This chapter presents the research method that use in conducting this research. The decision covered research design, research population and sample, research instrument, procedure of collecting data and data analysis.
A. Research Design
This research used descriptive qualitative method. The techniques of data collection used a questionnaire and observation. By using a qualitative method the researcher has found the use of private speech by the students at fifth semester of English education department Unismuh Makassar through an interview and observation in the class.
B. Research Setting and Participant
The population of this research was 229 students derived from C class at fifth semester students of English Education Department Unismuh Makassar. Only students who apply private speech became the participant of this research which the total number of the participant was 15 students.
The researcher chose this semester because of some criteria related to this research. Such as, this semester has debate subject which the students often doing private speech in debate class made the researcher thought it was suitable to choose this semester and the class as a sample.
C. Research Instrument
In this research, the researcher used observation and interview to collect the data.
1. Observation
Observation is a method of collecting data by objects directly and systematically to be revised. Observations made by observing the classroom using observation check-list.
2. Interview
Interview are the process of getting explained by inviting face- to-face questions between researcher and subject using interview guides. This research, used structured interview to get data from students at the fifth semester of English Education Department Unismuh Makassar.
D. Procedure of Collecting Data
The data of the research collected through interview and observation. The procedure of collect the data in this research describe below.
1. The researcher entered the class
2. The researcher conducted observation using observation check-list 3. The second meeting, the researcher entered the class again and
explained about private speech to the students.
4. The researcher conducted interview with the students who use private speech.
5. While the students answering the questions, the researcher also recorded all the students’ answers, in this case, the interview was taken by face to face interview.
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E. Data Analysis
Because of this research used qualitative research design, then it was analyzed by using inductive analysis method. According to Miles and Huberman in Sugiyono’s (2014:246), the activities in qualitative data analysis is performed interactively and occurring continuously until complete, so that the data is already saturated. In addition, the activities in qualitative data analysis are data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verivication.
1. Data Reduction
The data obtained in the field was quite a lot. It was necessary to note carefully and detail. Data reduction means:
summarizing, choosing things that are fundamental, focusing on things that are important, looking for themes and patterns and discarding unnecessary. Reduce data will give a clear picture and facilitate researcher to conduct further data collection, and look for it when needed. Data reduction could be aided with electronic device such as a computer, to give the code on certain aspects. With the reduction, the researchers summarize, taking important data, make categorization, based uppercase, lowercase letters and numbers.
2. Data Model (Data Display)
Once the data was reduced, then the next step was display data. Display data in qualitative research will be done in the form of
a brief description, chart, relation between categories, flowchart and so on. Miles and Huberman in sugiyono (2014:249) state the most frequent form of display for qualitative data has been narrative text.
That is most often uses to present data in qualitative research with narrative text. In addition in the form of a narrative, the data display can also be a graph, matrix, network (networks). In this research data display was narrative.
3. Conclusion drawing and verification
Conclusion with draw is to verify continuously throughout the research process, which is during the collection process data.
Researcher tied to analyze and look for pattern, themes, equation relation, things that often arise and so on as outlined in a tentative conclusion. In this research, drawing conclusions was done by extracting the essence of the series category of research results based on the interview.
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CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND DISCUSSION A. Findings
The findings of this research deals with observation and interview.
The aim of this study was to knew the use of private speech by the students at fifth semester of English Education Department Unismuh Makassar. The data from the interview used a formula in chapter 3 to knew the percentages of the students about the use of private speech.
1. Data Analysis of Interview
In order to get the real data from the students about the use of private speech, the researcher asked the students through interview.
The interview results detailed below:
1. Does private speech give contributions to your speaking skill?
Based on the interview that carried out by the researcher to the students with the question “Does private speech give contributions to your speaking skill?”, most of students answered as follows:
A: Yes, it does.
HD: Ya, it does.
A: There are several of it.
Based on the students’ answered above, it can be concluded that students use private speech, because private speech gives contributions to students’ speaking skill.
2. What do you think about your fluency by using private speech?
Based on the interview that carried out by the researcher to the students with the question “what do you think about your fluency by using private speech?”. The students answered as follows:
A: I think, it’s good, because by using private speech seems like train my mind to…. Eee…not blank when I speak, so I can speak fluently.
