The amount of organic matter in the soil is one of the best indicators of soil quality. Growing the same crop on the same piece of land consistently results in soil infertility and the recurrence of pests.
Assessment of Impact of Attabad Disaster on Soil Physico-chemical properties of upper Hunza,
Department of Environment, Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Analysis of land cover change around the Sundarbans mangrove forest of Bangladesh using remote sensing and GIS application.
Gilgit-Baltistan
Do we have enough forests?” Paper presented in IUFRO World Congress on 7 August 1995 in Tampere, Finland. Land degradation-a global threat and its amelioration through Agroforestry.In "AgroforestrySystem for Sustainable Land Use".Oxford &.
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods Study Area
Results and Discussion
There is a large difference between the amount of nitrate-nitrogen and available phosphorus from disaster-disturbed and disaster-disturbed soils. The clay content in disaster-disturbed soils was (7%), while in disaster-disturbed soils it was (6.91%).
Conclusions
Consequently, the soil texture class was disaster disturbed (Silt Loam) while texture class was disaster undisturbed soil (Silt) (Figures 7, 8 and 9) indicating a shift to higher coarse fractions (sand) as a result of the landslide.
Factors Affecting Variations of Electrical Conductivity of Clay Soils*.Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transaction, Engineering. 1947. A critical examination of a rapid method for the determination of organic carbon in soil ¬¬–the effect of changes in conditions of digestion and of its inorganic soil constituents.
The Gap Between Policy and Practice in Indonesia Forest Rehabilitation
Ganesh P. Shivakoti 2 , Mahdi 1
Among tropical countries, Indonesian forests not only face a similar or even more acute problem of deforestation and forest degradation, but also a serious gap between policy and practice in forest rehabilitation. Forest rehabilitation gains momentum after Indonesia made a commitment to reduce deforestation and forest degradation with 25% self-owned and 41% externally supported by 2020.
Indonesian Forest Rehabilitation Policy
The regulation establishes the organizing principle for forest rehabilitation and recovery (Article 4), which includes: sustainable budgeting system (multiannual); clarity of authority;. Two main schemes of forest rehabilitation practices are presented here, forest and soil restoration and ecosystem restoration.
National Movement on Forest and Land Rehabilitation (NM-FLR)
Rehabilitation program (NM-FLR) as an effort to restore, maintain and improve the function of the forest and land so that the carrying capacity, productivity and its role in supporting the life system are preserved. Two main schemes of forest rehabilitation practices are presented here, forest and land rehabilitation and.
Ecosystem Restoration
Forest Ecosystem Restoration (FER) is expensive and needs upfront capital to support the initial investment with a very long payback period. There are also several protected tree species such as ironwood or Bulian (Eusideroxylon zwageri), Jelutung (Dyera costulatia) and Surian (Toona sureni). “Established in 2008, the Harapan Rainforest Ecosystem Restoration Concession (HRF) is a pioneer of a new approach to restoring Indonesia's isolated production forests.
The Gap between Policy and Practice
While the types of plants that dominate most of the region, namely: Meranti (Shorea spp), Kempas (Koompasia excelsa), and Balam (Palaquium spp). In addition, Sixty percent of the funds collected are allocated to the Department of Forestry to finance rehabilitation projects in the non-contributing provinces (provinces that do not contribute to the central government's Reforestation Fund).
Community Based Forest Restoration, Case of Volunteer Carbon Market Near Singkarak Lake, West Sumatra-Indonesia
The regulations state that forty percent of RF is returned to the provinces that have contributed to the central government's reforestation funds. Unfortunately, data regarding the realization of the total area rehabilitated by this program does not appear well (Nawir et al. 2008).
Bukit Panjang Farmer Group
The aim of the program was: facilitating community participation in rehabilitation by providing assistance for planning activities, institutional development and providing technical assistance in the implementation of the planned activities. Farmers actually intend to cultivate degraded forest, but they are hampered by working capital.
Conclusion and Recommendation
Normally, they would find ample time to work on the dry farmland after finishing working in the wetlands, and they need working capital for land rehabilitation. Thanks to the support of the carbon market, the farmer receives working capital and does not have to use his deposit income for working capital.
Acknowledgment
Referrence
Rehabilitasi hutan dan lahan di era otonomi daerah. Proses perbaikan pengelolaan hutan. Analisis Ekonomi Masyarakat Gerakan Nasional Restorasi Hutan dan Lahan di Wilayah Karo (Analisis Ekonomi Masyarakat Gerakan Nasional Restorasi Hutan dan Lahan).
