is.determined.by.the.gun.being.less.than.30.mm,.thereby.falling.in.the.FSC.Group.

SPECIFIC SUPPLY CLASS DETAILS .1 c LAss I: f ood.1 cLAss I: food

• c LAss II: c LothIng
• c LAss v: A mmunItIon
• c LAss vII: m AjoR e nd I tems
• c LAss vIII: m edIcAL s uppLIes
• c LAss Ix: R epAIR p ARts

Class.III.includes.two.divisions.of.stocks,.bulk.fuel.and.packaged.petroleum.products.in.the.bulk. Class.VII.includes.major.end-items.such.as.vehicles,.aircraft.and.various.weapons.systems.Such.

SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

LAYER 1: PACKAGE

LAYER 2: TRANSPORT UNIT OR SHIPPING CONTAINER

LAYER 3: UNIT LOAD OR PALLETIZED UNIT LOAD

LAYER 4: FREIGHT CONTAINER

LAYER 5: MOVEMENT VEHICLE

SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

AUTOMATIC INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

AIm g LoBAL

• Bar Codes
• RFID
• RFDC
• RTLS
• Satellite Tags with GPS
• MEMS
• Biometrics
• Optical Character Recognition

There.are.several.types.of.EAS.systems.In.each.case.the.EAS.tag.or.the.label.is.stuck.on.an.item. Attached.to.the.livestock.ears,.buttons.track.the.animals.from.birth.through.processing.and.carry.

FIGURE 4.1 AIT.jigsaw.

BAR CODES

• I ndustRy A cceptAnce .1 Railroads.1 Railroads
• Grocery Industry
• u nIveRsAL p Roduct c ode
• Economic Impact of the UPC
• t echnoLogy BehInd the B AR c ode
• c uRRent L eveL of u se
• f utuRe u ses

Flint.was.a.main.supporter.of.bar.code.standardization.forts.that.traveled.to.UPC.Several.code. Japanese.Article.Numbering.(JAN).code.has.a.single.version.identical.with.one.of.the.EAN.versions.

FIGURE 4.2 Common.bar.codes.

RFID

• p RIoR to Iff
• h ow the g ReAt B ug s eAL w oRked
• R eseARch on RfId
• In the Twentieth Century
• The First RFID Patents
• Toll Road and Animal Tracking
• d eveLopment of c ost -e ffectIve p RotocoL

Alexander.Watson-Watt.was.considered.to.be.the.inventor.of.the.modern.radar.system.in.1935. David.Brock.and.Sanjay.Sarma.initiated.the.idea.to.integrate.low-cost.RFID tags.onto.products.

FIGURE 4.3 Cattle.tagging.

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS

Technologies.are.being.used.to.allow.real-time.data.collection.This.allows.for.more.dynamic.SCM. GPS,.can provide.a.tool.to.track.inventory.as.it.moves.from.supplier.to.customer.through.

REAL-TIME LOCATION SYSTEMS

Overview of AIT Technologies 53 at. .and.require.a.4–6.V.power.source.Tags.have.built-in.acceler-ometers.and.can.be.configured.to.report.the.location.any.time. .is moved.(Ekahau.rtls,.2007).Very. Passive RFID RTLS:.An.approach.was.used,.which.was.

DIFFERENCES IN USING RFID, RTLS, AND GPS

Active RFID RTLS:.RF.Code.has.combined.active.RFID.and.infrared.in.an.RTLS.implementation.

TREND TO INTEGRATED AIT APPLICATIONS

Currently, there are.two.passive.RFID.tags.attached to the sides of all.rail.cars.in.the.United States. The combination of.GPS.and.active.RFID.tags.on.marine.cargo.containers.allows.for.location.

FIGURE 4.8 Functionality. layers.. (Courtesy. of. Savi. Technologies,. a. division. of

SUMMARY

Other.applications.include.the.nesting.of.RFID.and.GPS.technologies.for.use.with.maritime.container.applications.to.address.the.shortcomings.of.various.technologies. With.these.thoughts,.the.purpose.of.this.chapter.is.to.present.the.basic.components.

GENERAL COMPONENT OVERVIEW

• t Ags
• R eAdeR
• A ntennAs
• h ost

The.function.of.the.antenna.is.to.transmit.and.receive.EM signals.between.tags.and. Now.that.you.are.acquainted.with.the.basic.purpose.of.each.of.the.main.components.of.the.RFID.system,.

FIGURE 5.1 Basic.RFID.system.components.

