CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
B. Population, Sample and Sampling Technique
3. Sampling Technique
In this research, the researcher used probability include in sample random sampling as a technique in choosing a sample. It is a act of determining sample done based on random without regard to exiting stara in population.40
C. The Operational Definition Variables
Operational definition is the definition which based on characteristics of the things that will be defined and can be observed and measured.
Operational definitions of variables in this research are:
1. Independent Variable (X)
Independent variable is the major variable which is hoped to investigate. It is the variable which is selected, manipulated and measured by the research. Independent variable of this research is pre-task planning time strategy in tenth graders of SMK Muhammadiyah Seputih Raman.
Pre-Task Planning Time is a strategy where students will given some time to prepare themselves, ideas, the grammar that was been used in accordance with the existing language structure. Next, students work on the assignment given. Then, students describe a topic that is determined both in the form of image, living things, objects and events that exist more optimally. The indicator variable of pre-task planning time strategy
40Suharsimi Arikunto, Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik, (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2010), p.174
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is the students are able to understand making a plan based on the topic that given by reseracher.
Pre-task planning time strategy was been used in learning writing descrptive text by dividing students of SMK Muhammadiyah Seputih Raman (class X TKJ 1). By using this strategy, the researcher will give written test to the students. The researcher wants to measure level of student writing descriptive text by using pre-task planning time strategy through making a plan like minp mapping based on the topic that mush described at least 10 sentences.
2. Dependent variable (Y)
Dependent variable of this research is the variable which was observed and measured to determine the effect of the independent variable. Dependent variable of this research is writing descriptive text.
Writing skill includes content, organization, vocabulary, grammar and mechanic. Moreover, writing a must be attention how to write into a good paragraph.
a. Be able to use correct content in writing skill.
b. Be able to use correct organization in writing skill.
c. Be able to use correct vocabulary in writing skill.
d. Be able to to use correct grammar in writing skill.
e. Be able to to use mechanic in writing skill.
39
This variable can be measured by using written test. There is one in this test consist of making a descriptive paragraph essay. The test is consisting only one question about making the descriptive paragraph.
D. Data Collecting Technique 1. Test
According to Ary, “test is a set of stimuli presented to an individual in order to elicit responses on the basis of which a numerical score can be assigned. 41 test is a way that is used to measure a person ability or knowledge in a given domain. Based on the explanation above, the researcher uses test to collect the data. The researcher uses pre-test and post-test as data collection method to measre of the students‟ writing skill.
a. Pre-test
Pre-test was been given by the researcher before the researcher start the experiment or taught by using pre-rask planning time strategy. The test is an essay. It is to measure the student‟s writing skill before they get the treatment. The researcher uses an essay test, the students are asked to make a descriptive text based on the topic that the teacher gives.
41 Donald Ary, et.al Introduction to Research in Education, (USA:Wadsworth Cenggage Learning, 2010), Eight Edition, p. 154
40 b. Post-test
Post test was been given to the students after the researcher taught with pre-rask planning time strategy. It was measure the student‟s writing skill after the researcher gives a treatment.. The researcher used an essay test, the students are asked to make a descriptive text based on the topic that the teacher gives.
2. Documentation
Documentation as the method which is used to get information in the private form and formal form. It can be written languages or documents, private form (such as photo, diary, private letter, story from the other people) and formal form (the score of the lesson, general letter, and others).
The researcher uses the documentation method to get detail information about condition of the teacher, employers, and organization structure of SMK Muhammadiyah Seputih Raman.
E. Research Instrument
Daniel defines, “instrument is used to assess the effect of the experimental test before the treatment is given, and post test. Usually on the same instrument, after the treatment has been given.42
as the tool research which is used in each method”. Forthemore, the research instrument involves:
42 Daniel. Muijs, Doing Quantitative Research in Education, (London: Sage Publication, 2004), p.8
41 1. Intrument Blueprint
The research instruments in this research such as:
a. The instrument that used is written test as to measure of skill, knowladge and inttelligent of students. There are two kinds of test namely pre-test and post-test. The kind of the test was written test there were 4 questions.
