I Kadek Pranajaya
Interior Design Study Program, Sekolah Tinggi Desain Bali-Indonesia
Abstract. Architecture is an expression of the culture of the community in which they are located.
In development, there will be changes in concepts, forms, materials and technology. Architecture combines a variety of contradictory things, or other diversity between nature and technology, the past with the future. Every place and region has different characteristics because it accommodates diversity by maintaining the locality that has been inherited by our predecessors is a must for architects. The locality of ethnic architecture that we have makes it the basis for us to learn what lies behind the formation of the architecture, so that it can survive until now and in the future. There needs to be a way to bridge differences in regional, cultural and other characters. Hybrid Balinese and modern architecture is a combination of something that has a difference or the result of architectural crossing.
This paper will look at and reveal some forms of hybrid architectural work between Balinese and Modern Architecture in Denpasar City as a manifestation of current cultural developments and how to do so that the principles of Traditional Balinese architecture can be maintained. The research method used is deskritif-qualitative method. Data collection is done by direct observation in the field, then a literature review and documentation are carried out to obtain accurate, clear and accurate data. Methods of data analysis with data reduction, presentation and conclusion. Data presentation techniques are carried out in a narrative and descriptive manner in the form of images, photos and maps
Keywords: Locality, Hybrid, Bali and Modern Architecture
Introduction
Humans as social beings who are cultured, have dynamic traits always want change towards a better one. Tradition as a result of human culture, both in the form of ideas, behavior and in physical form (artifact) always develops and changes and requires improvements through the development process (Gomudha, 2008). Behavior change is one of the main consequences of the modernization process experienced by a society. Balinese culture is the result of copyright, the taste and work of Balinese people in interacting with each other, God and the environment. The form of Balinese culture is not uniform but diverse but still in one style (Uthama, 2015). Architecture is an expression of the culture of the community in which they are located. In development, there will be changes in form, material, technology and so on. Thus globalization should be addressed as part of development and change and occur in all fields, including the field of architecture. The ethnic architectural locality that
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we have makes it the basis for us to learn what lies behind the formation of the architecture, so that it can survive until now. As something wise, what comes and enters must be able to walk side by side, not rejecting anything that comes from any global direction. Walking side by side forms the atmosphere of a new civilization, because material and technology experience development, and even local material will eventually run out and disappear (Antariksa, 2015)
Traditional Balinese Architecture (ATB) departs from traditional rules and guidelines that contain ergonomic, religious and human values, because all its manifestations are never separated from the conception of the essence of life and are derived from the teachings of Hinduism. He is formed from all physical and spiritual demands which are endeavored to be in harmony and harmony with nature, environment and relationships with God Almighty (Suardana, 2011). Because it has its own uniqueness, it is fitting that the principles of ATB in non-traditional Balinese buildings can be developed as long as they do not deviate from the basic principles of the ATB. He must be able to adapt to the demands of the facility and always develop and utilize positive technological advances by maintaining the noble values and identity of the ATB. In contrast to the modern architectural style which emphasizes the simplicity of form and the loss of various ornaments. The characteristic of modern architectural style is the simplification of the shape of the building, the form follows function (form follows function) and a little is more (less is more). The face of architecture in Bali continues to experience change and development, ATB’s principles began to be pushed by modern architecture today. The appearance and face of city architecture is a reflection of the level of awareness and understanding of the community in interpreting the dynamics of change, both socio-cultural, socio-economic, and socio-political. A good architecture that reflects harmony with all that. That is, that’s where the true meaning of aesthetics. Architecture is not merely a physical design but a realization of cultural ideas and ideas, and concern for human rights and dignity. Ethical aesthetics is a form of harmony between the richness of tradition and the demands of changing times (Pranajaya, 2018). Considerations for addressing socio- cultural backgrounds are also an integral part of the formation of beautiful and ethical designs. Making changes while holding the old rules is an ongoing design struggle. What can change, what may remain is a process to maintain identity. The novelty of technology and building materials should get a suitable place for mutual progress and benefit . The birth of style or style, the style in architecture gives an idea that there is always a need that comes without stopping to be perfected . The presence of new styles is not always bad and is not always good to practice all must be interpreted together to get good results. Many architects have done ways to realize modern architecture while paying attention to the values of local architecture by combining two different styles (hybrid) between local and modern architecture. Understanding hybrid itself is a combination of two opposing elements but still maintains the character of these elements. This hybrid concept is expected to continue to pay attention to the character of the local culture and maintain its architectural locality along with the development of technology and building materials at present. This paper will look at and uncover some forms of hybrid architectural work between Balinese and Modern Architecture in the City
Research Method
The research method carried out is a deskritif-qualitative phenomenology method. Data collection is done by direct observation and interviews in the field then carried out a
literature review and documentation to obtain accurate, clear and accurate data. Methods of data analysis with data reduction, presentation and conclusion) (Mathew Miles 1992).