TAGS

• Passive Tags
• Active Tags
• Semi-Active Tags
• SAW RFID Tags
• Write Once Read Many
• Read–Write
• Tag Integrated Circuitry
• Tag Antennas
• Tag Substrate or Tag Housing

Earlier.generation.of.RFID.tags.referring.to.Generation.1.Class.0.are.programmed.by.the.tag. The.latest.tag.protocol.is.known.as.Generation.2.Class.1.It.is.also.WURM-type.tags.The.

FIGURE 5.5 Common.passive.tag.

SCANNERS AND READERS

• s cAnneRs
• R eAdeRs
• R eAdeR f RequencIes
• R eAdeR I nteRRogAtIon m odes

Newer.generation.1.Class.1.tags.are.known.as.WORM.With.the.proper.equipment.the.end-user.

FIGURE 5.9 Typical.handheld.RFID.scanner.

ANTENNAS

Some.experimentation.will.be.needed.to.determine.the.area.of.the.optimal.size.of.the.object. Another.possible.antenna.problem.is.a.situation.where.the.antenna.must.not.interfere.

HOSTS

Ethernet

The.attraction.of.an.Ethernet-based.system.is.that.most.facilities.probably.already.have.an.Ethernet. Newer.Ethernet.systems.have.the.ability.to.transfer.data.at.100.M.If.one.doesn't.already.exist,.

SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

• Smaller Sizes
• Greater Operational Life
• Environmental Robustness
• Less Identification Capability

The.system.must.ensure.that.the.tag.is.close.to.the.RFID.reader.antenna.In.many. The electronic passport probably represents one of the most advanced applications of passive identification.

CHAPTER ORGANIZATION

The.data.is.also.encrypted.It.is.necessary.to.have.a.key.to.translate.the.coded.

TROVAN ELECTRONIC IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS

• ID 200 and 300 Series
• ID 400 Series
• ID 600 Series
• ID 700 Series
• ID 800 Series
• ID 1000 Series
• LID WAPR Workabout Pro Reader
• GR-250 High-Performance Reader
• LID Pocket Series Readers

Series.600.label.is designed for.use with vehicles.It possesses the characteristic of.having.a.very. The.GR-250.high-performance.reader.is.designed.to.maximize.the.read.range.and.read.zone.

FIGURE 6.3 Trovan.implantation.tool.

SMARTCODE

SYMBOL TECHNOLOGIES

Rfx3000 s eRIes I nLAys

• RFX3000 1 × 1 Read/Write Tag
• RFX3000 1 × 6 Read/Write Tag
• RFX3000 2 × 2 Read/Write Tag
• RFX3000 4 × 4 Read/Write Tag

It.converts.a.single-dipole.antenna.its.design.is.in addition.for.general.use,.designed.for.plastic.parts,. 1.×.1.tag.can.be.read.to.20.ft.distance.and.written.to.to.by.a.dual.dipole.antenna.

FIGURE 6.14 SmartCode.passive.tags.

• RFX6000 1 × 1 Series Read/Write Inlay
• RFX6000 2 × 4 Series Read/Write Inlay
• Cargo Tag
• AN400 High-Performance Area Antenna
• XR400 Series

This.label.is.also.designed.for.plastic.parts,.bottles,.containers,.and.bags. It.is.different.from.RFX3000. The AN400.is.designed.for.long.and.wide-area.applications.It.can.be.installed.on.both.

FIGURE 6.20 RFX6000.2.×.4.series.read/write.inlay.

INTERMEC

I nteLLItAg c ontAIneR t Ag

I nteLLItAg Id c ARd

• IF Series of Fixed Readers
• IP4 Handheld Reader Handle with Intermec 700 Series Computer
• IV7 Vehicle Mount Reader

The IP.4.reader.is.actually.a.reader.designed.to.be.an.accessory.handle.for.the.Intermec.700.series. The IV7.is.designed.to.be.mounted.directly.on.a.vehicle.such.as.a.forklift.It.combines.the.power.of.

FIGURE 6.29 Intermec.IF.30.fixed.reader.

SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

Greater Identification Capability

Active.RFID.tags.are.generally.far.more.expensive.than.passive.tags.This.is.generally.a.result.of. As.the.use.of.active.tags.becomes.more.widespread,.this.disadvantage.may.become.less.of.a.problem.

Less Operational Life

RFID tags,.for.example.contain.128.kb.of.user-available.memory.Active.tags.can.also.be.connected.to.environmental.sensors.for.humidity.and. vibration.GPS.capabilities.can.be.built-in.also.

Larger Physical Size

Active RFID System Components 91 this.chapter.does.not.make.any.kind.of.endorsement.The.absence.of.any.active.tags.