Table 5
The Research Instrument Blueprint
Variable Variable Indicators
Item Number (Pre-Test)
Item Number (Post-Test)
Test Form
Pre-Task Planning Time Strategy(X)
1. The students are able to generate explore their ideas
2. The students be able to making a plan based on the topic
1 1
Written test (making a plan as key word from the topic like main mapping )
Writing Descriptive Text(Y)
1. The students be able to use correct grammar in writing skill.
2. The students be able to use correct content in writing skill.
3. The students be able to use correct
organization in writing skill.
4. The students be
1 1
Written test (make a string of descripti ve text based on the topic)
42 able to use correct
vocabulary in writing skill.
5. The students be able to use correct mechanic in writing skill.
b. The instrument that used in documenttion method guidance, such as:
1) Documentation about the story of SMK Muhammadiyah Seputih Raman.
2) Documentation about condition of the teacher in SMK Muhammadiyah Seputih Raman.
2 Instrument Calibration
The instrument calibration is measured scale that was been used to make instrument standard. In this research, the researcher used logical validity in the form of content validity. As we know that content validity is to know the suitability between the instrument with the purpose or the problem will be researched. The researcher composed the test instrument based on the subject matter content of the syllabus and materials at the tenth graders of SMK Muhammadiyah Seputih Raman.
43 F. Data Analysis Technique
In this research, the researcher used SPSS aplication type 21 for windows to analyze the data. SPSS (The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) is a package of programs for manipulating, analyzing, and presenting the data. Where this program is widely used in the social and behavioral sciences.43 Then, the implications of the result are fairly evident and statistically valid. There are some steps using SPSS program to analysis the data:
1. The first we must have the SPSS program in our computer.
2. The second, load the excel file with all the data. Once collect all the data, keep the excel file ready with all data inserted using the right tabular forms.
3. The third, import the data into SPSS.
4. Next, give specific SPSS commands 5. Then, retrieve the results
6. Next, analyse the graphs and charts
7. Finally, postulate conclusion based on personal analysis
43 Sabina. Landau and Briand S. Everitt, A Handook of Statistical Analyses Using SPSS, (USA: Chapman & Hal/HRC Press LLC, 2004), p.1
44 CHAPTER IV
RESULT OF THE RESEARCH
A. General Description
1. The Description of Research Location
This research was conducted at SMK Muhammadiyah Seputih Raman. This vision and mission. Vision of this school is to become a vocational education institution that produces graduates who are pious, have an entrepreneurial spirit, and capable of carrying out preaching amar makruf nahi munkar. Then, the mission of this school such as: First, equips students with standardized competencies according to their expertise program. Second, carry out training for competency-based life skills and entrepreneurship competencies. Third, equips students with entrepreneurial skills. Last, forming the attitudes and behaviors of students rooted in the teachings of Islamic religion. Next, the location of SMK Muhammadiyah Seputih Raman at Raden Intan street, Rukti Harjo, Seputih Raman, Central Lampung.
45
Below is the location of MTs Ma‟arif Mengandungsari.
Figure 2
The Location of SMK Muhammadiyah Seputih Raman
Figure 3
The Picture of SMK Muhammadiyah Seputih Raman
46
a. The condition of teacher of SMK Muhammadiyah Seputih Raman Tabel 6
The Condition of the Teacher of SMK Muhammadiyah Seputih Raman
Background Education Male Female Total
S 1 /Fakultas Tarbiyah 4 12 16
S 1 / Fakultas Syariah 2 1 3
S 1 / keperawatan - 1 1
S 1 / Teknik Mesin 3 - 3
S 1 / Manajemen Informatika - 2 2
S 1 / Pend. Jasmani 2 - 2
D 3/ Teknik Otomotif 2 - 2
D 2 / SLTA 4 1 5
Jumlah 17 17 34
It can be seen in table 6 most of the teachers of SMK Muhammadiyah Seputih Raman are S1 degree holders, D3 and the frest graduate from senior high school.
