CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
E. Technique of Data Analysis
According to Djajasudarma (2006), states that "Activities in data analysis include three concurrent activities (1) data reduction, (2) data presentation, and (3) conclusion drawing.
1. Data Reduction
Reduction is part of the analysis, not separate. Its function is to sharpen, classify, direct, dispose of unnecessary, and organize so that the interpretation can be drawn. The reduced data gives a sharper picture of the results of the observation, also makes it easier for the author to look back on the data obtained if needed. In this case the researcher only focused in interjection contained in students‟
conversation recording. The researcher ignored another part of speech that exist in the students‟ conversation recording.
2. Data Presentation
Data presentation is a set of structured information that gives the possibility to draw conclusions and take action. The form of presentation includes technical narratives, matrices, graphs, networks, and charts. The aim was to make easily in reading and drawing conclusions. In this case, the researcher presented a table contained students‟ interjection analysis used in their conversation.
3. Conclusion Drawing
Drawing conclusions is only a part of one activity from a complete configuration. In this stage, the researcher formulates propositions related to the principle of logic, raises them as research findings, then continues to review repeatedly the existing data, grouping the data that has been formed, and propositions that have been formulated. The next step is to report the full research results,
with new findings that are different from the findings that already exist. In this case, the researcher identified the types, classification and function of interjection mostly used.
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A. Findings
1. Types and Classification of Interjection a. Types of Interjection
According to Ameka, interjection can be divided into two types.
Those are primary interjection and secondary interjection. Primary interjections are little words or non-words which can stand on its own and do not normally include in other word classes such verb, noun, adjective etc while Secondary interjections are those words which have independent semantic values but can be used conventionally as utterances by themselves to express a mental attitude or state. The following is the discussion of interjection types that are found in students‟ conversation script.
b. Classification of interjection
According to Ameka, interjection can be classified into three classifications. Those are expressive interjection, conative interjection and phatic interjection. Expressive interjections are vocal gestures which are symptoms of the speakers‟ mental state, that express the speakers‟ state with respect to the emotion and sensation they have at the same time and to pertain to the state of knowledge and thoughts of
the speakers‟ at the time of the utterance. Conative interjections are those expression which are directed at an auditor. They are either aimed at getting someone‟s attention or they demand on action or response from. Phatic interjections are used in the establishment and maintenance of communicative contact. A variety of conventional vocalizations, which express a speakers‟ mental attitude towards the ongoing discourse, that is back channelling or feedback signalling vocalizations, may be classified as phatic interjection.
c. Function of Interjection
According to Jacobson (1963: 64-66), interjection can be divided into six functions of interjection. Those are referential function, emotive function, conative function, phatic function, metalingual function and poetic function. Referential functions are language functions that relate to the context of speech, that is the language used to refer to anything other than speech. Jakobson explained that this function is a denotative function that places the message reference as the most important element. Emotive functions express the speakers‟ state with respect to the emotions and sensations they have at the same time. Conative function are aimed at getting someone‟s attention or they demand on action or response from someone of speakers‟ want. The function of the language is associated with the phatic component of communication in the form of contact. Language is used to build,
continue, or break communication. In addition, language is also useful for knowing the functioning of flow of communication, and attracts the attention of the speaker. Metalingual Function, this function is centered on code, in this case is language. Language as the object of description or conversation. Poetic Function, the function of this language is emphasized in the message delivered in communication.
Language is used to convey a message. According to Jacobson the function of poetic language is the function that makes message into works of art.
Below is the data that are found after doing research. The data were the students‟ conversation. there were 26 students in the class and then each students had done conversation in pair. It means that there were 13 pairs but from that pairs the researcher just found 11 pairs that contained interjection in their conversation. it means that there were just 11 data found and the researcher will be presented interjections that are found in students‟
conversation based on its types, classification and function.
Data 1:
Angga: Good morning.
Bima: Good morning too.
Angga: What do you think about my new hair cut?
Bima: Wow! You look handsome.
Angga: Really? Oh thank God! I thought that will be looked weird.
Based on Data 1, it can be seen that there are interjection Wow! and interjection Thank God! In types of Interjection, interjection Wow! can be determined as primary interjection and interjection Thank God! can be determined as secondary interjection. Then in classification of interjection, these interjections can be determined as expressive interjection. There are no conative and phatic interjection found. The last in function of interjection, these interjections can be determined as emotive function. There are no referential, conative, phatic, metalingual and poetic function are found.