Data presentation techniques are carried out in a narrative and descriptive manner in the form of images, photos and maps. The research locations are in Denpasar City and Badung Regency.
Discussion
Principles of Traditional Balinese Architecture
The principles of Balinese Traditional Architecture are in accordance with Regional Regulation number 5/2005 such as fencing and gates of traditional gardens, and the principle form of traditional Balinese building legs, the principle of layout, the principle of exterior appearance, the principle of inner roar ( interior), the principle of decoration and the height of buildings that are tailored to the interests of security, safety and security. The outer space of the building is arranged in harmony with the values in Balinese culture that pay attention to Hulu-teben or Utama, Madya, and Nista Mandala and are realized to simultaneously fulfill the requirements of safety, health, comfort and beauty of building, in addition to accommodating functions supporting activities buildings and green areas around the building. New functions outside those regulated in traditional Balinese architectural norms are arranged hierarchically based on their compatibility with traditional function values. The use of materials to support the character of traditional Balinese architecture or local architecture such as sandstone, river stone, rubbish bricks, limestone, etc. with the maximum extent possible displays the natural texture and color. The following are some buildings that have met ATB principles in Denpasar such as:
a. Building DPRD Provinsi Bali, architect: IB Tugur (https://id.wikipedia.org/); b.
Building DPRD Kota Denpasar, architect: I Gst. Subagia (http://metrobali.com/);
c. Building Dinas Kebudayaan Prov. Bali, architect: IB Tugur (http://www.disbud.
baliprov.go.id/)
The three examples of buildings above are very thick with the application of ATB principles such as the application of yard gates using Balinese temples and Balinese style walls, and the principle of the form of traditional Balinese building heads, the principle of appearance outside the principle of decoration and building height not exceeding 15 m , Exterior elements using sandstone and rubbish brick and the use of wood poles / saka that are carved. The use of natural materials displays its natural texture and color so as to strengthen the impression of the building as a building that has Balinese architecture.
Hybrid / Architectural Combination
In the world of modernized architecture that is cultured in renewal is absolutely necessary
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for future needs towards a more rational, universal aspect of life in the future is not a contradiction. Changes and inventions of architectural works are the ultimate goal that never stops. Architecture is a product of a culture that continues to grow. Ethics can be a guideline in architecture. If we observe together a number of buildings in Bali have begun not to be culturally contextual and regulations that have been established so that they obscure Balinese identity. The architectural approach is part of the dialectical process and cultural interactions that take place continuously in the dynamics of change and the development of the age not to oppose it. that architecture combines a variety of contradictory things, or other diversity between nature and technology, the past with the future. Architecture combines a variety of contradictory things, or other diversity between nature and technology, the past with the future. Every place and region has different characteristics, therefore accommodating diversity is a must for architects. There needs to be a way to bridge differences in regional, cultural and other characters. That was confirmed by Charles Jencks, fusion / hybrid sought to creatively maintain a harmonious relationship between each difference, is intercultural, hybrid architecture . Hybrid is a combination of something that has a difference or the result of a cross between something different with the dominance of one different pole.