Assessment of Soil Quality Under Different Land Use Practices in Altit Valley, Hunza Nagar,
Different land cover and land use patterns cause disparities in the level of SOM concentration (Gebrelibanos and Assen, 2013). Effect of land use and land management practices on soil fertility quality in urban fringes of North China cities.
Litterfall Dynamics in a Permanent Plot at Mount Papandayan, Indonesia
Study Area
Results
Comparison of Production Rates between Litter Groups
Correlation between Litter Production Rate and Environmental Factors
Discussion
Differences due to precipitation and solar radiation still affected litter production of some groups for similar reasons to air temperature. Moreover, litter production is always dominated by mixed leaves (DC), followed by woody parts (B), dominant leaves (DD), reproductive organs (OR) and epiphytic bryophytes (L).
Acknowledgement
Overall, total litter production rate during the research period varied with high variation ranging from 259.12 to 527.51 kg ha-1 per interval and annually 4,506.08 kg ha-1 litter was produced. Regarding environmental factors, total litter production was influenced by minimum, mean and variance of air temperature, while each litter group showed several correlations with microclimate and edaphic factors.
Aquilaria Malaccensis Plantation as a Livelihood Security in North East India
With this in mind, we assessed the home gardens of Upper Assam with special focus on the rural population's dependence on the Aquilaria malaccensis plantation for their livelihood. The objectives of this study were to assess the home gardens of Upper Assam with special reference to the dependence of the rural population on Aquilaria malaccensis plantation for their livelihood.
Materials and Methods
Except for a few reports reported by Saikia and Khan (2012), information on socio-economic aspects of Agar cultivation in Northeast India is scarce. Likewise, the average density of agar trees in the home gardens of Sivsagar district was recorded to be the highest i.e. 11889.91.
Acknowledgements
From the above study it can be concluded that a substantial income can be earned from agar cultivation and it can be further increased by adopting scientific methods of agar production. In the absence of a clear policy on the harvesting and trade of agarwood, farmers are forced to engage in illegal trade.
Governance and Management of Natural Resources
Effect of Seaweed Extracts on the Productivity and Economics of Summer Sesame Cultivation on
Lateritic Soil of West Bengal
In both cases, the lowest number of branches was recorded in water treated plants. The results presented in Table 3 showed that the number of capsules/plant was highest in Kappaphycus sap treated plants at 60 DAS and at harvest. In both cases, the lowest number of capsules/plant was recorded in water treated plants and the number of capsules/plant increased slightly with harvest over the values observed in 60 DAS. The data revealed that the no.
Economics of the Treatments
But the stick yield value in crop sprayed with Kapphaphycus juice was sufficiently higher than that recorded in Gracillaria juice treated crop. The value of seed yield as recorded in crop sprayed with Kapphaphycus sap showed marginally higher values than that of Gracillaria sap treated crop.
Soil Properties and Carbon Stock Quantification in Coffee Agroforestry of Mid-Hills Nepal
This was followed by three subsequent visits to each site from January to July 2014, when 40 coffee fruit trees were tagged in each site. Monitoring the biomass stock of coffee trees: The height and dbh of 40 sampled coffee trees were taken to estimate the biomass stock in each tree.
Results and Discussions
Some issues related to the current studies: Since the initiation of this study in March 2013, a number of issues have arisen. They are mainly related to farmers' expectations to meet their immediate challenges of managing deadly diseases in their coffee plants, such as the rapid infection of white coffee. stem borer, quick solutions to reverse the declining fertility of their soils and a simplified biochar production mechanism.
Conclusions and Ways Forward
Methods of soil analysis Part 2 (second edition) Chemical and. 1982) Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter In: A. NTCDB, 2009: Kafeema lagne pramukh rog ra tin ko prangarik byawasthapan (Common diseases of coffee plants . and their management organically, in Nepali language) by the Board of Tea and Coffee Development in Nepal.
Assessing Indonesian Commitments and Progress on Emission Reduction from Forestry Sector
Ganesh P. Shivakoti 2 , Yonariza 3
In addition, we also assess incentives for the Indonesian government to come up with emissions reductions above the target. We compare the commitment to the emissions reduction target and the economic development target to find both congruences and conflicts between them.
The Politics of Redd+ at International Arena
Multilateral negotiations on emissions reductions have come a long way since the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted in 1992. Norway subsequently pledged support and assistance of up to $1 billion to the Indonesian government to prepare for and reduce emissions from deforestation and forest destruction.