SM: I think it’s good for me because…… I can fluent speak in front of class, and seldom…. stuck
SFS: When I using private speech before speak in front of class I can be easier to focus so that I can speak fluently.
Based on the students’ answered above, it can be concluded that the students use private speech, because private speech make the students focus, not blank or stuck so that the students can speak fluently.
3. What do you think about your self-confidence by using private speech?
Based on the interview that carried out by the researcher to the students with the question “What do you think about your self- confidence by using private speech?”, Most of the students answered as follows:
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NZ: It is good, because if I don’t use private speech somehow I’ll lack of confidence.
SM: I can be more confident by using private speech because it just improve my self-confidence if I use it before speak in front of class.
HD: Using private speech makes me feel like speak in front of class so, when I speak in front of class, I can feel more confident.
Based on the students’ answered above, it can be concluded that students use private speech, because private speech can improve students’ self-confidence so that the students can speak confidently in front of class.
4. What do you think about your grammar when you speak after using private speech?
Based on the interview that carried out by the researcher to the students with the question “What do you think about your grammar when you speak after using private speech?”, Most of students answered as follows:
NZ: It can help me because when I use private speech and have wrong hhhmmm grammar or tenses, my friends will correct me because they can hear me.
HD: The good think by using private speech because my friend will correct my wrong grammar.
AS: My grammar better by using private speech, because I can focus to correct it when I practice before I speak in front of class.
Based on the students’ answered above, it can be concluded that the students used private speech, because private speech can help students focus to correct their grammar and also students who use private speech will be help by their friends to correct their grammar, because their friends can hear if the students have wrong grammar.
5. What do you think about your parts of speech by using private speech?
Based on the interview that carried out by the researcher to the students with the question “What do you think about your parts of speech by using private speech?”, Most of the students answered as follows:
NZ: I think it’s good, because I can use parts of speech in the correct way.
HD: Hhmm, It’s good, I can more focus to find the correct parts of speech.
DAP: Similar to my previous answer about grammar, I’m auditory so I can focus in using parts of speech.
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Based on the students’ answered above, it can be concluded that students use private speech, because private speech can help students to be focus, especially for the auditory students.
6. What do you think about your voice intonation by using private speech?
Based on the interview that carried out by the researcher to the students with the question “What do you think about your voice intonation by using private speech?”, Most of the students answered as follows:
A: It’s very good, I can control my voice by using private speech.
HD: It’s very good, because it trains my intonation.
A: When I use private speech, I can know when I have to rise my voice and vice versa
Based on the students’ answered above, it can be concluded that students use private speech, because the students can control and train their voice intonation before the students speak in font of class.
7. What do you think about your pronunciation by using private speech?
Based on the interview that carried out by the researcher to the students with the question “What do you think about your
pronunciation by using private speech?”, Most of students answered as follows:
NZ: It is also good because to know our pronunciation is good or not by practice it, so private speech works on it.
ES: It is good, because I can find if I miss in pronunciation then correct it.
RSR: Practice is the best way to know our pronunciation and I think private speech is good for it.
Based on the students’ answered above, it can be concluded that students use private speech, because private speech is good to make the students correct their pronunciation.
8. What do you think about your vocabulary by using private speech?
Based on the interview that carried out by the researcher to the students with the question “What do you think about your vocabulary by using private speech?”, Most of the students answered as follows:
ES: Using private speech is one of my way to enrich my vocabulary.
SM: It makes me easier to keep new vocabulary in my mind.
AS: By using private speech I can get new vocabulary.
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Based on the students’ answered above, it can be concluded that students use private speech, because private speech can help students to get new vocabulary.
Based on the students’ answered above, it can be concluded that most of the students feel helped to enrich their vocabulary by using private speech.
2. Data Analysis of Observation Check-list
Researcher conducted observation and interview to take the results about the use of private speech by the students at fifth semester of English Education Department Unismuh Makassar. Based on observation, the researcher put 2 items on the observation check-list.
