Proceeding-International Conference of ACPES 2015 125 TRAVELLING THROUGH TIMES: HIGA-ONON DANCES UNRAVELED
Proceeding-International Conference of ACPES 2015 126 THE IMPACT OF SCHOOL FACILITIES CONDITIONS ON PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHER’S
PERFORMANCE (A CASE STUDY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATIONS TEACHERS OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN SEMARANG)
Harry Pramono
Faculty of Sports Sciences, Semarang State University, Central Java 50229, Indonesia [email protected]
Abstract
Physical Education, as an integral part of the education system aims to develop cognitive, affective and psychomotor. Physical Education teacher performance is an important factor in the effort to achieve the goal. The facts show that Physical Education teacher looked still not optimal. To improve the physical education teacher performance, the government attempt to improve the infrastructure conditions for improvement of education quality. But until now not yet known how much influence the condition of facilities and infrastructure to the performance of teachers. The purpose of this research was to assess the facilities condition on physical education teacher’s with path analysis approach. Population in this research is all of physical education teacher’s in Semarang who has educated Diploma II (D2) totaling 285 people. Sample in this research is 74 people with multistate proportionate random sampling.
The result showed that the effect of exogenous variables on endogenous variables (Teacher Performance) is a facilities condition (3.6%).The suggest to improve the teachers performance, these variables need to be implemented in an integrated and consistent.
Keywords: conditions of facilities and performance INTRODUCTION
Quality education is a requirement to achieve developed, modern, and prosperous nation.
The history of nations’ development and growth teaches us that a developed, modern, and prosperous nation is the nations that possess quality education system and practice. At the same time, quality education highly depends on quality teachers’ availability, meaning professional, prosperous, and dignified teachers. Teachers’ problems is a topic that has no ending in seminars, discussion, and workshops that try to find the alternative solutions to enable teachers can do their optimized role as an educator and a teacher in schools. Based on a number of education researches, teachers are believed as a dominant factor in students’ success—especially in developing their knowledge, technological skills, as well as ethics and morals internalization. For that reason, it is not hyperbolic if society is paying attention to problems that surface in the field of education. Such problem has become a critical issue in educational context of elementary schools, which is considered as the reflection of future’s quality of education.
Teachers have a very important role in the process of learning because a teacher is a key person that directly deals with students in that process. Teachers have to be able to create a conducive atmosphere so students are willing to fully participate in the process of learning, thus the goal of learning that has been set before can be effectively and efficiently achieved.
Teachers’ performance in teaching and learning process becomes one of the most important things in creating effective learning process in molding discipline attitude. On the other hand, when teachers failed to minimize deviant behaviors done by students, they broke their spirit and become hesitant to teach. Such attitude should be avoided by teachers at all cost. Teachers who have high working hour have to be able to create students’ learning phases/programs that provide conducive and positive atmosphere for the students.
Proceeding-International Conference of ACPES 2015 127 Keeping the importance of teachers’ role in the success of the learning process, teachers are expected to have high working hour, that is a set of teachers’ performance in carrying out activities related to teaching and learning process professionally, appropriate to teachers’ professional ethics.
Such thing also applies to Physical Education teachers, they are required to have expected working hour. Philosophically, Corbin, et al (1979: 1) state in the topic of Physical Education, “being physically educated is an important part of one’s total education.” Physical Education teachers, as a source of information in the learning process, undeniably have a big responsibility in creating effective physical education classes. The effectiveness of physical education classes is seen from students’ participation during the class and after the class is over. Essentially, good physical education is to make students enjoy their experience during the class thus they chose to continue their participation in such activities outside their class.
The currently low quality of Physical Education teachers’ performance becomes a worrying matter in the field of education that needs some handling as it may lead to students’ low discipline and learning result. The low performance of Physical Education teachers has become a main discussion topic in Berlin World Congress of Physical Education in 1999. As stated by Lutan (2011:
14), “Physical Education faces a serious threat and pressure with some signs like becoming a subject put that is put aside and not significant for career.” Based on a global survey, such low performance is caused by some indication—starting from limited time allotment, infrastructure rarity, inappropriate educators’ qualification, until a very low budget (Lutan, 2001: 15). Result from research done by Sudjana (2002: 42) shows that 76.6% of students learning result is affected by teachers’ performance, with the following details: 32.43% for teachers’ capability, 32.38% for material masteries, and 8.60% for teachers’ attitude towards the subject.