Political Economy of Indonesian Forestry and Redd+
National forest-related agencies are unclear and mutually supportive National forest-related agencies in Indonesia are numerous and have different interests in forest resources and forest management. State forests were challenged in the Supreme Court against the “masyarakatadat” or customary right to forests and forest land as mentioned in the Forest Law no. 41/1999.
Economic Development and Emission Reduction Target through REDD+
The forest from the forest area is also outside the Ministry of Forestry's attention. The forest has been converted into palm oil plantations by private companies and by local communities.
Institutionalization of Redd+: Readiness Progress
The intermediary, CO2BV sells the carbon certificate to the voluntary buyer in the Netherlands, pays the farmers in cash through the respective farmer group. This positive development occurred because local communities benefit directly from land rehabilitation activities. It is in stark contrast to the results of the land rehabilitation carried out by the government before.
Possibilities of Commitments Continuation
The president-elect is prioritizing his policy of increasing food security by expanding land for paddy and other food crops. With international trade, where Indonesia and other ASEAN countries will enter the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) by the end of 2015, it is intensifying that more ASEAN foreign investors are looking at Indonesia's large and fertile land for oil palm plantation.
Conclusion
Compilation of economy-wide emission reduction targets to be implemented by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention (Vol. FCCC/SB/2011/INF.1/Rev.1): Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). 2002).Trends in Indonesian Forest Policy.Policy Trend Report 77-87.
Analyzing Thailand Forest Policy Practice Gaps with Emission Reduction in Retrospect
This framework has been developed since 2009 through intensive discussions to test forest management (Kishor and Rosenbaum, 2012). Official legislation governing the forest sectors includes: (1) The Forest Act of 1941, which governs the management of state forests, regulates logging and settlements.
Clarity on these Policies
These developed indicators were further refined based on what REDD+ should monitor by UN-REDD and finally by the end of 2010, FAO, the World Bank and SIDA further refined the framework and agreed on a set of criteria for monitoring of forest governance (ibid) . Before selecting these sites, experts from the ALRO (Agricultural Land Reform Office), the Royal Forestry Department (RFD) and the Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Protection (DNPWPC) were consulted. These countries have undergone REDD+ pilot schemes through different organizations. These four countries were: SorPorKor Management Regime of Mahasarakham Province, Inpang- Networks from SakhonNakhon Province, Community Forestry from Nan Province and KaengKrachan National Park of Petchaburi Province.
Extent to which these Policies Support Adaptive Forest Management
Consistency of Laws with International Oobligations and Commitments
Extent to which Law Recognizes Property Rights and Right to Carbon
Extent of Conflict Resolution Mechanism
Extent to which the Forest-related Mandates of National Agencies are Clear and Mutually Supportive
Five departments are involved: the RFD, the Ministry of Public Welfare and the Ministry of Cooperative Promotion. The RFD, DNWPC and the ONEP play a role in conserving forest lands, while the LD, ARLO, the Ministry of Public Welfare and the Ministry of Cooperative Promotion are charged with allocating such land to people.
Adequacy, Predictability and Stability of Forest Agency Budgets and Organizational Resources
The Nature and Plant Protection Department of the National Park is responsible for the conservation and management of flora and fauna, especially in protected forest areas. The Watershed Conservation Management Office (WCMO) is affiliated with the Department of National Parks Wildlife and Plant Conservation and is responsible for watershed restoration through reforestation, development of land use plans to reduce the practice of shifting cultivation, and conflict management.
Availability and Adequacy of Information, Technology, Tools and Organizational Resources for the Pursuit of Agency Mandates
Before protected areas are announced, land titles on such areas must be proven. The work of these departments needs to be coordinated in order to issue land titles to people, which is a complex administrative process that is difficult for ordinary citizens to achieve.
Equity in the Distribution of Access to Forest Resources, Rights and Rents
However, according to the Cabinet Resolution dated June 30, 1998, communities established after the date of establishment as a protected area will be relocated to a suitable area. Whereas, if the communities could not be moved to suitable areas, they should stay in the existing areas in harmony without expanding. But the communities have been forced to leave their current settlement without any incentive, the communities have no other. the options are forced to randomly destroy the forest and temporarily settle there.
Openness and Competitiveness of Procedures, Such as Auctions, for Allocation of Forest Resources
Participation in Planning and Decision Making
Transparency
The PPP has not been friendly to smallholder farmers citing that they are increasing the temperature through deforestation without any factual information (Lang, 2013). Similarly, the issue of land right is the biggest concern for forest communities in every forum; this is not mentioned in the RPP. RPP has not been able to highlight the real problems existing within the country.