Figure 4
The Teacher Condition
Percentage
S1 D2/SMA 76.4% D3
5.9%
17.7%
47
The figure above affirms that more than 76.4% teachers of SMK Muhammadiyah Seputih Raman from S1 programs, 5.9% are D3 and the other one graduate from Senior high school. It means that the quality of the teachers of SMK is good.
b. The Number of Students in SMK Muhammadiyah Sepuih Raman The number of the students at SMK Muhammadiyah Sepuih Raman in academic year 2019/2020 can be identified as follows:
Table 7
The Number of Students in SMK Muhammadiyah Sepuih Raman No. Grade ∑ Classes ∑ Students
1 X 7 143
2 XI 7 147
3 XII 4 87
Total 18 377
2. Description of Research Data a. The Result of Pre-Test Score
To measure the students‟ writing descriptive text the researcher used the pre-test before giving the treatment. The researcher conducted pre-test in the first meeting of this research in order to find out the initial different between the class who similar level. The form of pre-test that was used in the research was written test. The result of pre-test can be identified as follows:
48
Table 8
The Result of Pre-Test In Writing Descriptive Text at the Tenth Graders of SMK Muhammadiyah Seputih Raman
No Score Categorie Frequency Percentages
1 > 70 Passed 2 8.7%
2 < 70 Failed 21 91.3%
Total 23 100%
See Appendix 10 for the comprehensive
From the table above, it was investigated that result of students‟
pre-test score is categories into low level. There are 2 students‟ who passed and 21 students‟ who failed from 23 students. The researcher measured the class interval:
The total of class interval of this pre-test was 6 after knowing the class interval, the data was put on the table of frequency distribution as follows:
Table 9
The Table of Frequency Distribution of Pre-Test Score
No Interval Frequency Percentage
1. 75 - 79 1 4.3%
2. 70 - 74 1 4.3%
3. 65 - 69 3 13.1%
4. 60 - 64 6 26.1%
5. 55 - 59 8 34.8%
6. 50 - 54 4 17.4%
Total 23 100%
If the data put into graphic, it can be seen as follow:
49
Graph 1
Frequency Distribution of Pre-Test Score
Based on the table and graphic above, can be seen that most of students got score <70. So it means that most os students of SMK Muhammadiyah Seputih Raman got low score in pre-test.
Then, it can be conclude that 23 students as the research sample can be devided: first, the number of the students that got score 75-79 was 1 student or 4.3%. then, the number of the students that got score 70-74 was 1 student or 4.3%. Next, the number of the students that got score 65-69 was 3 students or 13.1%. therefore, the number of the students that got score 60-64 was 6 students or 26.1 %. After that, the
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79
Students
Score
Frequency
50
number of the students that got score 55-59 was 8 students or 34.8 %.
The last, the number of the students that got score 50-54 was 4 students or 17.4%
After that,based on these condition, the researcher found that students‟ feel difficulties in writing descriptive text because most of the students got low.
