P ART II Nutritional Concerns of Athletes in
CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 6 Nutritional Concerns of Olympic and
B. Overtraining
Gould et al.40,41 surveyed 296 athletes and 46 coaches who participated in the 1996 Olympics Games held in Atlanta, Georgia. Overtraining was one of several factors athletes identified as having hurt their Olympic performance.
It’s been reported that overtraining syndrome affects mainly endurance athletes.42 It is unclear if this is due to a higher risk in endurance athletes or lack of studies in athletes participating in anaerobic sports. Individuals who do not adapt to the stress of training or do not allow for adequate rest and recovery are at greatest risk. However, an individual athlete will tolerate different levels of training, competition, and stress at different times, and overtraining for one athlete may be insufficient training for another. Athletes will often ignore fatigue, heavy muscles, and depression, all symptoms of overtraining, but will complain about under performance. Sleep disturbances, weight loss, and loss of appetite are also among the numerous symptoms of overtraining.
Rest, not to be confused with total inactivity, is the primary treatment modality for an athlete diagnosed with overtraining syndrome. Preventive strategies include close monitoring of training program, rest between training sessions, full hydration, and proper nutrition.42,43
V. CONCLUSION
It was once thought that the nutritional needs of athletes, with the exception of energy, varied little from those of nonathletes. Several decades of research has proven otherwise. While we know decidedly more about the impact of nutrition on performance, sports nutrition as a discipline is still in its infancy. To continue the evolution of sports nutrition, researchers must continue to be precise in their measures and exact in their reporting, allowing for more targeted recommendations.
Nowhere in sport is this more necessary than at the elite level.
8199/C06/frame Page 112 Monday, August 14, 2000 10:07 PM
NUTRITIONAL CONCERNS OF OLYMPIC AND ELITE ATHLETES 113
REFERENCES
1. Messinesi, X. L., A Branch of Wild Olive. The Olympic Movement and the Ancient and Modern Olympic Games. Exposition Press, New York, 1973.
2. Kieran, J., Daley, A., and Jordan, P. The Story of the Olympic Games: 776 B.C. to 1976. J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1977.
3. Applegate, E. A., Baumgartner, B., Clarkson, P. M., Grivetti, L. E., Haislett, N., McDonald, R. B., Mills, B., and Oerter, A., Gold medal roundtable: athlete presentations, audience questions, and summary statements. J. Nutr. 127,886S, 1997.
4. Trappe, T. A., Gastaldelli, A., Jozsi, A. C., Troup, J. P., and Wolfe, R. R., Energy expenditure of swimmers during high volume training. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 29,950, 1997.
5. Grandjean, A.G., Ruud, J.S., and Reimers, K.R.., Nutrition and the female athlete, in Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine: Women in Sport, Drinkwater, B. Ed., Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK, 2000, 120-131.
6. Saris, W. H. M., van Erp-Baart, M. A., Brouns, F., Westerterp, K. R., and ten Hoor, F., Study on food intake and energy expenditure during extreme sustained exercise: The Tour de France. Int. J. Sports Med., 10, S26, 1989.
7. Garcia-Roves, P. M., Terrados, N., Fernandez, S. F., and Patterson, A. M., Macronutrient intake of top level cyclists during continuous competition-change in the feeding pattern. Int. J. Sports Med. 19, 61, 1998.
8. Frentsos, J. A. and Baer, J. T. Increased energy and nutrient intake during training and competition improves elite triathletes’ endurance performance. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 7, 61, 1997.
9. Burke, L. M., Gollan, R. A., and Read R. S. D., Dietary Intakes and Food Use of Groups of Elite Australian Male Athletes. Intl. J. Sports Nutr. 1, 378, 1991.
10. Food and Nutrition Board, National Research Council (1989) Recommended Dietary Allowance, 10th ed., National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 179.
11. Shepherd, R. J., The biology and medicine of sailing. Sports Med. 9, 86, 1990.
12. Bigard, Andre-Xavier, Guillemot, Pierre-Yves, Chauve, Jean-Yves, Duforez, F., Portero, P., Guezen- nec. C.-Y., Nutrient intake of elite sailors during a solitary long-distance offshore race. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 8, 364, 1998.
13. Rankinen, T., Lyytikainen, S., Vanninen, E., Penttila, I., Rauramaa, R., and Uusitupa, M., Nutritional status of Finnish elite ski jumpers. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 30, 1592, 1998.
14. Jonnalagadda, S. S., Benardot, D., and Nelson, M., Energy and nutrient intakes of the United States National Women’s Artistic Gymnastics team. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 8, 331, 1998.
15. Felder, J. M., Burke, L. M., Lowdon, B. J., Cameron-Smith, D., and Collier, G. R., Nutritional practices of elite female surfers during training and competition. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 8, 36, 1998.
16. Grandjean, A. C., Reimers, K. J., and Ruud, J. S., Dietary habits of Olympic athletes, in Nutrition in Exercise and Sport, 3rd ed., Wolinsky, I., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1998, 421-430.
17. Ziegler, P. J., Khoo, Chor San, Kris-Etherton, P. M., Jonnalagadda, S. S., Sherr, B., and Nelson, J. A., Nutritional status of nationally ranked junior U.S. figure skaters. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 98, 809, 1998.