Policy Practice Gaps
Thai forest-dependent communities are capable of implementing good forest management practices, but they need to be included in the planning process. Currently, around 1.2 to 2 million people are estimated to live in and around protected areas (national parks and wildlife sanctuaries). and rely on forests for livelihoods ("FCPF. The National Community Forest Network is an important stakeholder for participation in the national REDD+ mechanism.
Remote Sensing and GIS
Assessing Land Use Dynamics with Climate Change Indicators : A Case Study of Madi Khola
Sub-watershed of Kaski District
Climate change indicators are supposed to provide an overview of the climate and its development (Sweeney, 2002). The proposed research in this context is useful for the assessment of LULC changes linking measurable indicators of climate change.
Objectives
The shift of current vegetation belts to higher altitude or latitude zones can serve as a simplified theoretical construct to demonstrate that climate change causes shifts in vegetation zonation (Walther et al., 2002).
Material and Methods Study area
Data Collection
Primary Data Satellite Images
Bio-physical Data Reconnaissance Survey
Socio-economic Data Household Survey
Informal key informant interviews were conducted with local old leader, teacher, etc. to identify the secondary indicators of climate change, agricultural change pattern, emergence of new invasive species, occurrence of extreme climate events, etc. To document perception of the people about the role of climate change on climate hazards, agricultural change pattern, harvest and harvest time and time between them, vegetation shift, availability of water resources, flowering time, invasive species and their invasive capacity were taken as the secondary indicators of climate change.
Climate Data
Discussions were held with different groups of people such as committee members, disadvantaged groups and women's groups about the research issue.
Data Entry and Data Analysis
Digital Image Processing Image Pre-processing
Pre-classification Processing Sub-setting the Satellite Image
Finally, the area converted from each of the classes to any of the other classes was calculated. The analysis and interpretation of various aspects of the numerical land use change data were done in Microsoft Excel.
Social Change Analysis
The land use classes considered in image classification are forest land, agricultural land and others (rocks, settlement, bare land and water bodies). This classification was used to prepare land use maps. Once the classification was done, further knowledge of the area was gained using previous data collected from the field.
Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection 1988 Image Classification Result
4 : Land cover statistics obtained using the supervised classification of landsat TM 1988 of the Upper Madi Khola sub-basin. 5 : Land cover statistics obtained using landsat ETM 2012 supervised classification of land use/land cover changes in the upper Madi Khole.
Climate Data Interpretation
Pg.9 illustrates that the average annual monsoon rainfall of the period had an increasing trend (1.85 mm year-1). From the rainfall trend analysis, it is evident that the average annual, monsoon and pre-monsoon rainfall has been on an increasing trend (0.72 mm, 1.86 mm, respectively 0.47 mm year-1) during the period.
People’s Perception on Climate Change
Climate Change Impact Assessment on Land Use/Land Cover Major Causes of LULC Change in the Study Area
Some of the examples include: Ageratum adenophora (Kalo Banmara), Chromolaena odorata (Seto Banmara) and (Commelina benghalensis) Kane Jhar. The increase and decrease in distribution of insects and pests can also be taken as secondary indicators of the changing climate.
Conclusions/Recommendations
Prospects of Multiple Benefits from Forests through REDD+ Implementation in Nepal
The remote sensing approach helps to capture the temporal variation in the commodity and resource as it utilizes the past to present data. The spatial data and map can be generated not only for the AGB, BG and SOC but also for the availability of goods and services and delivery from the forest (Baral et al., 2012).
Rationale
Commodities are materials such as timber, firewood, fodder, grass and non-timber forest products (NTFPs), mainly providing economic and resource value (UNREDD, 2011). For quantifying such spatio-temporal variations of forest resource services, a geospatial approach incorporating GIS, remote sensing, and GPS techniques provides good resolution and versatility.
Materials and Methods Data Used
Conceptual Framework of the Study
W subsample wet = weight of the fresh subsample of leaf litter, herbs and grass taken to the laboratory to determine moisture content (g). W subsample dry= weight of the oven-dried subsample of leaf litter, herbs and grass (g).
Remote Sensing Indices and Mapping Image Analysis
Likewise, herbs and grasses (all non-woody plants) are collected within the plots by cutting all the vegetation down to ground level, weighing it, placing it in a sample weighing bag and bringing it to the laboratory to determine the oven dry weight of the biomass. . W field= the weight of the fresh field sample of leaf litter, herbs and grass sampled destructively within an area of size A (g);
Regression Analysis of Field Data and Remote Sensing Indices
Mapping Wall to Wall Carbon Map Based on the Remote Sensing
Species Richness Data were Generated by Applying the Kriging Techniques Based on the Plot Level Estimate
Results and Discussion Estimates of Carbon-benefits
Soil Organic Carbon Map
Species Richness Map for the Three Sub-watersheds
The assessment of the spatial and temporal variability in the different benefits of the forest suggested that this has implications for the vulnerability of the system and local communities. Thus, the assessment of the various benefits of the forest and related ecosystem forms the basis of people's social and biophysical vulnerability in the context of changing climates ( Chitale et al., 2014 ).