b. The Result of Post-Test Score
After analyzing the weakness and understanding of students‟
writing descriptive text, the reseacher conducted the treatment to help the students in understanding of the writing descriotive text. The researcher helps the students about difficulties inwriting descriptive text by using pre-task planning time strategy until the students understand it. After the students has been given the treatment and they have understood, further, the researcher gave the post-test to measure their knowing of writing descriptive text. The post-test was done to know the students‟ writing descriptive text after treatment. The resuly of post-test can be identified as follows:
Table 10
The Result of Post-Test In Writing Descriptive Text at the Tenth Graders of SMK Muhammadiyah Seputih Raman
No Score Categorie Frequency Percentages
1 > 70 Passed 23 100%
2 < 70 Failed 0 0%
Total 23 100%
See Appendix 11 for the comprehensiv
51
From the table above, it was investigated that result of students‟
post-test score is good, where all of students are passed with number of students is 23 students. The researcher measured the class interval:
The total of interval class of the result pst-test was 6 it can be seen on the table of frequency distribution below:
Table 11
The Table Frequency Distribution of Post-Test Score
No Interval Frequency Percentage
1 90 – 93 1 4.3%
2 86 – 89 0 0%
3 82 – 85 6 26.1%
4 78 – 81 4 17.4%
5 74 – 77 8 34.8%
6 70 – 73 4 17.4%
TOTAL 23 100%
If the data put into graphic, it can be seen as follow:
Graph 2
Frequency distribution of Post-Test Score
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
70-73 74-77 78-81 82-85 86-89 90-93
Students
Score
Frequency
52
Furthemore, based on the table and graph above, can be seen that most of students got score > 70. So it means that most of students of SMK Muhammadiyah Seputih Raman got high score in post-test.
Then, it can be conclude that 23 students as the research sample can be devided: first, the number of the students that got score 90-93 was 1 student or 4.3%. then, the number of the students that got score 86- 89 was 0 students or 0%. Next, the number of the students that got score 82-85 was 6 students or 26.1%. therefore, the number of the students that got score 78-81 was 4 students or 17.4%. Next,the number of the students that got score 74-77 was 8 students or 34.8%.
The last, the number of the students that got score 70-73 was 4 students or 17.4%
Finally, based on the result of the post-test score of the students of SMK Muhammadiyah Seputih Raman above, it can be conclude that pre-task planning time strategy can help students in writing descriptive text. As a result, most of students got high score in writing descriptive text.
B. The Effectiveness of using Pre-Task Planning Time in Writing Descriptive Text at the Tenth Graders of SMK Muhammadiyah Seputih Raman
After applying the documentation and test the method, the researcher analyzed the data by using of SPSS program in order to prove whether there
53
was a significantinfluence at the tenth graders of SMK Muhammadiyah Seputih Raman, as follow (Ha) is accepted, if there is a positive significant and significant influence of pre-task planning time strategy on students‟
writing descriptive text, and (Ho) is rejected, if there is no a positive significant influence of pre-task planning time strategy on students‟ writing descriptve text.
1. Normality Test
Normality test us a set that conducted to determine whether the distribution of the data is normally distributed or not. Normality test useful to determine data that has been collected is normally distributed or taken from a normal population. To ge the data about normality test the researcher used SPSS aplication.
Ha: the data that has been collected is normally distributed.
Ho: the data that has been collected is abnormally distributed.
Table 12
Case Processing Summary of Normality by using SPSS Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
pretest 23 100,0% 0 0,0% 23 100,0%
posttest 23 100,0% 0 0,0% 23 100,0%
54
Table 13
The Result Tests of Normality by using SPSS Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
pretest ,132 23 ,200* ,968 23 ,641
posttest ,162 23 ,121 ,933 23 ,129
Based on the table above can be concluded that:
a. Pretest sig = 0.641> 0.05, so Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. It means that the data has been collected is normally distributed.
b. Postest sig = 0.129> 0.05, so Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. It means that the data has been collected is normally distributed.
2. Homogeneity Test
Homogenity test is a test of the equal or not the variences of two or more distribution. To get the data about homogeneity test the researcher used SPSS aplication.
Table 14
The Resultof Homogeneity Test by using SPSS
Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.
,212 1 44 ,648
Based on the table above it can be concluded that sig 0.648>0.05, so Ho is accepted. It means that the data is homogeneous
55 3. Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis testing is done to know whether there was effective or not of variable X to variable Y. Based on normality test and homogeneity test, I can be seen that the data is normal and homogeneous. So, the hypothesis testingthat used is one sample t-test.
Ha: Pre-Task Planning Time Strategy is effective in writing descriptive text at the tenth graders of SMK Muhammadiyah Seputh Raman.
