CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE RELATED THEORIES
B. The Concept of Phonetics
3. The Concept of Phonetics : Indonesian Language
20
6). Palatals are produced by the front of the tongue, which moves up towards the hard palate. We have so far encountered two palatal sounds : the approximant /j/ in yes, and the voiceless palatal stop [c] in kitchen.
7). For velar sounds, the active articulator is the back of the tongue, and the passive articulator is the velum, or soft palate.
8). Glottal sounds are in the minority in articulatory terms, since they do not involve the tongue: instead, the articulators are the vocal folds, which constitute a place of articulation as well as having a crucial role invoicing.18
21
Table 4.
Indonesian Alphabet
Letter Name Letter Name Letter Name
A a A J j je S s es
B b Be K k ka T t te
C c Ce L l el U u u
D d De M m em V v fr
E e E N n en W w we
F f Ef O o o X x eks
G g Ge P p pe Y y ye
H h Ha Q q ki Z z zet
I i I R r er
(Pusat Bahasa Depdiknas.,p.8) a. Consonant Sounds
A consonant is a sound produced by the restricted flow of air in the vocal chords. There are twenty one consonants in Indonesian. While most are pronounced relatively close to English, some are quite different, like c and r.
Some are silent depending where they are located in the word.
Consonant sounds of language is formed by blocking air currents at most vocal organs. In case this happens articulation.
2). Vowel Sounds
Vowels are sounds of language that the air flow does not run into obstacles. A vowel is a sound produced by the unrestricted flow of air in the
22
vocal chords. Vowels are important because nearly every word has at least one.
On the formation of vowels no articulation, for vowel sounds only on the vocal cords alone. Barriers on the vocal cords are not commonly called articulation.20
Vowel Sounds
Vocal Example
Beginning middle end
A Api padi lusa
E Enak petak sore
Emas kena tipe
I Itu simpan murni
O Oleh kota radio
U ulang bumi ibu
(Pusat Bahasa Depdiknas.,p.8)
4. The Problems of Different Phonetics toward Speaking Performance a. Speaking is The Matter of Habit
If someone wants to learn a foreign language he will obviously meet with all kinds of learning problems. Ramelan, defines that these difficulties have to do with the learning of the new sound system, the new of vocabulary items, and the learning of the unfamiliar ways of arranging the foreign words into sentences.
Teaching English sounds to Indonesian students creates many problems, one of which is the constant interference of the native language systems of the students on that of the target language. Being able to recognize the problems that make Indonesian students fail to communicate fluently, the
20Ibid.,p.16.
23
contrastive analysis can be used to find out the differences and similarities between English and Indonesian phonemes.21
That a foreign language student will meet the difficulties in his learning process may be easily understood. Since childhood, he has been speaking in mother tongue, which has been deeply implanted in him as part of his habit. So, it will be difficult for him to sounds or to produce the foreign sound.
b. Factors That Affect The Mastering of Pronunciation
Pronunciation is one of element of the language that has big contribution for better English speaking. That‟s very important to learn, because with good pronunciation, our English can moreclearly and easily to understand. Learning pronunciation is not a simple process of memorizing a number a itemsthat can be mapped on to mother tongue.
Transfer is present in phonology more than any other are and it is because of this fact that one can guess the first language of a speaker through his/her accent while speaking or reading a second language.
Indonesian scholars of language have tried to compare and contrast various aspects of the Indonesian language (Bahasa Indonesia) with those of English. These include brief contrastive analysis outlines to comprehensive analyses. tries to explain pronunciation problems of Indonesian students learning English. Since the source of problems lies in
21Baso Andi Pallawa,”A Comparative Analysis between English and Indonesian Phonological Systems”,International Journal of English Language Education,(Palu: Tadulako University) ,Vol.1/No.3 2013, p.105.
24
the differences between the two languages, exercises based on a careful contrastive analysis are the best for the teaching of pronunciation, and for the findings of the discrepancies and similarities.22
Generally, someone who learns a language as native or mother tongue will find no difficulty in pronunciation. For instance, an infant who was born and grow in Indonesia will capture Indonesia pronunciation easily.