Way Forward
Most of the local people's economic activities depend on forest, pasture and agro-ecosystems. Identifying and Mapping the Biodiversity and Ecosystem-Based Multiple Benefits of REDD+: A Manual for the ExploringMultipleBenefits Tool.
Ecosystem and Biodiversity
Elevation corresponds to a wide variety of climatic variables along with the varied soil properties (Sharma et al. 2009b). The AGB of each tree was then obtained using the allometric equations (Chave et al. 2005).
Data Analysis
34; Plant species richness and composition in a trans-Himalayan interior valley of Manang district, Central Nepal.". 34; Species richness and diversity along an elevation gradient in humid temperate forest of Garhwal Himalaya." Journal of American Science.
Evaluating Carbon Stocks and Plant Biodiversity
Therefore, the objective of the research is to estimate the carbon stock and biodiversity of ToF and the relationship between them. Socio-economic data: Due to the diverse nature of the ToF area, total households were categorized into three main groups: rich, middle and poor.
Results and Discussion Types of Plantation and Species
The r2 values were less than 0.5 between carbon stock and species richness in ToF of both villages. The value of carbon stock and Shannon-Weiner Biodiversity index was the highest in ToF of rich family while it was the lowest in ToF of poor family in both villages.
Quantification of Carbon stocks under Different Landuse System of Chitwan District, Nepal
1958, An examination of the method for determining the soil organic method, and proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method, Soil Science 37, 29-38. To quantify and compare the carbon stock under different land use system, namely community managed forest, forest leasehold and agricultural land.
Materials and Method Study Area
Location of Study Area Study Methods
Then, Above Ground Tree Biomass (AGTB), Above Ground Sapling Biomass and Regeneration (AGSB), Leaf Litter, Herbs and Grass Biomass (LHG) were determined to quantify C stocks. It is recommended to use the MacDicken (1997) root-to-shoot ratio of 1:5, i.e. to use 20% of above-ground biomass as root or underground biomass.
Results and Discussion Plant Species Diversity
The total carbon stock was determined by summing all the carbon stocks of the individual carbon stocks in the stratum according to the following formula. Leaf litter, herbs, grasses (LHG) Biomass and carbon stock density. Calculation of the carbon content of leaf litter, grasses and herbs, including twigs, in both the community and the leased forest, as shown in Figure 5, showed that this carbon stock contributes significantly to atmospheric carbon sequestration.
Total Carbon Stock Density
Root biomass and therefore carbon content was found to be higher in community forests than in leasehold forests as shown in Figure 6. Similarly, comparing the level of SOC in two forest types, community forest and forest rent, the SOC level is higher in community forests as shown in Figure 7.
Conclusion and Recommendation Conclusion
Community Forestry/Agro-Forestry and Livelihood
Green Agriculture: Evaluation of Plant Extracts for Effectiveness Against Mealy Bug
Objectives of the Paper
Material and Methods Preparation of Extracts -
Insecticidal properties of extracts of Mentha aquatica and Mentha longifolia were found against Sitophilus oryzae, which attacks wheat grain, rice and maize (Perrot, 1944). However, it was pretty much more or less obvious from the present study that most of the plants.
Future Approaches
A saponin fruit extract from Saponidus emarginatus was reported to show toxicity against adults of the greenhouse whitefly Triaburodes vaporium (Hemiptera, Aleyroridae) (Porras & Lopez–Avila, 2009) and complete methanolic extracts from fruits have shown larvicidal and morphological effects on mosquitoes . Acdes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae) (Ferreira Barreto et al. 2006). Investigation of the morphohistological modifications in larvae of Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae) subjected to the pure ethanol extract of Sapindus saponaria Lin.
Soil Properties under Different Land Use Practices in the Mid-Hills of Nepal
Mobility of soil nutrients within the soil depends on physical properties of the soil such as soil texture, porosity, moisture content, etc. Consequently, the determination of chemical and physical properties of the soil will help to provide information regarding essential nutrients present in the soil and to evaluate what other essential nutrients are needed to improve the productivity of the soil.