SAVI CORPORATION

• SaviTag ST-602
• SaviTag ST-604
• SaviTag ST-654
• SaviTag ST-656

The.Savi.ST-654.is.intended.for.use.on.shipping.containers.It.is.classified.by.Savi.as.a.data-rich.tag.The. The tag.is.also.more sophisticated.than.the.ST-604.in.that.the.3.6.V.lithium.battery.can.be.replaced.in.

• SR-650 Fixed Reader
• Savi Signpost

The.other.regular.reader.that.Savi.offers.is.the.signpost.The.signposts.are.designed.for.use.in.dock. When.the.permanent.character.of.fixed.readers.is.less.appropriate,.Savi.provides.a.mobile.solution.

FIGURE 7.4 Savi.ST-656.

MARK IV INDUSTRIES

• Mark IV Internal Flat Pack Transponder
• License Plate Transponder
• Roof Mount Transponder
• Fusion Transponder
• Ubiquity Transponder
• m ARk Iv R eAdeRs
• Badger Reader
• MGate Reader
• m ARk Iv A ntennAs

The low-cost MGate reader is designed for less demanding applications than the Badger reader. Because.

FIGURE 7.10 Mark.IV.license.plate.transponder.

SUMMARY

Active RFID System Components 99 konstruktion.eller.reparation.MGate.er i.Med.disse.dimensioner.er.MGate.en.af.

INTRODUCTION

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE MANDATE

If.DOD.customers.desire.the.inclusion.of.a.passive.RFID.tag.on.shipments.for.these.type.purchases,. 2005.will.require.that.passive.RFID.tags.be.affixed.at.the.case,.pallet,.and.UID.item.packaging.level.

WALMART MANDATE

RFID.tagging.will.be.required.for.all.DOD.manufacturers.and.suppliers.who.have.new.contracts. Walmart.er. unlikely.to.remove.his.claims.because.the.dealer.is.convinced.of.the.benefits.

OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

Important RFID mandates 105 must.put.tags.on.pallets.and.boxes,.they.must.also.install.RFID.readers.in.their.manufacturing. Walmart.could.save.almost.$8.4.billion.per.year.when.RFID.is.fully.deployed.throughout.this.supply.

INTRODUCTION

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATION STANDARDS

ISO STANDARDS AND RFID

Protocol and the Commands

Depending.on.the.application.it.can.be.configured.as.Type.A.only,.Type.B.only.or.Type.A. Details.of.IP.are.displayed.at.the.end.of.clause.7.None.of.the.MODES.in.this.version.of.the.standard.

Interface Definitions

The.physical.layer.for.the.MODE.1.airinterface.at.5.8.GHz.must.be.consistent.and. There.are.four.types.of.protocols;.Type.A.and.Type.B,.Type.C.and.Type.D.For.the.forward.link,.

DASH7 Alliance

At.the.time.of.publication,.ISO/IEC.18000-7.was.the.only.RFID air interface protocol.standard.

WORK GROUP ON RFID FOR ITEM MANAGEMENT (WG 4)

Iso s tAndARds s ummARy

EPC GLOBAL STANDARDS

The.Auto-ID.Center.was.founded.by.David.Brock.and.Sanjay.Sarma.and.is.supported.financially.

GS1 AND GS1 US

EPC/GTIN INTEGRATION

EPC GENERATION 2

Until.recently,.EPC.global.has.focused.on.passive.RFID.Gen.2.derived.data.The.massive.amount.

OTHER STANDARDS

ELECTRONIC PRODUCT CODE DETAILS

The EPC identifier.is.a.metacoding.scheme.designed.to.support.the.needs.of.various.industries. Unlike.the.GTIN,.the.SSCC.is.already.assigned.to.individual.objects.and.therefore.

Bit Code

GID.is.a.96.bit.encoding.scheme.that.does.not.use.a.pre-existing.standard.GID.consists.of. Max.decimal.value.range.of.company.prefix.and.individual.asset.reference.fields.varies.depending.on.the.contents.of.the.

Code Structure

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE UID

DOD definitions.apply.to.passive.RFID.technology.and.tags.in.support.of.the.DOD.requirement. UID.unit.pack SGTIN-64SGTIN-96 Op.item.packaging.for.items.meeting.the.DOD.criteria.for.assignment.

FCC PART 15 RADIATION REGULATION

INTRODUCTION

RFID

• DOD-96 Identifier
• Data Fields
• A ctIve RfId

The.binary.serial.number.generated.by.the.computer.must.be.converted.to.a.hexadecimal.code.in. DOD policy on labels.

IMPLEMENTATION

• R epLAcement foR B AR c odes

Pharmaceuticals, biologicals and reagents are not required to have RFID tags at this time. Once.the.contractor.enters.and.submits.RFID.tag.data.into.WAWF,.they.will.be.transmitted.

FIGURE 10.2 UID.labeling.diagram.