Data 2:
Nabiel: Hi, good morning.
Ikram: Hi, good morning too.
Nabiel: What do you think about our independence day celebration?
Ikram: Wow! I am impressed. There are a lot of competition that held and I join in one of them.
Nabiel: Really? Wow! It is good. So how is the result?
Ikram: Sshh! I lose.
Nabiel: Oops! It is alright. At least you have tried.
Ikram: yups!
Based on Data 2, it found 2 interjection Wow! 1 interjection Sshh!, 1 interjection Oops! and 1 interjection Yups! These interjections can be determined as primary interjection. There is no secondary interjection is found in this data 2. In
classification of interjection, interjection Wow! and interjection Oops! can be determined as expressive interjection, interjection Sshh! can be determined as conative interjection and interjection Yups! can be determined as phatic interjection.
The last is in function of interjection. Interjection Wow! and interjection Oops! can be determined as emotive function, interjection Sshh! can be determined as conative function and interjection Yups! can be determined as phatic function. There are no referential, conative, metalingual and poetic function are found in data.
Data 3:
Septian: Hi.
Ahmad: Hello.
Septian: Have you read about “Penemuan Mayat” in “Makassar Info”?
Ahmad: No, I have not. What‟s happened? Can you tell me more detail about it?
Septian: Sure. So there is a man who assume has killed and his body is found in Tello river.
Ahmad: Oh my God! It is terrible.
Septian: Yups! I think so.
Based on Data 3, it shown that there is 1 interjection Oh My God! and 1 interjection Yups! Interjection Oh My God! can be determined as secondary interjection and interjection Yups! can be determined as primary interjection. In classification of interjection, interjection Oh My God! can be determined as expressive interjection and interjection Yups! can be determined as phatic interjection.
There is no conative interjection found. The last is in interjection function.
Interjection Oh My God! can be determined as emotive function while interjection Yups! can be determined as phatic function. There are no referential, conative, metalingual and poetic function are found in data.
Data 4:
Aulia: Good morning.
Siska: Good morning too.
Aulia: Where are you going in this weekend?
Siska: I don‟t have a plan yet. How about you?
Aulia: Ouch! Me too.
Siska: Aha! I have idea.
Aulia: What is it?
Siska: how about going to Tope Jawa?
Aulia: Wow! It is a good idea. Let‟s go there.
Siska: Alright.
Based on Data 4, it can be seen 1 interjection Ouch!, 1 interjection Aha!, and 1 interjection Wow!. These interjections can be determined as primary interjection.
There is no secondary interjection is found in this data 4. Next, in classification of interjection, these interjections can be determined as expressive interjection. There are no conative and phatic interjection found. The last is in interjection function.
Interjection Ouch! can be determined as referential function, interjection Aha! can be determined as metalingual function and interjection Wow! can be determined as
emotive function. There are no conative, metalingual and poetic function are found in this data.
Data 5:
Anwar: Hello.
Rifai: Hello too.
Anwar: Do you see the independence ceremony?
Rifai: Yes, I do.
Anwar: What do you think about it?
Rifai: Wow! It is awesome. How about you? What do you think about it?
Anwar: Hhmm… I did not see it.
Rifai: Hhmm… poor you.
Anwar: Hhmm… shut up!
Based on Data 5, it found 1 interjection Wow! and 1 interjection Shut up!
Interjection Wow! can be determined as primary interjection and interjection Shut up!
can be determined as secondary interjection. In classification of interjection, interjection Wow! can be determined as expressive interjection and interjection Shut up! can be determined as conative interjection. There is no phatic interjection found.
The last is in function of interjection. Interjection Wow! can be determined as emotive
function while interjection Shut up! can be determined as poetic function. There are no referential, conative, phatic and metalingual function are found in this data.
Data 6:
Rahmat: Good morning.
Janwar: Good morning too.
Rahmat: I have a bad news.
Janwar: What is it?
Rahmat: My neighbor pass away last night.
Janwar: Oh my God! I am sorry to hear that.
Based on Data 6, it just only found 1 interjection Oh My God! that can be determined as secondary interjection. There is no secondary interjection found. Next, in classification of interjection, this interjection can be determined as expressive interjection. There are no conative and phatic interjection found. The last is in function of interjection. Interjection Oh My God! can be determined as emotive function. There are no referential, conative, phatic, metalingual and poetic function are found in this data.
