Household Food Security Analysis Case Study on Sustainable Food House Area Program (KRPL) in Bandungrejosari Village, Sukun District, Malang
4. Results And Discussion
Analysis of Food Consumption Patterns Based on Hopeful Food Patterns
The household consumption food pattern has two aspects, namely the quantity aspect using the AKE and PPA approaches, then the quality aspect using the PPH score approach. These approaches do not only assess staple foods, but also use 8 food groups (grains, tubers, animal foods, oils and fats, oily fruit/seeds, nuts, sugar, vegetables and fruit, and so on). other groups).
Calculation of household food consumption patterns is indicated by the Energy Adequacy Rate (AKE) and Protein Adequacy Rate (AKP).
The explanation of the results of the analysis of food consumption patterns will be explained in the next sub-chapter.
4.1. Food Consumption Pattern Based on Quantity Aspect
The calculation of household food consumption patterns is known from the amount of nutritional intake of each household. To determine the amount of nutritional intake for each household, the 2 x 24 hous dietary recall method was used, in accordance with the opinion stated in(Amelia Annisahaq, Nuhfil Hanani 2014)The 2 x 24 hours dietary recall method is a method which interviews someone about what they have consumed in the past 2 x 24 hours. The results of the calculation of food consumption patterns can be seen from the calculation of the Nutrition Adequacy Rate (RDA), which consists of the Energy Adequacy Ratio (AKE) and Protein Adequacy Rate (AKP).
The standard for the Nutrition Adequacy Rate (RDA) uses the standard from the National Food and Nutrition Research Institute (WNPG).
In WNPG VIII in 2004 and WNPG IX in 2008 the standard RDA for food consumption was 2,000 kcal/capita/day and 52 g/capita/day. In 2012 the RDA standard underwent changes/adjustments in the 2012 WNPG X, which was 2,150 kcal/capita/day and 57 grams/capita/day. The RDA standard has also been stipulated in the Minister of Health Regulation No. 75 of 2013.
4.2. Energy Adequacy Rate (AKE)
Approach to Energy Adequacy Rate (AKE) is a value that shows the level of energy consumption from food consumed daily. This approach is measured using kilocalories (kcal) per capita per day. The results of the analysis of
Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id the household energy consumption level
approach to the sustainable food house area program for the white jasmine group can reflect the status of food security.
Based on table 5 it can be seen that the actual energy consumption of households participating in KRPL has met the standards recommended by the government, in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 75 of 2013 concerning the Recommended Nutritional Adequacy Rate for the Indonesian Nation article 4 which reads, Average adequacy Energy and protein for the Indonesian population are respectively 2150 kilocalories and 57 grams per person per day at the level of consumption.
Meanwhile, household energy consumption of non KRPL participants did not meet the recommended standards.
According to the data in table 5.1, it can be seen that the grain food group consumed the most by participating and non-participating households
of KRPL, namely 1216.2 kcal/capita/day or 56.6% of the total consumption of 2196.7 kcal/capita/day. and 1087.5 kcal/capita/day or 50.6% of the total consumption of 1883.5 kcal/capita/day. According to research conducted (Purwantini and Suharyono 2012) The consumption of whole grains in the household of participants and non-participants of the program is still high, it can be seen from the average annual consumption of rice which is still higher than the average consumption of national aggregated rice. In addition, there are several food consumptions in the households of KRPL participants that have met the recommended AKE standards, among others, the animal food group has an energy consumption level of 324.8 kcal/capita/day and an AKE contribution of 15.1% while in the AKE level the recommended one is 258 kcal/capita/day and a contribution of 12% to the amount of energy consumed every day.