SUMMARY

Traditional.barcodes.(Linear.UPC).will.remain.the.dominant.auto.identification.technology.in.most.major.applications.for.the.nearest.future.as. lowest.cost,.widest.applicability,.and. RFID.active,.passive,.and.semi-passive.systems.will.be.more and more established.there.

INTRODUCTION

RFID PROJECT SELECTION

• Operating Necessity
• Competitive Necessity
• Comparative Models
• Payback Time
• Average Rate of Return
• Unweighted Scoring
• Weighted Scoring
• Constrained Weighted Scoring

The.necessity.competing.model.is.the.non-numerical.design.model.selection.that.is.most.likely.to.be. Another method of including the constraint in the design.selection.model.is to mark any.

RFID PROJECT PARAMETERS

This.implementation.will.normally.yield.a.non-zero.score.even.if.the.project.is.unacceptable.in.one.

RFID IMPLEMENTATION LIFE CYCLE

• p LAnnIng p hAse
• s tARtup p hAse

In.the.installation.phase,.the.organization.begins.to.identify.and.acquire.all.hardware. In.the.start-up.phase,.the.organization.goes.through.the.process.of.testing.and.debugging.the.

RFID PROJECT MANAGER

In.the.planning.phase.the.project.manager.creates.an.outline.for.the.implementation.of.this.project.This.

RFID PROJECT MANAGER AUTHORITY

RFID.project.manager.the.legal.power.to.acquire.and.utilize.organizational.resources.This.type.of. The.RFID.project.manager.may.have.either.de.jure,.de.facto,.or.both.types.of.authority.However,.

RFID PROJECT MANAGER FUNCTIONS

• p LAnnIng
• o RgAnIzIng
• m otIvAtIng
• Maslow’s Theory
• Herzberg’s Theory
• d IRectIng
• Situational Leadership Theory
• c ontRoLLIng

What.this theory means for the RFID project manager is that they will have to.identify.what.level. Most project managers would naturally hope to get skilled and willing team members. This.

DEVELOPING THE PROJECT PLAN

• L IneAR R esponsIBILIty c hARt
• g Antt c hARt
• Finish-to-Start Relationship
• Start-to-Start Relationship
• Finish-to-Finish Relationship
• Lags

This.type.of.chart.is.commonly.known.as.an.LRC.The.LRC.shows.who.participates.in each. The.most.common.relationship.is.the.end-to-start.relationship.In.the.end-to-start-relationship,.

COMPRESSING AND CRASHING PROJECTS

• RfId p Roject t Asks t hAt c Annot oR s houLd n ot B e c ompRessed
• Hardware and Software Selection
• Avoid Compressing Pilot Testing

RFID.hardware.and.software.are.still.in.the.commodity.stage.This.means.that.the.acquisition. RFID.items.themselves.may.need.attention.Considerable.project.time.may.be.hidden.in.the.

SYSTEM DESIGN APPROACH

STEP 1: GAIN IDEAS THROUGH UNDERSTANDING

• o n -s Ite A nALysIs
• Radio Frequency Interference Testing
• h umAn f ActoR e vALuAtIon

Identifying.the.number.of.tags.needed.for.new.items,.re-tagging.of.bad.tags,.and. What.type.of.products.will.be.tagged,.physical.problems.with.the.RFID.

STEP 2: CREATE PRELIMINARY DESIGNS

Often, the.human.element of process and operations is overlooked.when conducting an assessment.it is important to consider.not just what is. .doing.but.who.is.doing.the.work.Consider.

STEP 3: PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT

STEP 4: CHOOSE AN ALTERNATIVE

STEP 5: TEST AND RETEST CHOSEN SYSTEM

STEP 6: IMPLEMENT THE SOLUTION

Frederick.W.Taylor.is.commonly.referred to.as.the.father.of.scientific.management.and.IE.is.credited. In 1934.the.Taylor.Society.and.the.Society.of.Industrial.Engineers.were.combined.to.form.the.society.

FIGURE 12.A.1 Sample.spectrum.analyzer.

INTRODUCTION

RFID SUPPORTS SUPPLY CHAIN PLANNING AND OPERATIONAL OPTIMIZATION

• t ActIcAL L eveL
• I nteRmedIAte -L eveL p RoBLems
• Transportation Strategy
• Common Transportation Decisions
• Transportation Mode
• Intermediate-Level Summary
• s tRAtegIc L eveL
• Facilities Strategy
• Facilities Decisions

Conversely, if the customer base is price sensitive, then the company may use shipping. The.transportation.mode.describes.how.the.product.is.moved.from.a.location.in.the.supply chain.

FIGURE 13.1 RFID.logistics.application.framework.