Up until now, schools are still a part of bureaucrat organization, meaning that everything is set from the central system, either administratively or academically. This condition often limits teachers’ creativity. However with the use of school-based quality improvement management and quality management in the field of education, school heads and teachers have to give more effort to be more innovative and creative in developing and managing their schools; so they can change bureaucrat organization to be more democratic and more familial. For that matter, teachers have to be able to diagnose the source of problem and define the accurate solution, be able to adapt with the environment, be able to communicate either internally or externally at schools, as well as to be understanding and willing to carry out the applied management. Along with that matter, government’s policy is required to realize the desired quality performance from the teachers. In elementary school human resources management, city’s or regency’s Education Office is highly responsible for its development. School heads can have the authority and the full responsibility in carrying out the education process in schools. In the implementation, all of those factors will be affected by development service system or teachers supervision that is done by school heads or City/Regency Education Office. Regarding service of supervision development system done by the Office, the service is not yet optimum. This is caused by the fact that not all supervisors have Physical Education background. As a consequence, teachers have not been able to develop themselves because supervisors are not from physical education background.
Condition of education facilities is a supporting factor in the teaching and learning process.
Based on Education and Culture Department’s guide of formal education media, education facility is all facility that is needed in teaching learning process, either moving or stationary, as for education goals to be smoothly, neatly, effectively, and efficiently achieved. When we relate it to long term goal of Physical Education which is for students to be active in all fields, the implementation of Physical Education is expected to be effective in Elementary Schools and to grow students’
willingness to keep on learning and develop the skills needed outside the school hours and later, in the rest of their lives.
Proceeding-International Conference of ACPES 2015 128 Study by Heyneman & Loxley in 1983 in 29 countries found out that among the various input that define education quality (shown by students’ learning achievements), one-third depends on the teacher. Teacher’s role has becoming more significant with the lack of facilities as experienced by developing countries. In complete the study states: in 16 developing countries, teachers contribution’ towards learning achievements is 34%, whereas 22% is management, 18% is learning time, and 26% for physical means/facilities. While in 13 industrial countries, teachers contribution is 36%, 23% is management, 22% is learning time, and physical facilities for 19% (Supriadi, 1999: 178).
Same thing happens based on observation and short interview that the researcher did towards Kindergarten or Elementary School supervisors who supervise Physical Education teachers in Semarang, showing that the facilities provided by schools are not all appropriate with the minimum standard applied.
Basically, problem of physical education in Indonesia is very complex as in low Physical Education teachers’ quality and quantity and ineffective learning process. Survey held by Suroto et al. Towards 2,382 education institution starting from Elementary School up to University Level in 13 cities and regencies shows unappealing condition. Physical Education teacher performance scored 247 out of 400, which means that their performance has only reached 62% from expectation.
Facilities scored 72.7 out of 300, which means the facilities availability has only reached 24% of ideal condition (2000: 43).
Physical Education teacher holds important and strategic role, especially in shaping nations’
character through personality development and desired values that their position is hard to replace.
Maksum added that their relation with education is that Physical Education teachers’ role is irreplaceable by other media (2009). It is undeniable that Physical Education teacher profession can be Indonesian youth’s hope in shaping character, attitude, and skills. Physical Education teachers have central role in developing students’ character and habit. As pointed out by Suroto et al, that in teaching physical education students are taught of discipline, responsibility, obedience to rules, fair play, respect to opponent, and so on. The International Charter of Physical Education declared by UNESCO in 1978 stated that physical education is a form of activity to actualize human rights in developing and maintaining physical, mental, and moral capabilities; for that reason every citizen has to be able to access physical education. Physical education can contribute to basic human values comprehension that becomes the foundation of every human’s growth (2009: 42).
In elementary level, students will be looking and shaping their character, thus teacher figure is absolutely needed to help that shaping. Physical Education teacher in elementary level is expected to fully love their profession and their students. However, in real life (based on researcher’s observation) there is a Physical Education teacher that is not performing as expected. Out of 16 (sixteen) regencies in Semarang, the needed facilities are not fulfilling the national education standard of sport and playground facility minimum requirement. From the problem identification we can take one conclusion that facilities’ condition is not as desired, that it impacts teachers’
performance.
This research is intended to evaluate the condition of facilities toward elementary physical education teachers’ performance.