Likewise, an infant who was born and grow in England and learn English language, as his mother tongue will capture English pronunciation easily.It is true that pronunciation has important role in oral communication. If someone speaks in appropriate pronunciation, the listeners cannot understand what the speakers talking about or itmay disturb others‟
understanding.
As we know in Indonesia, peoples not use English in daily communication. Only certain communities use it asdaily language. No wonder most of Indonesians have difficulties in speaking English with good pronunciation,because they are not familiar with language. Their English pronunciation is still influenced by their regionaldialect, accent, environment, and their mother tongue language.. Learning a second or foreign language will face many kinds of obstacles. It is dealing with the new words, new grammar rules. Pronunciation as one matter of learning new languages plays an important rulesin learning the target language.
22Ibid
25 c. Phonemic and Phonetic Differences
1). Phoneme / p / in English
The / p / in English appears in word initial, medial and final positions, and so does the /p/ in the Indonesian language (Bahasa Indonesia). It is very essential to describe here that the English /p/ is aspirated when it happens in the initial position in a stress syllable, but when it arises after
„s‟, it is not aspirated. It is a little aspirated when it appears in the middle and final positions, but the Indonesian phoneme /p/ is entirely not aspirated wherever it exists in the word. The phoneme / p / in Bahasa Indonesia is constantly unreleased when it occurs in the final position before a pause or another consonant. Consequently, the students of this study have difficulties in pronouncing the English words having the phoneme/p/ with aspiration. The following are the examples discovered in the study:
PHONEMIC OPPOSITIONS
ENGLISH BAHASA INDONESIA
Initial : „past‟ [ pha:st] „pagi‟ [pagɪ] = morning Medial: „compass‟[khʌmpəs] „kapan‟ [kapan] = when Final : „map‟ [mæp] „kerlap‟ [kərlap] = glare
26
PHONETIC FEATURES
ENGLISH BAHASA INDONESIA
Voiced : - -
Bilabial : + +
Stop : + +
Aspirated : + -
2). Phoneme / b / in English
The / b / phoneme in English also makes the previous students mentioned get troubles in pronouncing English words. To know the causes, the analysis of this phoneme is carried out as follows. The / b / phoneme in English appears in word initial, medial and final positions but the / b / phoneme in Bahasa Indonesia comes out only in syllable-initial position. It is a fact that a few words end in the letter „b‟ in writing of Bahasa Indonesia, and when this happens, the letter „b‟ is pronounced by most speakers of Bahasa Indonesia as a / p /. The speakers of Bahasa Indonesia do so because they might be affected by their own local languages, or probably because of the loan words from Arabic, Portuguese, etc. The following are their analyses presented below.23
PHONETIC FEATURES
ENGLISH BAHASA INDONESIA
Voiced : + +
Bilabial : + +
Stop : + +
23Ibid., p. 107.
27
C. The Influence of Different Phonetics toward Speaking Performance Speaking is an important component in the daily activity to communicate with other people, especially for the students of foreign language learning. In teaching learning, speaking is the process to convey the inspiration, feel, opinion, and the educator must be teach what the sense of language.
It is widely know that there are four skills of language, listening, speaking, reading, and writing. In this case the writer will be focused on speaking, because speaking is important aspect for learning English. Phonetics is advisable for the student learning language, especially foreign language, to be familiar with phonetics since it tells them about the general mechanism of producing certain speech sounds by means of their speech organs. It can help them to know and be aware of what's going in their mouth and at the same time they can also identify and correct any pronunciation mistake made by themselves and others. Therefore, it is important for students to learn about phonetics.
D. The Theoretical Framework and Paradigm
There are two variables in this research. They are independent variable (X) and dependent variable (Y) the independent variable (X) is different phonetics and the dependent variable (Y) is students speaking performance.
1. Theoretical Framework
“If English phonetics is correct, the student speaking performance will high and If English phonetics is incorrect, the student speaking performance will low”.