Architecture is a form that is combined with visualization, beauty, expression, and meaning.
As an architect who has ethics, he must address space with an aesthetic approach that embraces the past and present in the dynamics of the development and progress of the times, in an ethical harmony of diversity. We can accept a variety of external cultural influences, both in terms of style and building materials / technology that are relatively new but do not forget the culture and rules of the local area.
Ethical and Aesthetic Productive Collaboration
Productively collaborating between outside architects and locality will certainly increase the creativity and the creation of good designs. Closeness and similarity of view towards solving design problems becomes the final key to the success of the design itself. Architectural artwork is always spatial which is always confirmed by nature and the environment. A building will be a good architectural work after it has been manifested physically by wrapping local wisdom and local culture. Sensitivity in facing environmental problems faced today and in the future is a challenge and sensitivity for the architect in the future. We have to sort through the vast diversity of developments in building material technology and the current engineering capabilities of building art. The ability to choose and summarize many of these aspects is part of an architectural creativity. In general, architects have an obligation and responsibility to always uphold and enhance cultural and architectural values, and respect and participate in considering all social and environmental aspects for each professional activity, and rejecting things that are unprofessional and beyond morality and ethical normative and formal limits. Architects are also obliged to uphold cultural values through works, and must respect and help preserve them and try to improve the quality of their environment. Ethically, he is also obliged to play an active role in the preservation of buildings/architecture and/
or historical areas of high value as the responsibility of safeguarding cultural values and messages. Everything that is good including abstract and real which contains the idea of goodness is beautiful. The forms of a combination of architecture (Hybrid) in the city of Denpasar we can see in some buildings, such as Level 21 Mall, Astra Motor Teuku Umar, Tans Studio Bali Mall, Artotel Sanur, McDonald Gatot Subroto Barat, and Plaza Renon.
The above architectural work creatively maintains a harmonious relationship by combining
the ATB style with modern architecture. The architect strives to maintain the principle of the shape of the head, body and legs as a feature of traditional Balinese buildings with a height not exceeding 15 m. Modern style can be characterized by the use of simpler exterior elements such as using glass, paint and other synthetic materials. The use of bricks has been altered with glassfibre reinforsment concrete (GRC), granic, plastering in texture paint, glass fiber and ceramics. The choice of GRC material is widely used for several jobs such as the formation of profiles / transfers / ornaments. The use of memorable natural materials is expected to strengthen the impression of the building as a building that has Balinese architecture. The application of the yard gates using the candi bentar and the Balinese style wall has begun to be abandoned.
Conclusion
Cultured modernization in renewal is essential for future needs towards a more rational,
• universal aspect of life in the future is not a contradiction. Changes and inventions of architectural works are the ultimate goal that never stops. Architecture is a product of a culture that continues to grow.
Architects need to preserve architecture by combining / hybriding from the old with the
• new / old ones that can be mixed with the new and the modern ones which are matched with the traditional ones to get synthesis for the sake of character (taksu) Bali
Along with the development of architecture in the current era, architects have an obligation
• and responsibility to always uphold and enhance cultural and architectural values. The blend of styles (Hybrid) is one solution to maintain the principles of local architecture
REFERENCES
Antariksa, (2015). Pelestarian Arsitektur & Kota Yang Terpadu. Yogyakarta: Cahaya Atma Pusaka.
Gomudha, I.W., (2008). ‘Rekonstruksi dan Reformasi Nilai-nilai Arsitektur Tradisional Bali (ATB) pada Arsitektur Masa Kini di Bali’. Denpasar: Program Studi Arsitektur Universitas Udayana.
Mathew Miles , M.H., (1992). ‘Analisis Data Kualitatif Buku Sumber Tentang Metode- metode Baru’. Jakarta: UIP.
Pranajaya, I.K., (2018). ‘Merangkul Masa lalu dan Masa Kini dengan Cara Yang Etis untuk Mendapatkan Hasil Karya Estetis’. Seminar Nasional Desain & Arsitektur.
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