CHAPTER II........................................................................................................... 6
C. Reading Comprehension
c. Reading able to help you increase your writing.
d. Reading may be a great way to practice your English even if you live in a non-English speaking country.
e. Reading is a great way to find out about new ideas and facts.
It's pretty clear about the advantages of reading. When almost everyone in the world is bored with reading, reading the facts can help us in the teaching and learning process. Students feel bored because now they do not achieve their goals when they read "what we read and how we read it".
To help students become more active readers are the design from reading comprehension. This strategy is section of a longer strategy supposed can help students comprehension assignments accurately and on time.
From looking at the definition above, it can be concluded that reading is an active process in which the reader tries to get the information be prepared by the author and understands what the author's real purpose is.
Ranking and Scenery in Firman, (2011: 15) expressed that understanding what has been read is the meaning of reading. It is an active thinking process that depends not only on comprehension skills but also on student impression and understanding of previous knowledge involves understanding vocabulary.
Looking at the relationship between words and contacts, making judgments and evaluations based on the definitions above, it can be concluded that reading comprehension is a kind of language between the writer and the reader where the language of the writer becomes the medium that causes dialogue.
1. Reading Comprehension Levels
Reading comprehension is a complex in which the reader uses the mental content to obtain the meaning from written material. It means that the reader must be able to recognize meaning of printed words. We can interpret that reading comprehension is a capability to comprehend or to acquire the idea of one massage.
Burns in Lutfiah (2011:16) states four levels of reading skills. They are literal reading, interpretive reading, and creative reading. Each of these skills could be explained as follows:
a. Literal Reading
Literal reading refers to the acquisition of the meaning of an idea or information that is explicitly stated in the text. Some specific reading skills at the literal comprehension level are: identifying specific information or nothing details, sequencing ideas when explicitly signal are given, and following instructions. These skills, specially the first two are scanning skill.
1) Identifying Specific Information
This reading requires a person to focus on only one or more specific information or details that he needs to form a text; the rest of the text may no longer be readable. That information could be names, dates, scientific terms, or places or whatever, searches that motivate people to read. In looking for a detail, the reader must look for signals in the required information environment or within the information itself.
2) Sequencing Events or Ideas
Meaningful reading results from the reader's ability to follow the writer's line of thought. This is because each discourse consists of words and sentences which are not only related grammatically to each other, but are also logically related and the order of ideas as presented
by the author allows him to summarize, describe and conclude correctly.
3) Following Instructions
Students can take the lesson and knowledge from the reading.
b. Interpretative Reading
Interpretative reading consists of theme and conclusion. Theme is messages or the moral of the story. You can elaborate your opinion here on an event/character of the story or text where final decisions or judgment are made after complete discussion.
Sometimes an information or concept is not explicitly stated in a text so that the reader must go through a process of concluding beyond the literal meaning. This is the interpretive level or "Thinking Side" of understanding. Interpretation is reading or getting between the lines of meaning which requires the reader's sensitivity to clues and the ability to relate the cues to his or her own experiences to arrive at new information.
It mentally explores and takes a position with respect to related facts and details. When the reader does this, he concludes that the conclusions can be categorized as implications, conclusions, generalizations and predictions.
1) Implication.
Implication is any expectation of inference that may be implied or understood logically, but is not stated directly, forming the author's argument in the text or remark.
2) Conclusion.
Conclusions draw factual proof into statements about the nature of phenomena.
3) Generalization
Generalization is a declaration about the behavior of a large population based on the observable behavior of a similar but smaller sample group.
4) Prediction
Prediction is a statement about future behaviour or action.
c. Critical Reading
Critical reading is evaluating written material comparing the ideas discovered in the material with known standard and drawing conclusion about their accuracy, appropriateness, and timeliness. Critical reading compares previous experience to element in the new material such as content style, expression, information, and ideas or values of the author. In this level of reading skill. The reader must be an active reader, questioning, searching for fact, and suspending judgment until her or she has considered all the material.
d. Creative Reading
Creative reading involves going beyond the material presented by the author, creative reading require the readers to think as they read just a s critical reading and it also require the reader to use their imagination, in creative solution to those by the writer.
Carmine, in Firman (2011:17) categories the level of comprehension into three levels, they are:
a. Literal comprehension that is to receive information started in a passage.
b. Sequencing comprehension, this is to order several event from a passage to when they happened.
c. Summarization, that is to receive information state in a passage.
Comprehension skill for the intermediate level consists of:
1) Inferential comprehension that is to reveal relationship between two object and events (staled or not scared).
2) Critical reading: that is to identify the author conclusion to determine what evidence is presented, and to identify fealty argument.
3) Comprehension skill for advanced level that is the appreciation of the author work.
D. The Concept of Team Word-Webbing