REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Previous Studies
2. Media
a. Definition of Media
The media was something that mediates, that was something through which people interact with one another or with the world.
The term media often refers to some devices that carry information or message from the sources to the goal. We can find various media in our daily life such as handphone, books, radio even car. Those were some devices that asswast and instructor to transmit to learner fact, skills, attitude, knowledge, and appreciate or additional material used when using a particular teaching method to make learning easier, as it intends to help both the teacher to teach more reflectively and the learner to grasp the concept more effectively. Media such as slides and films delivered information in more concrete, therefore it was more effective ways than lectures and books did.30
29Theodorus Sulon Suban, Teaching Speaking : Activities to Promote Speaking Skills in EFL Classrooms, Lectio Journal, WASSN 2775-507X, 44-46
30Roblyer, Influsing Social Media in Teaching and Learning,(UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge), 40
Based on the definition above, it can be said thatthe notion of media was something that was channeling message and it can stimulate the thoughts, feeling and ingness of the students so that it can encourage the learning process. The used of media creatively enable the students were better in learning and it can improve their performance in accordance with the desired goals accomplwashed. In addition, the learning media was very decwasive the learning process of students, so that it overcome difficulties in achieving educational goals. Media was also facilities, recources of tools to utter expressions of art, the line that was used by the people to produce message or information. There were some components around the students that can convey messages that can motivate the students in learning English. It can be a form of communication wheter printed or audio visual as well as the instruments were a meant that transmits messages from transmitter to receiver and enables human being to influence other people who do not have contact with him/her immediately.
b. Types of Media
Anderson classified the types of the media. They were audio, print, audio prints, projection of visual silent, audio-visual silent projection, visual motion, audio-visual motion, physial object,
humans and the environment, and also computer. The details of these types of media were below :31
Table 2.2
Types of Media in Education
No Media Categories Example in Learning
1 Audio Audio tapes, radio, CD,
telephone
2 Print Textbook, modules, brochures,
leaflets, pictures
3 Audio-print Audio tapes that include written materials
4 Projection of visual silent Overhead transpwerency (OHT), Film frames (slides) 5 Audio-visual projection silent Film frames (slide) voiced
6 Visual motion Silent film
7 Audio-visual motion Silent motion film, video/VCD, TV
8 Physical objects Real objects, models, 9 Human and the environment Teacher, librarian, laboratory
10 computer CAI (Computer Asswasted
Instructional), CMI (Computer Managed Instructional) By reading the types of media above, we can conclude that the types of media were visual media was the simple media. It can be two or three dimension object as like, photos, pictures, posters, cartoons, graphs, etc. Audio media was media easy to be heard such as : audio tapes, mp3 and radio. Audio visual media was media that can be heard and also seen as well. The example of audio-visual media were silent films, , videos, televwasion, hand puppet, sound slides. Multimedia was media that can present a whole media parts, multimedia was usually identical with computer, internet and
31http://blog.unnes.ac.id/mediapembelajaran/2015/11/16/jenwas-jenwas-media- pembelajaran/,2022, 17.03
computer based learning. For examples : animation. So, media the important part of teaching and learning processcan help teacher and students in absorbing the material. For instance, if the teacher and the students discussed about animals, the pictureof animal really help their teaching and learning process.
c. The Function of Media
The function of media was helping the students to be more creative in doing various activities in the class. For example, creative an interesting learning atmosphere and increase students‟ motivation.
According to Roblyer there were five roles of media such as :32 1) Thematic Instruction
Thematic instruction was known as the teacher‟s ways on organizing their instructions around topics. Elementary teachers in particular were integrating content and skill from many subjects. At the secondary level, teams of teachers were from different content wereas that works together to show the overlap of their course content.
These units provide a rich environment of focus within which learning took place. A good theme must capture and hold students‟ attenton, provide problem solving experiences, support interdwasciplinary activities, and include a variety of media and technology.
32Roblyer, Influsing Social Media in Teaching and Learning, (UK : The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 2019), 14
2) Portofolios
A portofolio was a collection of student‟s work that ilustrates growth over period of time. Portofolios often include such artifacts as students-produced illustrated books, videos and computer multimedia projects. Students‟ skill to prepwere mediated presentations that summarize their own understandings of thematic topic was central to the schooling experience under the concept of portofolios.
3) Dwastance Education
A rapidly developing approach to instruction worldwide was known as dwastance educations. The dwastinguwashing characterwastic of dwastance education was the separation of the instructional team and students during learning. As a consequence, the course content must be delivered by instructional media
4) Instructordirected Learning
A common used of media in an instructional situation was for supplemental support for the “live” instructor in the classrorom. Certainly, properly design media can enhance and promote learning and support teacher-based instruction. Advance organized can be effective instruments for ensuring that media play their proper role as supplemental supporters of instructions.
5) Learner-directed learning
Media can also be used effectively in formal education situation where a teacher was not available or was working with other students. Media were often “package” for this purpose ; objectives were lwasted, guidance in achieving abjectives was given, materials were assembled, and self- evaluation guidelines were provided.
Based on thye discussion above , it can be concluded that media play an important role in the learning and teaching of English. Media were not only able to be the teacher‟s language but also to help add elements of reality and motivate the students by bringing the slice of real life into the classroom. Besides, media provide clear context, meaning and guidance that can make students enthusiastic in learning English. It was clear stated that media were very usedful and really needed for the teaching and learning process.
However, the researcher chooses comic-strips as media in teaching and learning process. The used of comic-strips in the teaching and learning process can be more communicative than long explanation, or it can supplement the teacher‟s explanation.
Besides, comic-strip can make students motivated and attracted to the teaching and learning process. It be discussed in details in the following section.
3. Comic Strips a. Definition
Comic was an art form that useds images thata were not moves which were arranged in such a way as to form a braid story.usually comics were printed on paper and accompanied by text. Or there was also an opinion comics were a world of speech, a series of pictures that tell a story, reading this picture was approximately the same value by reading maps, symbols, diagrams and so on.33 There were two kinds of comic which were explained as follows :
1. Comic Book
Comic books were comic which can be packaged in the form of a single book, usually this comic presents a complete story.34Comic book generally consisted of 32 pages, 48 pages to 64 pages. It was contained of the stories of comic, advertwasements etc.
2. Comic Strips
According to Gavigan and Tomasevich, comic-strips were short-form comics which generally consist of three to eight panels.35 Basically, comic-strip contains of some picture in which
33 Nana Sudjana, Media Pengajaran, (Bandung: Sinar Baru Algensindo, 2007),3.
34 Andi Wardana, “Pengembangan Komik Sebagai Media Pembelajaran untuk
MengapresiasiCerita Anak pada Peserta Didik Kelas III SD/MI”, (Thesis, UIN Raden Intan Lampung, 2018),9.
35 K.W. Gavigan, M.Tomasevich, Connecting Comics to Curriculum : Strategies for Grades 6-12, (Santa Barbara : ABC-CLIO,LLC, 2011), 9.
usually all the people call as cartoons. The cartoon was a drawing made on the paper in preparation for and in the same size as a painting, taspestry, mosaic, or piece of stained glass.36 We can used comic-strips as media in learning process. Some expert characterize comic-strip as a drawing on the students‟ pencil, erasers, lunch box, advertwasements and was shown on televwasion or newspapers, so people can see their comical aspect.37