Table 4.1 Observation Check-List
ACTIVITIES YES NO
The students conceptualize what they are going to
say in front of class. √
The students use private speech. √
After the researcher conducted an observation, it shows results that the students’ using private speech before speak in front of class.
B. Discussion
As has been presented on findings, based on the data analysis collected through observation and interview, it found that the use of private speech by the students is good for the students before they
speak in front of the class. The researcher can know the students’ reasons about the use of private speech before speak or perform in front of class based on the observation and interview that has given.
Vygotsky’s (1986) views cognitive development that is, the transformation of elementary mental processes into higher order ones (e.g. planning) as essentially social which this theory embedded in his theory as the concept of private speech. This research collaborate private speech from Vygotsky with a theory from Brown (2001) which proposes four components of speaking skills. There are fluency, accuracy, pronunciation and vocabulary. These components used as a material for the interview questions to know the students’ reason about the use of private speech.
First, the reason about the use of private speech by the students in speaking fluency which consist of 2 questions in the interview those are:
“What do you think about your fluency by using private speech”and
“What do you think about your self-confidence by using private speech?”
It showed that most of the students use private speech because they can speak fluently and feel confident to speak by using private speech.
Second, the reason about the use of private speech by the students in speaking accuracy which consist of 2 questions those are: “What do you think about your grammar when you speak after using private speech?” and
“What do you think about your parts of speech by using private speech?” It showed that most of students use private speech because they can focus to
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correct their grammar if they hear their voice and also they can use part of speech in a correct way.
Third, for the speaking aspect that is pronunciation which consist of 2 questions those are: “What do you think about your voice intonation by using private speech?” and “What do you think about your pronunciation by using private speech?” It showed that most of students use private speech because they can control their voice intonation and also by hearing their voice can help them to correct their pronunciation.
Forth, for the vocabulary as a one of speaking aspect showed result of private speech used by the students that most of students use private speech because it can enrich their vocabulary.
By using private speech before speak in front of class, the students can focus to speak when they get language task. Furthermore, this research in line with a theory from Rahimi & Tahmasebi (2010) which says “private speech as useful methods to mediate language learners when students are endeavoring to render some language tasks.”
33 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
This chapter consists of the conclusion of research findings and the suggestion related to this research.
A. Conlusion
Based on the findings of the results of this research process, it can be concluded that the use of private speech by the students have some reasons those are most of students feel helped in speaking because most of the students always use private speech before speak or perform so when speak the students had good pronunciation, self-confidence and the students can make their grammar better, besides the students also fluent to speak and can get new vocabulary.
B. Suggestions
On the basis of the present research findings, the researcher suggestes as follows:
1. The students need to keep using private speech before they speak in front of class to make them have good skill in speaking.
2. Based on Erin statement located in chapter I, the lectures should let the students to use private speech.
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APPENDIX
Appendix A
TRANSCRIPT INTERVIEW
Note:
I: Interview P: Participant
1. I: Hi, good morning P: Good morning
I: So this is an interview about private speech that I’ve explained before, in this interview please use English to answer my questions and answer the questions based on your experience.
P: Ok
I: Could you please introduce yourself?
P: Well, my name is Abdurrahman, I am twenty years old and I study at Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar
I: Are you ready to answer my questions?
P: Yes, I am ready
I: Do you use private speech?
P: Yes, I do
I: Does private speech give contributions in your speaking skill?
P: Yes, it does
I: What do you think about your fluency by using private speech?
P: I think, it’s good, because by using private speech seems like train my mind to…. Eee…not blank when I speak, so I can speak fluently.
I: Next, what do you think about your self-confidence by using private speech?
P: It’s also good for me, because I just feel confident to speak after doing private speech.
I: What do you think about your grammar when you speak after using private speech?
P: My grammar is better if I use it, because………. by hearing my voice when I conceptualize what I am going to say it makes me more focus, so I can easier to find hhmm the wrong grammar.
I: What do you think about your parts of speech by using private speech?
P: Again, private speech make me more focus, so I can choose the appropriate verb, adjective and others.
I: What do you think about your voice intonation by using private speech?
P: It’s very good, I can control my voice by using private speech.