Table 1. Average Energy Adequacy Level (TKE) in the White Jasmine Group for Sustainable Food House Area Program
Foodstuffs Group
Normative TKE (kcal)
Actual TKE
(Kcal) %
Normative TKE
% of Actual TKE KRPL
participants
Non KRPL Participant
KRPL participants
Non KRPL Participant
Rice 1075.0 1216.2 1087.5 50 56.6 50.6
Tubers 129.0 39.8 62.5 6 1.8 1.3
Animal Food 258.0 324.8 179.8 12.0 15.1 8.4
Oil and fat 215.0 114.4 144.3 10.0 5.3 6.7
Oily Seed Fruit 64.5 32.8 31.2 3.0 1.5 1.3
Nuts 107.5 193.4 177.9 5.0 9.0 8.3
Sugar 107.5 90.1 85.8 5.5 4.2 4.0
Vegetable and
fruit 129.0 169.2 108.9 6.0 7.9 5.1
Etc 64.5 15.9 5.6 30 0.7 0.1
Amount 2150.0 2196.7 1883.5 100.0 102.2 85.6
Then the legume food group consumed by households participating in the KRPL program had an energy consumption level of 193.4 and a contribution of 9.0% and non-KRPL households had a consumption level of 177.9 kcal/capita/day with an energy adequacy level of 8.3%. This value has met the standard recommended level of AKE consumption, which is 107.5 kcal/capita/day and contributes 5% to the amount of energy consumed every day. Tempe and tau are foods that are included in the group of nuts, and these foods are very popular with Indonesian people from various circles. According to
(Purwantini and Suharyono 2012) Tempe and tofu are one type of food source for the people of Indonesia. Traditionally, tempeh and tofu have been entrenched and consumed by all circles of society, both in rural and urban areas.
In addition, the vegetable and fruit food group also has a consumption level that is in accordance with the recommended AKE standard with a consumption level of 169.2 kcal/capita/day and a contribution of 7.9% to the total daily energy consumption level, and the recommended consumption level for the ingredients group.
vegetable and fruit food, which is 129
Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id kcal/capita/day and 6% of the total daily food
consumption level. One of the food commodities that are often consumed by households participating in the KRPL program is bananas.
According to (Purwantini and Suharyono 2012) The level of consumption of bananas in the community is relatively large, this is because bananas do not depend on the season and are relatively available in each region. In addition, bananas also contain carbohydrates and various vitamins.
Table 5 data can also identify the level of household food security by using the energy adequacy level method analysis approach.
According to (Rumahtangga, Pedesaan, and Jawa 2010) said that to identify food security, the household energy adequacy level approach can be used, which is to compare the amount of energy from food consumed with the energy adequacy recommended by the National Widyakarya on Food and Nutrition. The condition of household food security can be identified based on the following criteria:
a. less resistant if the energy adequacy level is below 100%.
b. food security if the level of energy sufficiency is between 75-100%.
c. very resistant if the level of energy sufficiency is above 100%.
From the data in table 5.9 it can be seen that the average level of energy adequacy in households participating in the Sustainable Food House Area (KRPL) program is 102.2 %. From the value of the analysis of the energy adequacy
level, it can be said that the household has a level of food security that is very food secure because the value of the analysis of the energy adequacy level shows a number above 100%. Meanwhile, households that are not participating in KRPL are included in the criteria for food security because the value of the energy adequacy level (TKE) is between 75% -100%, which is 85.6%.
4.3. Protein Adequacy Rate (AKP)
The level of protein consumption is the total protein level of the food group. The level of protein consumption is reflected in the Protein Adequacy Rate (AKP). In accordance with the Minister of Health Regulation Number 75 of 2013 concerning the Recommended Nutritional Adequacy Rate for the Indonesian Nation, article 4 which reads, The average adequacy of energy and protein for the Indonesian population is 2150 kilocalories and 57 grams per person per day, respectively, at the level of consumption.
From the data in table 5.10 it is known that the total level of protein consumption by households of KRPL participants in the white jasmine group is 69.9 grams/capita/day, this value is in accordance with the recommendation for protein consumption for Indonesian people by the Ministry of Health, which is 57 grams/capita/day. Meanwhile, household protein consumption of non KRPL participants was 48.7 grams/capita/day, this value was still not in accordance with the standards recommended by the government.
Table 2. Protein Adequacy Levels (TKP) of participants and non-participants of the KRPL program
Foodstuffs Group
Actual Crime Scene (Kcal) Actual Crime Scene (%) KRPL participants Non KRPL Participant KRPL
participants
Non KRPL Participant
Rice 22.3 15.6 39.1 27.4
Tubers 0.7 1.3 1.2 2.2
Animal Food 31.0 13.6 54.4 23.8
Oil and fat 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Oily Seed Fruit 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.5
Nuts 11.5 15.8 20.1 27.7
Sugar 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Vegetable and fruit 4.1 2.1 7.2 3.8
Etc 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Amount 69.9 48.7 122.6 85.4
Consumption of animal protein by households participating in KRPL is the largest protein consumption in the food group, which is 31.0 grams/capita/day with a contribution of
54.4%. consumption of animal protein in the white jasmine group has exceeded the proportion recommended by the WNPG for animal protein, which is 25% (Hardiansyah 2013) Meanwhile,
Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id the consumption of animal protein for non KRPL
participants did not meet the recommendation because the level of protein adequacy in animal food was 23.8% or 13.6 grams/capita/day.