Material and Methods Study Area
The findings of Thirtle et.al (2001) suggest that every 1% increase in productivity reduces 0.62% to 1.3% of the population below the poverty line. There are many essential mineral nutrients that come from the soil and are absorbed by the root of a plant.
Soil Analysis
Laboratory Analysis
Result and Discussion
Total Nitrogen
Phosphorus Available
Exchangeable Potassium
Note: PLH (Sirishghari Leasehold forest); GLH (Gaidatar . leasehold forest); AL(Agricultural land); SC (Shifting Cultivating) Among all the nutrients, nitrogen would be the highest in all the sites. This is because these are the nutrients that plants require in the largest quantities and are supplied mainly by organic matter and residues in the soil, and to a lesser extent by atmospheric runoff and symbiotic nitrogen fixation by plant-associated and free-living microorganisms in the soil.
Soil pH
Integrated Farming System – The Answer to Livelihood Security?
Review of Literature
Need for Research
Cropping Sequences
For non-vegetarian people, one portion of pulses is replaced with fish or any other non-vegetarian item. Area under grains, legumes, oilseeds and fodder to meet household demand for food, fodder and fodder.
Crops Grown
Fertilizer Application
Raised and Sunken Bed Module
Details of Other Activities
Management of the Fishery
Livestock Unit
Feeding of Cattle
Feeding of Milk Cow
Apiary Management
Vermicompost Unit
Bio-gas Plant
Liquid manure Production
Analysis of Economy of IFS Model and Employment Generation
Green Fodder Production to Meet up Cattle Requirement
Contribution of Dairy Enterprise
Contribution of Fishery Enterprise
Contribution from Apiary Unit
Additional Return from Processing
Recycling of Manure in the IFS System
Liquid Manure Application in the Horticultural Crops
Return from Vermicompost Production Unit
The liquid fertilizer in terms of Urea, SSP and MOP per plant was multiplied by the total number of plants.
Contribution of Bio-gas Plant to IFS Model
System Profitability
Fixed costs are not taken into account when calculating the cost and yield of a biogas plant.
Employment Generation
Application of Bio-pesticides/ Botanicals
Pumello fruits (after pieces are made) were applied @ 30 kg/ha in remaining rice plots which prevent the crop from insect pest. Pest control activity of Pumello fruit can be attributed to the presence of especially essential oil and other secondary metabolites in abundance.
Conclusions and Recommendations
Watershed and water management
Effect of Weed Management on Productivity of Transplanted Rice
Thus, the application of bispyribac sodium @ 25 g/ha at 30 DAT recorded the highest grain yield (6.9 t/ha) than other weed management methods. Yadav DB, Ashok Yadav and Punia SS.2009. Evaluation of bispyribac sodium for weed control in transplanted rice.
Fresh Water Cyanophyceae from Godavari River in Nashik District
Thallus blue-green, free-floating, trichomes not sheathed, slightly narrowed at the cross-walls, not attenuated at the ends. Thallus bluish green, filament straight; mantle colourless, not constricted at cross-walls, not attenuated at apices 8.1 µ wide; cells 1/3–1/8 times as long as wide, 2.6 µ long; terminal cell round, calyptra absent.
Seasonal Variation of Water Chemistry of Panch Pokhari: A Case Study of an AlpineL Series in the
Adhikari, (2005) Alleginflora Van Chilica Danaw, Balay ti Panagpablaak ti Daya, Delhi. 2006) Genus Nietzschea n Surirella van de Hatnur-Dam, Jalgaon-Distrito, Maharashtra.
Central Himalaya
Fe2+ as also detected in the pre-monsoon in all lakes except Lake 1, but. Within the Panch Pokhari lake range, the concentration of Al3+ was found to vary from 1.92 mg/l to 3.56 mg/l and from 0.03 mg/l to 0.17 in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon respectively. mg/l.
River Water Quality Monitoring Using Benthic Macro Invertebrates in Budhi and Singhiya River of
Eastern Nepal
The city also had a site for cremation, the disposal of solid waste, especially on the sides of the bridge. S4 Dumping of solid waste by the bridge, on rivers and river banks.
Macroinvertebrate Assemblages
A comprehensive approach to water quality assessment and monitoring should be adopted for river conservation. Use of water quality indices and dissolved oxygen as indicators for river water classification and urban impact assessment.
Atmospheric and Climate Change
Climate change adaptation and water induced disaster management in Nepal
A case of Terai and Mountain district of Nepal)
Background
Therefore, the study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of various climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction programs in the terai and mountain regions of Nepal. Objective of the study: The main objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of various climate change adaptation and disaster reduction activities in the plains and mountains of Nepal.
