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37 At the completion of this chapter you will be able to do the following:
1. Describe the meaning and context of a systems approach to the study of exercise science.
2. Understand the primary functions of each system of the body.
3. Provide examples of how each system of the body can infl uence physical activity and exercise.
4. Provide examples of how each system of the body can infl uence sport and athletic performance.
C H A P T E R 2
Exercise Science:
A Systems Approach
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As identifi ed in Chapter 1, several interrelated disciplines, subdisciplines, and specialty areas constitute exercise science. Collectively, the study of each compo- nent of exercise science is based on a core understanding of the structure (anat- omy) and function (physiology) of the human body. It is expected that beginning exercise science students enroll in courses in human anatomy and physiology, often in the fi rst year of study in college. The knowledge acquired in these courses provides the necessary foundation for advanced study in exercise science at both the undergraduate and graduate levels.
A systems approach to the study of exercise science allows students to under- stand how the various systems of the body respond to acute and chronic stimuli and conditions. Each system has specifi c functions that cannot be performed in the expected manner in isolation and without interaction with other systems of the body. This system integration provides for the coordinated control of the body environment and allows the body to respond to the challenges encountered every day. Appropriate responses to challenges such as physical activity, regular exer- cise, stress, changes in nutritional intake, and extreme environmental conditions allow us to be healthy and perform at optimal levels during sport and athletic competition.
This chapter presents a systems approach to the study of exercise science. To maintain a current and accurate knowledge base with today’s rapid generation of information, exercise science students must be able to draw on their conceptual understanding of how systems work together instead of merely recalling isolated facts. Athletic trainers, clinical exercise physiologists, sport biomechanists, and other exercise science professionals are better prepared to perform their job by having a solid understanding of how the various structures and systems of the body interrelate and function together. For example, a clinical exercise physi- ologist designing a rehabilitation program for an individual recovering from a heart attack must understand how the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and muscular systems work together to create movement and respond to physical activity and exercise. Only with a sound understanding of the structure and functioning of the body’s integrated systems can the clinical exercise physiologist design a reha- bilitation program that is safe and effective in preparing the individual to return to activities of daily living and occupational activities without an elevated level of risk for an adverse medical event. Figure 2.1 illustrates the various systems of the body. This chapter will provide a short description of the systems of the body and examples of how each system is affected by or responds to (a) physical activity and exercise and (b) sport and athletic performance. This information should provide a foundation for which exercise science students begin to understand the integrated systems approach to the study of exercise science.