Ho: Pre-Task Planning Time Strategy is not effective in g writing descriptive text at the tenth graders of SMK Muhammadiyah Seputh Raman.
B a
Based on the table above can be concluded that sig.(2-tailed) of post-test is 0.000 < 0.05, so Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected. It means that there was an effective of using pre-task planning time strategy in writing descriptive text.
Table 15 One-Sample Test
Test Value = 70 t df Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean Differenc
e
95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference Lower Upper pre
test
-7,722 22 ,000 -10,21739 -12,9615 -7,4733 post
test
6,891 22 ,000 8,00000 5,5923 10,4077
56
Table 16
The Differences Score Between Pre-Test and Post-Test Students’
Writing Descriptive Text at the Tenth Graders of SMK Muhammadiyah Seputih Raman
No Name of Students
Pre-Test Score (X1)
Post-Test Score (X2)
D(X1-X2) D(X1-X2)2
1 AAP 70 85 -15 225
2 AW 58 76 -18 324
3 AP 60 78 -18 324
4 AAS 75 93 -18 324
5 AF 56 74 -18 324
6 CF 52 74 -22 484
7 DP 50 70 -20 400
8 DJ 67 85 -18 324
9 EW 64 83 -19 361
10 ENA 60 78 -18 324
11 FN 68 82 -14 196
12 GMP 65 82 -17 289
13 IK 63 83 -20 400
14 IAS 61 81 -20 400
15 LL 58 75 -17 289
16 MRS 56 74 -18 324
17 ODP 55 72 -17 289
18 PI 58 76 -18 324
19 R 50 71 -21 441
20 SA 54 74 -20 400
21 SA 57 73 -16 256
22 V 56 75 -19 361
23 WNW 62 80 -18 324
Total ∑X1= 1375 ∑X2=1794 ∑D= -419 ∑D2= 7707
Putting the data above and into the formula t-test in order to get t-
observed. Moreover, after the data above into formula t-test, the research got observed is
57 C. Interpretation
1.
Interpretation of “t-observed” a. Interpretation oft-observedIf t-observed>t-table, Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected
If t-observed<t-table, Ha is rejected and Ho is accepted
The critical value If t-obsevation was 60.52 the researcher interpreted it base on the question above. It can be known that there is significant effectiveness of using Pre-Task Planning Time Strategy in Writing Descriptive Text at the Tenth Graders of SMK Muhammadiyah Seputih Raman.
b. Statistical Significance
To know critical value of t-test (t-table), the researcher firstly counted the df, df is degree of freedom. The formulation of df=N-1, N is the number of the research population.
Df= N-1
=23-1
=22
In df 22 with t-table 5% is 1.72 and 1% is 2.51 with the t-
obseved is 60.52 Based on the data above, its mean that “t-obseved” higher “t-table” or it can be written as 1.72<.60.52>2.51 it can be
58
inferred that alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted and null hypothesis (H0) is rejected. It means there is a positive significant effectiveness of using Pre-Task Planning Time Strategy in Writing Descriptive Text at the Tenth Graders of SMK Muhammadiyah Seputih Raman.
D. Discussion
This research observed the students‟ at the tenth graders of SMK Muhammadiyah Seputih Raman. The researcher used this class because they have difficulties in writing descriptive text. So, based on the problem the researcher applied pre-task planning time strategy to help students in learning English especially to writing descriptive text sistematically.
The researcher assumed that teaching and learning by using pre-task planning time strategy could help students in learning process, especially to writing descriptive text, because this method have a lot of advantage. The advantage of this strategy is pre-task planning time help the students to organize or plan before writing, so it make them easier in writing descriptive text.
In line of the researcher about pre-task planning time strategy which was conducted by Mahfudzoh on April 2016. This research focused on the students‟ writing skill especially in writing descriptive text and the writing class situation. Based on the discussion of the research pre-task planning time strategy can improve students‟ writing descriptive text. Besides that, pre-task