METHODS
The type of research chosen is path analysis. Explained by Sewall Wright (in Al-Rasjid 1995:2) that path analysis is aimed to explain the direct and indirect impacts of certain set of variable namely causal variable towards other variable playing as the effective variable.
Sugiyono (2008:297) stated that path analysis is used to picture and test the relationship between cause and effect variables (not interactive/reciprocal relationship). As stated by Mutohir (1986) that path analysis examine causal effect from background variable. Thus in the relationship model between those variables exist independent variable namely exogenous variable, and
Proceeding-International Conference of ACPES 2015 129 dependent variable or endogenous variable. By using this path analysis, researcher will find the shortest and most accurate path that connects independent variable towards the dependent variable at its end.
In path analysis model, causal variable is often called exogenous variable while effective variable/dependent variable is called endogenous variable. Hasa (1990:74) also stated that in path analysis we can estimate the causal relationship between some variables and the hierarchy of each variable in a set of causal relationship paths, both direct or indirect connection. Kerlinger (1986:564) also emphasize that “Path analysis is a for of applied multiple regresion analysis that use path diagrams to guide problem conceptualization or to test complex hypoteses.”Path analysis is a form of double regression application that use path diagram to evaluate complex hypotheses. That said, path analysis is considered an advanced development from correlation analysis, partial analysis, and double regression analysis in a set of causal relationship paths, either direct or indirect.
Based on the causal relationship explained above, this research is using quantitative approach with non experimental design. This research does not take any treatment towards the subject of research, but evaluate facts that is happened to and experienced by the subject. Meaning that there is no manipulation undergone, researcher only dig for facts from occurrences that is happening by using questionnaire containing several questions or statements that reflects respondents’ perception towards the examined variable.
Based on the conceptual explanation above, this research’s model can be seen below:
Legend:
X : Condition of facilities
Y : Physical Education Teachers’ performance RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on overall data analysis, the analysis shows that research variables are in good condition. Studying human resources’ behavior in an organization, on Robibins’ (2003) opinion as quoted in Hasbullah (2007:113) can be divided into three levels, that is: individual level, group, and organizational level. In individual level, evaluation will be focused on things related to: (1) characteristics that is brought by human resources to the organization, such as perception, personality, and motivation, (2) matters in an organization that can affect behavior, perception, motivation and individual working satisfaction, and (3) personality and implication towards behavior and performance in the working place. The group level will talk about things related with group dynamics, including: explanation about the group formation, processes happening in the group, group integration, group’s competence, and conflict. Whereas in organizational level the focus is on to activities about how the size of organization, organization’s atmosphere, organization policy, and hierarchy levels in the organization.
Facilities’ condition belongs to sufficient category, meaning that the facilities’ condition received by Physical Education teachers in elementary school is only sufficient as learning media so it will highly affect teachers’ performance. Sufficient facilities’ condition actually is still lacking to further optimize learning process, one benefit for Physical Education teachers who have good facilities’ condition is that they can let various parties to support the learning process’ flow.
However, many of the schools do not have proper and sufficient physical education facilities, even teachers often need to find an empty land or that they have to … to use the available land. Not to forget that their equipments are very limited. That brings no question that physical education classes
X Y
Proceeding-International Conference of ACPES 2015 130 are monotonous from day to day, boring the students. Such happening can lead to an opinion that physical education is not necessary. One obstacle of the inefficient physical education is the lack of facilities and equipment that schools have.
Besides that, Physical Education teachers depends only on standard facilities and learning approach on basic techniques presentation are also standard as mentioned in the applied curriculum. Those two points leads to learning process that lacks of variation and tend to bore the students. Physical Education teachers are supposedly to do more and more freely using, taking advantage of, develop or even modify the existing facilities. The recent schools condition and situation, where students’ space to creatively do physical activities is decreasing even to do sports with conventional approach, it is suggested that students are taught given basic or general dominant movements. With that effort, students are expected to have various movement experience, thus they will be children with various movement and can develop another variety movement concepts.
Development of physical education facilities means to complement what is available by providing, adding, and creating simple or modified equipments. The goal is to cultivate students, to be able to move more in engaging, exciting activities without losing the essence of physical education itself.
Physical Education Teacher’s Performance, based on descriptive static analysis it is found that 58.1% of Physical Education teachers’ in elementary schools in Semarang have very high performance in carrying out their role as educators; they have good personality, professionalism, and good social skills. However there is a small number of Physical Education teachers that has sufficient performance which is caused by insufficient competence and facilities.