The highest level of vegetable protein consumption in the KRPL program households in the white jasmine group came from nuts, namely 11.5 grams/capita/day or 20.1%, as well as households participating in the KRPL, the largest protein consumption came from beans with a value of 15.8 grams/capita/day (27.7%).
Meanwhile, consumption of vegetable protein derived from vegetables and tubers is relatively small, both for households participating in KRPL and non-participating in KRPL. Each has consumption levels of 4.1 grams/capita/day (7.2%) and 0.7 grams/capita/ day (1.2%) for households participating in KRPL and households not participating in KRPL were 2.1 grams/capita/day (3.8%) and 1.3 grams/capita/day (2.2%). Although the total protein consumption level of the white jasmine KRPL program households exceeds the recommended protein consumption level
standard, this does not make the white jasmine group KRPL households have different levels of consumption, due to the uneven level of protein consumption in the existing food groups.
according to (Ariningsih 2008) stated that it is not only the amount of energy and protein consumption levels that must be sufficient, but the diversity of food sources of energy and protein consumed is also important.
4.4. Food Consumption Patterns Based on Quality Aspects
One of the parameters used to determine household food security in an area is the Hope Food Pattern score. The Hope Food Pattern Score can assess the level of food diversity in a region.
The calculation of the PPH score is obtained by comparing the AKE score with the normative PPH score. Where the AKE score is the result of multiplying the energy consumption level (TKE) with a predetermined food weight score. The actual PPH scores for the Melati Putih Group KRPL program households and non-KRPL participating households can be seen in Table 5.
Table 3. Average Household PPH Score Foodstuffs Group Normative PPH
Score
Actual PPH Score
KRPL participants Non KRPL Participant
Rice 25.0 24.7 23.7
Tubers 2.5 0.8 0.5
Animal Food 24.0 20.5 14.1
Oil and fat 5.0 2.3 3.0
Oily Seed Fruit 1.0 0.5 0.5
Nuts 10.0 8.3 9.5
Sugar 2.5 1.8 1.8
Vegetable and
fruit 30.0
27.6 22.7
Etc 0.0 0.0 0.0
Amount 100.0 86.6 75.9
From the data in Table 5, it is known that the PPH score for the KRPL program households in the white jasmine group is 86.6 and the PPH score for non-KRPL participating households is 75.9. Each of these scores is still lower than the Nomative PPH score (recommended). However, the PPH score owned by KRPL participating households was higher than the PPH score owned by non KRPL participating households. So it can be concluded that the household food consumption patterns of participants are still not diverse, but are still more diverse than the food consumption patterns of non-KRPL participants.
The more diverse pattern of household food
consumption in the KRPL program for the white jasmine group was due to counseling from the Malang city agriculture office about the use of yards, family nutrition, nutrition in food and how to process food properly.
The diversity of household food consumption patterns can be seen from the PPH scores of each food group. The highest PPH scores in KRPL participating households were in the vegetable and fruit food groups, grains and animal foods, which were 27.6, 24.7 and 20.5, respectively. While the PPH scores from each group of vegetable and fruit foodstuffs, rice- grain and animal food owned by non KRPL
Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id participating households were 22.7, 23.7 and
14.1, respectively. It can be concluded that the PPH scores for the groups of vegetables and fruit, grains and animal foods owned by households that participate in KRPL are higher than households that do not participate in KRPL.
The more diverse patterns of food consumption in KRPL participating households is because housewives participating in KRPL are given information both about the use of the yard to nutrition from food and how to process it.
Then the KRPL program in the white jasmine group also provided 10-30 polybags containing plants ranging from vegetables, fruits, and tubers.
In addition to plant cultivation, the KRPL program in the white jasmine group, Bandung Rejosari sub-district, also cultivates catfish.
However, even though the KRPL program has cultivated tubers, and there is counseling about food diversification. the score in the root food group is low, namely 0.8, which is the ideal score of 25. This is due to the mindset of the people who still consider grains as a staple food, this is evidenced by the higher score of the rice food group. grains compared with PPH scores from the root foods group.