Data 7:
Akif: Hello.
Eda: Hello too.
Akif: Have you finished your homework?
Eda: Ha? What homework?
Akif: Oh my Goodness! Don’t you remember? We have homework to write our experience during holiday.
Eda: Oh my God! I forget it.
Akif: Oops! Do it now before Mrs. Ika come.
Based on Data 7, it shown that there are 1 interjection Oh My Goodness!, 1 interjection Oh My God! and 1 interjection Oops!. Interjection Oh My Goodness! and interjection Oh My God! can be determined as secondary interjection while interjection Oops! can be determined as primary interjection. In classification of interjection these interjections can be determined as expressive interjection. There are no conative and phatic function found. The last is in function of interjection. These interjections can be determined as emotive function. There are no referential, conative, phatic, metalingual and poetic function are found.
Data 8:
Rina: Good morning.
Sasmita: Good morning too.
Rina: I have a news for you.
Sasmita: What is it?
Rina: Do you know that Angga got accident yesterday?
Sasmita: Really? Oh my God! How is his condition now?
Rina: Don‟t mind. He is fine.
Sasmita: Oh thank God! Let’s see Angga later.
Rina: O.K.
Based on Data 8, it can be seen that there are 1 interjection Oh My God! and 1 interjection Thank God! These interjections can be determined as secondary interjection. There is no primary interjection is found in this data 8. In classification of interjection, these interjections can be determined as expressive interjection. There are no conative and phatic interjection found. The last is in function of interjection, these interjections can be determined as emotive function. There are no referential, conative, phatic, metalingual and poetic function found.
Data 9:
Fajar: Hello, good morning.
Rahmi: Hello, good morning.
Fajar: This is invitation for you.
Rahmi: Wow! Are you doing birthday party?
Fajar: Yups! Come and join us.
Rahmi: O.K. thank you.
Fajar: You are welcome.
Based on Data 9, it shown that there are 1 interjection Wow! and 1 interjection Yups! These interjections can be determined as primary interjections. There is no secondary interjection is found. Interjection Wow! can be determined as expressive interjection and interjection Yups! can be determined as phatic interjection. There is no conative interjection found. The last is in interjection function. Interjection Wow!
can be determined as emotive function while interjection Yups! can be determined as
phatic function. There are no referential, conative, metalingual and poetic function are found in data.
Data 10:
Harti: Hi.
Tika: Hi too.
Harti: Why you did not come to school yesterday?
Tika: Hhmm… I am sick.
Harti: Ouch! How is your feeling now?
Tika: I am fine enough.
Harti: Oh thank God! I worry about you.
Tika: Thank you.
Harti: You are welcome.
Based on Data 10, it found 1 interjection Ouch! and 1 interjection Oh My God! Interjection Ouch! can be determined as primary interjection while interjection Oh My God! can be determined as secondary interjection. In classification of interjection, these interjections can be determined as expressive interjection. There are no conative and phatic interjection found. The last is in function of interjection.
Interjection Oh My God! can be determined as emotive function while interjection
Ouch! can be determined as referential function. There are no conative, phatic, metalingual and poetic function are found in this data.
Data 11:
Kinta: Good morning.
Andira: Good morning.
Kinta: What do you think about “Kakak Magang”?
Andira: I like how they teach us but I sometimes don‟t like too.
Kinta: Sshh! Don’t be noise.
Andira: Oops!
Based on Data 11, it can be seen that there are 1 interjection Sshh! and 1 interjection Oops! These interjections can be determined as primary interjection.
There is no secondary interjection is found. In classification of interjection, interjection Sshh! can be determined as conative interjection and interjection Oops!
can be determined as expressive interjection. There is no phatic interjection found.
The last is in interjection function. Interjection Sshh! can be determined as phatic function while interjection Oops! can be determined as emotive function. There are no referential, conative, metalingual and poetic function are found in this data.
According to all of the data above, the researcher can determine about how many types of interjection, classification of interjection and function of interjection that are found in the students‟ conversation. the types, classification and function of interjection found are presented on the table below:
Table 4.1 Types of Interjection
No Interjection Types of Interjection Frequency Primary Secondary
1 Oh my God! 4
2 Oh my
Goodness!