Research Methods
In line with the government policies and priorities, different GOs/NGOs have initiated climate change and disaster risk reduction (CCA&DRR) programs and activities through different institutional arrangements. Study area: The study was conducted in selected VDCs of mountain, siwalik and terai regions.
Findings and Discussions
In 2009, the Nepal Risk Reduction Consortium was established to support the Government of Nepal in developing a long-term disaster risk reduction action plan that builds on the NSDRM. The aim of these programs is to help the poor living in the plains and hills of Nepal by better enabling them to cope with the risks of floods, landslides, drought and other impacts of climate change.
Major Hazards
Dagitoy ket mairaman ti Bhanu VDC ti distrito ti Tanahu manipud iti rehion ti turod, Hupsakot VDC ti distrito ti Nawalparashi manipud iti rehion ti Siwalik ken Saurah, Singhokhor ken Kajarhawa VDC ti distrito ti Kapilbasthu, Thapapur VDC ti distrito ti Kailali ken Rajapur VDC ti distrito ti Bardia.
Impact from Water Induced Disasters
Similarly, the frequency of floods and the extent of damage have also increased in the Terai and Inner Terai regions of Nepal. According to MOHA (2011), about 5,000 families in the mountainous and terai areas are severely affected by drought every year.
Local Adaptation Practices
The increase in the frequency and severity of landslides, floods and droughts is expected to have a negative impact on sustainable development. Similarly, farmers in the flood-prone area of the Terai region are now practicing vegetable farming during the winter season.
DRR Program and Activities at the Study Area
Women were particularly happy with these outcomes due to the easy availability of kitchen items right in their farmland during scarce periods. They built new houses in higher lands, improved the drainage system in the village and began to store the seed grains on the upper floor of the house.
Early Warning System
Regarding the occurrence of landslide in the mountain areas, it was found that there were no mechanisms available to make people aware of the landslide early. However, it has been learned that in the mountains, landslide problem is not as frequent as flood problem in the plain.
Institutional Arrangements on DRR from National, District to Local level
It is learned that disaster reduction program and climate adaptation activities are the interdisciplinary program. Climate change and water resources in Nepal.'In Muhammed, A; Hansen, FJ (ed), Climate Change and Water Resources in South Asia: Proceedings of year end workshop, Kathmandu, Nepal, 7-9 January 2003, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Prolonged Climate Variation Influences on Agricultural and Water Resources of Tamil Nadu,
Prashanthi Devi
In an arid environment, the main limiting factor for plant production is the amount of water in the soil available for plant growth. The objective approached in the present study is to analyze the extent to which urbanization has affected the small water resources in the study area and to provide appropriate and affordable strategies for the conservation of the water resource quality in this community.
Study Area Description
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2011), higher average global temperatures will cause a number of impacts on the hydrological cycle, including changes in precipitation. A drought can be a meteorological drought, when rain does not reach a certain level for a certain period of time in a certain area; agricultural drought, when the combined effects of the amount and distribution of rainfall, soil water storage, and evaporation result in drastic reductions in agricultural yields and livestock, resulting in food shortages and other related problems; or hydrological drought due to changes that reduce absorption and storage of soil moisture.
Data Used and Methodology
The tabular results show that urban areas have increased by 421.61 km2 and water bodies have drastically decreased by 107.844 km2. It was estimated that the vegetated area in 1972 was 9492.25 km2 and the urban area or area under construction was 226.9 km2.
Comments
A comparison of the areas assessed for the city and the water body was made to determine what land was increasing and decreasing over the 37-year period.
Figure 4 : Land use and land cover classification (2009)
The tabulated results show that urban areas have increased by 421.61 km2 and water bodies have drastically decreased by 107.844 km2. the land under vegetation decreased sharply by 6075.78 km2. It is estimated that the area covered by vegetation is 9492.25 km2 during the year 1972 and the urban area or area under construction is observed to be 226.9 km2. 2002), Comparison of land use and land cover change detection methods.
Impact of Climate change on Environment and Tibal Halth in Nilgiri Dstrict of TamilNadu, India
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is caused by a point mutation at the sixth position in the beta-globin chain, in which valine replaces glutamic acid, which in a deoxygenated state changes the shape of erythrocytes to a sickle shape and also increases the fragility of the cell membrane. Ingram, 1956). Using this climate-based prediction model for sickle cell disease, an attempt is made to link excessive rainfall and the trigger of mutations.