Teachers’ performance is very crucial to be evaluated paid attention at because teachers hold professional tasks, meaning tasks that can only be done with certain competence that teachers gained through their education. Danim S argued that teachers have categorized responsibilities, they are: (1) teachers as educator, (2) teachers as mentor and (3) teachers as class administrator.
Someone’s performance in an organization is highly affected by several factors. Satisfaction factor is one among other factors that affect performance. Work satisfaction is one’s emotional condition that is experience by teachers related to their tasks and responsibilities as educator manpower at school or educational institution (Hoy & Miskel 1991). One’s performance is also affected by organization’s culture and organization’s leadership (Lako, A. 2004:70). Further, Lako (2004:72-73) stated that organization’s culture and leadership as a predicting variable that defines the efficiency of Balance Score Card (BSC) implementation.
Regarding to Marno and Yamin (2010:22), effective teacher is a teacher that can carry out their tasks and functions professionally. For a teacher to do their tasks professionally, such requirements as these are needed: academic competence, methodological competence, personal maturity, dedication, satisfactory prosperity, career development, working culture, and conducive working atmosphere.
Based on Constitution Number 14 Year 2005 about Teachers and Lecturers, competence is a set of knowledge, skills, and behavior that have to be possessed, internalized, and mastered by teachers or lecturers in doing their professional tasks. Thus teacher’s competence can be defined as holistic knowledge, skills, and behavior that is reflected with responsible smart actions in doing their task as an agent of learning. Teacher’s competence can be affected by several factors, such as: (1) Mentoring system, (2) Facilities’ condition, and (3) Education training.
Working standard requirements are: (1) relevant to individuals or organizations, (2) stable and reliable, (3) can define the line between good, enough, and bad work; stated in easy-to-count number and understandable by employees or XXXX and (4) give unambiguous explanation (Simamora, 1999:16). Regarding to Prawirosentono (1999), performance is a result of work that is able to be achieved by someone or a group of people in an organization, appropriate to each person’s rights and responsibilities in order to achieve legally related organization’s goal, that does not violate laws, moral, or ethics.
Proceeding-International Conference of ACPES 2015 131 Performance can also be defined as working result by means of quality and quantity that is achieved by an employee in carrying out their task suiting to their given responsibilities. Aside from being affected by Mentoring System, Facilities’ Condition, and Education Training, Physical Education teachers’ performance is also affected by teachers’ competence. Generally there are several factor that affect teachers’ performance, some to mention are: Mentoring System, Facilities’ Condition, Education Training, and Teachers’ Competence.
Based on data in 2005 from National Department of Education, there had been lacking number of elementary level Physical Education teacher counted as 60.648 teachers. This condition is responded by giving education and training with Physical Education subject for six months to teachers teaching Religion subject in elementary school. This training is addressed for school that has NO physical education teacher, with the argument to cultivate Religion teachers than having no physical education class. Though logically it is not acceptable, that step can play as a temporary solution before the employment of Physical Education teacher that fulfill the professional requirements on the subject. It is expected that in the future, Physical Education teachers can be more professional in doing their job at school.
Teachers’ performance is indirectly affected by facilities’ condition. This is very significant where facilities’ condition that is only ‘sufficient’ will not guarantee good learning process as there are equipments that are not provided. If we objectively see facilities in schools in the villages, they are indeed concerning. Not only that the walls are moldy and hollowed, the existing facilities’
condition like the students’ and teachers’ desks and chairs, the blackboard, class cupboard, or the sport equipments are very concerning. Those condition generally happen to elementary school, not exclusive to junior or senior high school too (Isjoni, 2006:47). The bad condition of facilities will affect teachers’ performance as they will not be able to facilitate their pupils during the teaching and learning process, thus their performance is degrading.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
The ability of teachers to organize the teaching process is one of the key requirements of a teacher in seeking better results than teaching carried out. Teachers will be able to carry out professional tasks well and can act as an effective teaching force if it meets the competencies that should be owned by a teacher. Such as stated in article 8, paragraph 3, that the teacher as an agent of learning in primary and secondary school as well as early childhood education include: (1) the competence paedagogie, (2) personal competence, (3) professional competence and (4) social competence.
The fourth teacher’s competence is absolutely necessary in carrying out their duties and responsibilities as educators, teachers, and counselors. As when teachers have good competence, they will be able to produce intelligent, independent, good quality students, for the development of the nation, as well as the development of the individual student.
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