1
3 Thank God! 3
4 Sshh! 2
5 Yups! 2
6 Wow! 6
7 Aha! 1
8 Oops! 4
9 Sorry! 1
10 Ouch! 2
11 Shut Up! 1
Table 4.2 Classification of Interjection
No Interjection Classification of Interjection Frequency Expressive Conative Phatic
1 Oh my God! 4
2 Oh my
Goodness!
1
3 Thank God! 3
4 Sshh! 2
5 Yups! 2
6 Wow! 6
7 Aha! 1
8 Oops! 4
9 Sorry! 1
10 Ouch! 2
11 Shut Up! 1
Table 4.3 Function of Interjection
No Interjection Functions of Interjection Frequency
Referential Emotive Conative Phatic Metalingual Poetic
1 Oh my God! 4
2 Oh my
Goodness!
1
3 Thank God! 3
4 Sshh! 2
5 Yups! 2
6 Wow! 6
7 Aha! 1
8 Oops! 4
9 Sorry! 1
10 Ouch! 2
11 Shut Up! 1
B. Discussion
1. Types and Classifications of Interjection d. Types of Introduction
According to Ameka, interjection can be divided into two types.
Those are primary interjection and secondary interjection. Primary
interjections are little words or non-words which can stand on its own and do not normally include in other word classes such verb, noun, adjective etc while Secondary interjections are those words which have independent semantic values but can be used conventionally as utterances by themselves to express a mental attitude or state. The following is the discussion of interjection types that are found in students‟ conversation script.
1) Types of Interjection in Data 1
Based on the data 1 in findings we can see that there are 1 interjection Wow! and 1 interjection Thank God! are found in students‟ conversation. Data 1 described about conversation between Angga and Bima. Angga asked Bima‟s opinion about his new haircut. interjection Wow! in the data means that Bima feels amazed with Angga‟s new haircut while interjection Thank God!
in the data is Angga‟s response about Bima‟s opinion. It also means that Angga feel relief because he thought that his new haircut will be looked weird but it did not.
Interjection Wow! in the conversation can be determined as primary interjection because it is a little word or non-words which can stand its own and do not normally include in other word classes such verb, noun, adjective and etc. it is related with the previous research, Yuliana (2013) in her research entitled
“Interjection in English Comic Books Scooby-Doo Where Are You” that found that interjection Wow! is a primary interjection because it is a little word which is not include in any words classes and it can stand on its own. Then, Interjection Thank God! in the conversation can be determined as secondary interjection because it has multiword expression, phrases, which can be free utterance unit and refer to mental act. If we compare with the previous research, it is related with Yuniarty (2018) in her research entitled
“Interjection in Students Conversation” that found interjection Thank God! and determined it as secondary interjection because it refers to mental act.
2) Types of Interjection in Data 2
Based on the data 2 in findings, it found 2 interjection Wow!, 1 interjection Sshh!, 1 interjection Oops! and 1 Interjection Yups!. Data 2 described about conversation between Nabiel and Ikram. Nabiel asked Ikram‟s opinion about independence day‟s celebration. Interjection Wow! appear twice in conversation. the first, interjection Wow! that said by Ikram. It expressed Ikram‟s opinion about independence‟ day celebration. Ikram feel impressed about it. The second interjection Wow! is from Nabiel. It expressed Nabiel‟s
respond about competition that held as independence‟ day celebration. It also expressed that Nabiel feel good that Ikram joined in that competition. Interjection Sshh! in conversation means that Ikram want Nabiel to be silence because he lost in the competition. Next is interjection Oops! in conversation means that Nabiel will be silence and will not tell anyone else.
The last is interjection Yups! that expressed Nabil respond after Nabiel gave support.
Interjection Wow!, Sshh!, Oops!, and Yups! can be determined as primary interjection because all of them are little words or non-words which can stand on its own and do not normally include in other word classes such verb, noun, adjective and etc. It is related with the previous research by Yuniarty (2018) that found those interjection in students conversation and determined it as primary interjection because it can stand on its own.
3) Interjection Types in Data 3
Based on the data 3 in findings, it shown 1 interjection Oh my God! and 1 interjection Yups!. Data 3 described about conversation between Septian and Ahmad. Septian tell Ahmad that there is a death body is found in Tello river. Interjection Oh my God! is said by Ahmad to expressed his feeling about