Results and Discussion
in both villages. Similarly, Tukey's HSD test showed that, the carbon stock of ToF of poor household was differed from other households at 5% level of significant in both villages (Table 3). The major reason behind this was the age and number of plants ha-1 in ToF. The plants were younger having lower diameter (DBH< 30 cm) and number of plants ha-1 was lesser than in ToF of poor households compared to others.
Table 3 : Tukey's HSD test for household wise comparison of carbon stocks in ToF
Village Family types Family types Mean Difference Std. Error Sig.
Rich Medium 6.50 3.52 0.16
Poor 21.77(*) 3.47 0.00
Medium Rich -6.50 3.52 0.16
Poor 15.28(*) 3.26 0.00
Poor Rich -21.77(*) 3.47 0.00
Pipara
Medium -15.28(*) 3.26 0.00
Rich Medium 3.49 2.56 0.36
Poor 19.88(*) 2.56 0.00
Medium Rich -3.49 2.56 0.36
Poor 16.39(*) 2.48 0.00
Poor Rich -19.88(*) 2.56 0.00
Sahodawa
Medium -16.39(*) 2.48 0.00
* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Comparing C Stock of ToF between Two Villages
The t-test showed that, there were no differences in carbon stocks in ToF of rich to rich, medium to medium and poor to poor HHs of both villages at 5% level of significance. It may be due to nearly similar stage of plantation in both families, about to same number of plants ha-1 and generally same species.
Biodiversity Indices of ToF of Pipara and Sahodawa Villages
The result showed that, the values of Shannon-Weiner Biodiversity Index were high from 2.06 to 2.08 ToF of rich households in Pipara and Sahodawa respectively and they were low 1.66 to 1.82 in poor households in Pipara and Sahodawa correspondingly (Table 3). The reason behind the variation in biodiversity was their poor economic condition that limits them to pay for less choices of species selection for planting ToF but rich can afford to buy the plants of any types of species so the varieties of tree species were found in their orchards and consequences were high diversity.
The research done by Sapkota (2009) in Shorea robusta forest in hills showed that values of Shannon-Weinner index was 2.42 which are close to the present findings. Here, the value of Shannon-Weinner index was close to the values of ToF of rich families in both villages. However, no any research has done yet to assess the biodiversity in ToF in Nepal.
Table 3 : Values of biodiversity indices in ToF of different households
Biodiversity Indices ToF of Pipara village owned by HH
ToF of Sahodawa belong to HH Rich Medium Poor Rich Medium Poor Shannon-Weiner Biodiversity Index 2.06 1.86 1.66 2.08 2.04 1.82 Average species richness 7.57 8.07 6.77 7.75 7.56 6.70 Simpson's evenness (mean value) 0.80 0.59 0.59 0.71 0.64 0.60
Correlation between Carbon Stock and Species Richness
Relationship between carbon stock and species richness showed that there was positive but very weak relationship between carbon stock and species richness.
The r2 values were less than 0.5 in between carbon stock and species richness in ToF of both villages. (Table 4). Generally, the variation of carbon stock does not depend up on the species diversification. The research done by Karna (2012) also supported that there is positive but weak relationship between carbon stock and biodiversity (Wang et al, 2011) and the hump- shaped relationship exists between them (Guo, 2006) which means initial the biodiversity is increased in the beginning according to increasing trend of carbon stock but after that it decreased.
Table 4 : Relationship between carbon stock and species richness in ToFs
C-stock and HH
Correlation coefficient
r
Coefficient of determination
r2
Equations Remarks Species richness and carbon stock in Pipara village
ToF of Rich HH 0.63 0.4 0.538x+5.749
ToF of Medium HH 0.49 0.24 0.1027x+4.9487
ToF of Poor HH 0.49 0.24 0.0553x+5.5541
Species richness and carbon stock in Sahodawa village
ToF of Rich HH 0.49 0.24 0.1288x+3.5293
ToF of Medium HH 0.48 0.23 0.1048x+4.2754
ToF of Poor HH 0.67 0.45 0.0852x+4.667
Correlation between Carbon Stock and Simpson's Evenness
It was found weak and negative and weak relationship between carbon stock of ToF and Simpson's evenness, the value of R2 ranges from 0.15 to 0.35. (Table 5).
This finding is supported by the study done by Heather et al (2010). Initially, the as the carbon stock increases the Simpson’s evenness decreased but after that there is no more good correlation.
Table 5 : Relationship between carbon stock and simpson’s evenness in ToFs
C-stock and HH Correlation coefficient r
Coefficient of
determination r2 Equations Remarks Simpson’s evenness and carbon stock in Pipara village
ToF of Rich HH 0.59 0.35 -0.0046×+0.9543
ToF of Medium HH 0.44 0.19 -0.0067x+0.79
ToF of Poor HH 0.42 0.18 -0.0046x+0.697
Simpson’s evenness and carbon stock in Sahodawa village
ToF of Rich HH 0.54 0.29 -0.014x+1.67
ToF of Medium HH 0.39 0.15 -0.0078x+0.8862
ToF of Poor HH 0.58 0.34 -0.0064x+0.7534
Conclusion and Recommendation
The value of carbon stock and Shannon-Weiner Biodiversity Index was the highest in ToF of rich family while it was the lowest in ToF of poor family in both villages.
The significant difference in Shannon-Weiner Biodiversity Index was recorded in ToF owned by medium -medium households only but such difference was not found in case of carbon stock of ToF of any households types. This indicated that there is no any strong relationship between biodiversity and forest carbon stock, So, REDD+ needs to work emphasizing high priority for the biodiversity conservation.
Acknowledgement
We would like to heartily acknowledge farmers namely Tapeshwar Yadav and Ramprit Yadav of tree outside forests in Pipara and Sohodawa village for their support during data collection.
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