18. Maughan, R. J., Energy and macronutrient intakes of professional football (soccer) players. Br. J.
Sports Med. 31, 45, 1997.
19. Rico-Sanc, J., Frontera, W. R., Mole, P. A., Rivera, M. A., Rivera-Brown, A., and Meredith, C. N., Dietary and performance assessment of elite soccer players during a period of intense training. Int.
J. Sport Nutr. 8, 230, 1998.
20. Sherman, W. M., Brodowicz, G., Wright, D. A., Allen, W. K., Simonsen, J., and Dernback, A., Effects of 4 h pre-exercise carbohydrate feedings on cycling performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 21, 598, 1989.
21. Sherman, M. W., Carbohydrate feedings before and after exercise. in Perspectives in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Vol. 4: Ergogenics — Enhancement of Performance in Exercise and Sport.
William C. Brown, Publ., Ann Arbor, MI, 1991.
22. Jacobs, K. A. and Sherman, W. M., The efficacy of carbohydrate supplementation and chronic high- carbohydrate diets for improving endurance performance. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 9, 92, 1999.
23. Sherman, W. M., Doyle, J. A., Lamb, D. R., and Strauss, R. H., Dietary carbohydrate, muscle glycogen, and exercise performance during 7 d of training, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 57, 27, 1993.
24. Lemon, P.W.R., Effects of exercise on dietary protein requirements. Int. J. Sports Nutr. 8,426, 1998.
8199/C06/frame Page 113 Monday, August 14, 2000 10:07 PM
114 NUTRITIONAL APPLICATIONS IN EXERCISE AND SPORT
25. Sugiura, K., Izumi, S. and Kobayashi, K., Nutritional intake of elite Japanese track-and-field athletes.
Int. J. Sports Nutr. 9, 202, 1999.
26. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 57. Fats and oils in human nutrition. FAO, Rome, 1994.
27. Beaton, G., Prevention and the role of nutrition. ACC/SCN News, No. 14:14, 1997.
28. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 4th ed., Home and Garden Bulletin No. 232, 1995.
29. Sobal, J. and Marquart, L. F., Vitamin/mineral supplement use among athletes. A review of the literature. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 4, 320, 1994.
30. Armstrong, L. E. and Maresch, C. M., Vitamin and mineral supplements as nutritional aids to exercise performance and health. Nutr Rev. 54, S149, 1996.
31. van Earp-Baart, A. M. J., Saris, W. M. H., Binkhorst, R. A., Vos, J. A. and Elvers, J. W. H., Nationwide survey on nutritional habits in elite athletes, Part II. Mineral and vitamin intake. 10, S11, 1989.
32. Rosen, O., Sundgot-Borgen, J. and Maehlum, S., Supplement use and nutritional habits in Norwegian elite athletes. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 9, 28, 1999.
33. Burke, L. M. and Read, R. S. D., A study of dietary patterns of elite Australian football players. Can.
J. Spt. Sci.13,15, 1988.
34. Grandjean, A. G. and Ruud, J. S., The traveling athlete, in Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine: Nutrition in Sport, Maughan, R.J., Ed., Blackwell Science, Oxford UK., 2000, 484–491.
35. Grantham, P., Traveler’s diarrhea in athletes. Phys. Sportsmed. 11, 65, 1983.
36. DuPont, H. L. and Ericsson, C. D., Prevention and treatment of traveler’s diarrhea. N. Engl. J. Med.
328, 1821, 1993.
37. Kaila M., Isolauri E., Soppi E., Virtanen E., Laine S. and Arvilommi H., Enhancement of the circulating antibody secreting cell response in human diarrhea by a human Lactobacillus strain. Pediatr. Res.
32:141, 1992.
38. Kaila M., Isolauri E., Saxelin M., Arvilommi H. and Vesikari T., Viable versus inactivated lactobacillus strain GG in acute rotavirus diarrhea. Arch. Dis. Child. 72:51, 1995.
39. Isolauri E., Juntunen M., Rautanen T., Sillanaukee P. and Koivula T., A human Lactobacillus strain (Lactobacillus casei sp strain GG) promotes recovery from acute diarrhea in children. Pediatrics.
88:90, 1991.
40. Gould, D., Greenleaf, C., Guinan, D., Medbery, R., Strickland, M., Lauer, L., Chung, Y. and Peterson, K., Factors influencing Atlanta Olympian performance. Olympic Coach. 8:9, 1998.
41. Gould, D., Greenleaf, C., Guinan, D., Medbery, R., Strickland, M., Lauer, L., Chung, Y. and Peterson, K., Effective and ineffective coaching lessons learned from Atlanta. Olympic Coach. 9:2 1999.
42. Budgett, R. Fatigue and under performance in athletes: the overtraining syndrome. Br. J. Sports Med.
32:107, 1998.
43. Panel Statement. Overtraining: the challenge of prevention. Olympic Coach. 8, 4, 1998.
8199/C06/frame Page 114 Monday, August 14, 2000 10:07 PM
0-8493-8199-1/00/$0.00+$.50 115
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC
CHAPTER