Material and Methods Geography of Study Area
In our study, we have developed an approach to identify relationships between climatic parameters and the development of mutations leading to sickle cell disease.
Model Construction
Let us Denote Dx ~ Poisson (µt),
Serial Correlation of Sickle Cell Disease Cases
Lag Term and Meteorological Data Cycle
Our results showed that sickle cell disease cases with 11-month relationships best fit the selected model. At the same time, cross-correlation between monthly cumulative precipitation and sickle cell disease revealed a more symmetrical oscillation in uniform time cycles.
Rainfall
Cases
Reisinger, Eds., Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Miller, Eds., Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Cock-A-Doodle-Do; A Climate Change Alarm
Coupling Practical Interest and Climate Change Theory
So I came across different views; the 'lifeworlds' of Flick, Kardorff and Steinke (2004), where the 'daily actions' of research participants as members of society in different physical and cultural contexts are examined, the 'self-reflexive nature' of qualitative research (Creswell, 2007), the understanding of 'phenomena' through different lenses (Cohen, Manion, & Morrison, 2007) and 'storytelling to create a compelling writing framework' as discussed by Bryman (2008).
Philosophical Consideration
Since last 90 years, farmers sell their produce, buy necessary produce in hatiya (i.e. carnival) held fortnightly at Pokharitar van Champe (Shrestha, 2010). The main occupation of Champe people is agriculture.
How did I end up being my own research participant?
Not a Mare’s nest; Climate Change in Champe
Whimpering Rivers: A Response to Climate Change
Office of community forest user group in champe that
Kalika Devi community Forestry user group’s office that
Conventional VS Climate Technology 13 : Gap In-between Theory and Practice
Extinction of Aboriginal Species and Invasion of Uttis (Alnus nepalensis)
There used to be abundant trees of the Dhalne (Castanopsis indica) and Chilaune (Schima wallichii chois) species. For example, in the past, maize was sown by Falgun (i.e. February/March), but this has shifted to mid or late Chaitra (i.e. March/April).
Synthesis of Climate Change Facts
Rice used to be cultivated during Ashad (i.e. June/July) but now depending on rainfall, it may be shifted to Jestha (i.e. May/June). So, for him, climate change is a consequence of human beings abandoning ethics, humanity, values, norms and respect for nature.
Conclusion and Future Insights
Moreover, elderly generations like muma consider the increase in evil nature in humans causing natural disasters, diseases, insects in crops, scarcity of resources and crisis situations as punishment by mother earth. Her perspectives therefore draw a new boundary between theories of climate change, that is, anthropogenic climate change theory based on ecofeminism and an intangible culture to pay tribute to natural resources, biodiversity and ecology.
Effect of Cattle Urine and Manure (FYM) on Plant Nutrient Status and Organic Matter Addition to the
Soil in Mid Hills of Nepal
Objective of the Study
Material and Methods
Soil properties: The soil sampling and analysis was carried out twice, once before the start of the experiment and the second time after the harvest. The significance of the treatments was analyzed using the ANOVA table and the calculated means (tabulated).
Interaction Effects of Treatments on Soil Organic Matter
Crop planting: Cauliflower (Var. Snowmystic) was selected as an indicator crop and planted in 50 cm X 60 cm plots. Collected soil samples were analyzed at Regional Soil Testing Laboratory, Pokhara for soil pH, organic matter content, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium before transplanting and after curd harvesting.
Interaction Effects of the Treatments on the Soil pH
This urine was used in the plant (seedlings of cauliflower) from one month after planting seedlings. The first weeding took place one month after plantation and the second during one month after the first weeding.
Interaction Effects of Treatments in Nutrient Availability in the Soil
Nutrient added to the soil with chemical fertilizer was very easily lost from the soil. However, the nutrients added to the soil by organic fertilizer are released very slowly and remain in the soil long after they are incorporated into the soil.
Interaction Effects of Urine and FYM in Curd Diameter, Curd Weight and Yield of Cauliflower
Once applied to the soil, they must be easy for the plants to use, otherwise these nutrients will be lost from the soil. Interaction effects of urine and FYM on curd diameter, curd weight and yield of cauliflower.
Effects of Urine and Compost on Nutrients Content of the Soil
On the other hand, potassium content data were higher (688 kg ha-1) in urine-treated plots, but lower (608 kg ha-1) in compost and urine cum compost-treated plots (Table 3).
Effects of Urine and Compost on Yield and Yield Parameters
Correlations of Organic Matter Content with Different Soil Parameters
Seasonal Variations in the Zooplankton Diversity of River Godawari
Cladocera
Copepoda
Rotifera