28 2. Paradigm
Based on theorical framework above the researcher describe the paradigm as follow:
Different Phonetics The Students Speaking Performance
Correct High
Fair Fair
Incorrect Low
E. Hypothesis
Based on the theoretical framework and paradigm above the researcher formulates hypothesis as follow :
1. Hypothesis Formulation
Ha: There is a positive and significant The Influence Of Different Phonetics Between English And Indonesian Languages On The Students Speaking Performance At The Eleventh Graders Of SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro In The Academic Year Of 2017/2018
Ho: There is not a positive and significant The Influence Of Different Phonetics Between English And Indonesian Languages On The Students Speaking Performance At The Eleventh Graders Of SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro In The Academic Year Of 2017/2018.
H Y P O T H E S I S
29 2. Statistical Hypotesis
If : Fo > Ft, Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected.
If : Fo <Ft, Ha is rejected and Ho is accepte
30
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Design
The research would be conducted on quantitative research. According to Cresswell, in quantitative research, the investigator identifies a research problem based on trends in the field or on the need to explain why something occurs. Describing a trend means that the research problem can be answered best by a study in which the researcher seeks to establish the overall tendency of responses from individuals and to note how this tendency varies among people.24
Quantitative or numeric description of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population by studying a sample of that population. From sample result, the researcher generalizes or make claims about the population. In a experiment, the investigator may also identify a sample and generalize to a population; however, the basic intent of an experiment is to test the impact of a treatment (or an intervention) on an outcome, controlling for all other factors that might influence that outcome, which has pre-testand post-test experimental group design. The design can be represented as follows:25
24 John W.Creswell, Educational Research Planning,Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Reasearch, (New York: Pearson Education,2012), 4th Ed, p.153.
25Louis Cohen ,Research Methods in Education, (New York :Taylor &Francis Group, 2005), 5th Ed, p.213.
31
Experimental O1 X O2
Note :
O1 : Pre test of the experimental group X : Treatment
O2 : Post test from the experimental group
B. Variable and The Operational Definition of Variable
Variable is useful in the method section to relate the variables to the specific question an the instrument. There are two varibales in this research, while the operational definition of variables as follows:
1. Independent Variable
Independent variable of this research was different phonetics. The reasons are that the study of the phonetics of a foreign language gives us a better ability both to hear and to correct mistakes that we make, and also to teach pronunciation of the foreign language (in this case English) to others.
To measure this variable, the writer will use observation technique then the witer will let the students tries to pronuns well based on certain word provided by the writer. The writer will observe the students activities and the result of their pronounce.
The indicator of phonetic mastery in learning speaking is to to introduce the pronunciation of the English language correctly from the beginning to learners of English. Thus, it can be expected emergence of learners who are able to master the ways the correct pronunciation in
32
English so that eventually can use English fluently and accurately. The table below will show the criteria or the classification of students‟
phonetics mastery.
Table 5 : The Indicator of Phonetics Mastery
Classification Rating Demonstrated competence
Very High 9-10 The student
can utter or pronounce 90%-100% question correctly
High 7-8 The student
can utter or pronounce 70%-80% question correctly
Fair 5-6 The student
can utter or pronounce 50%-60% question correctly
Low <5 The student
can utter or pronounce
than 50% of question correctly.
2. Dependent Variable
Dependent variable of this research is the variable which are observed and measured to determine the effect of the independent variable.
Dependent of this research was student speaking performance. To measure this variable, the writer will use test that consists of pretest and posttest.
The pretest is the student have to speak their idea without concern in phonetics, meanwhile the posttest is the students have to speak fluently
33
with good pronounciation as a foreign accent. The indicators of speaking performance are students be able to do some tasks or questions in oral test in English. In which the speaker generates and used the language by expressing a sequence of ideas and to pronuns well. In this case, there was a process of to prepare the students to master foreign language use a good speaking.
Table 6 : Scoring Rubric of Speaking Performance
Note : 1 = Low 2 = Fair 3 = High 4 = Very High Final score = Obtained score X 100
Max. score
No Name Fluency Grammar Vocab Pronunciation Communicativeness
1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 2
3 4 Etc
34
The Measurement of Speaking Performance No. Score
Interval
Category
1 81-100 High
2 71-80 Fair
4 ≤ 70 Low
C. Population, Sample and Sampling Technique 1. Population
Population is a group of individuals who have the same characteristic. Moreover, Donald Ary stated that a population is defined as all members of any well-defined class of people, events, or objects.26It means that population is total number of subject or unit of analysis who has gather characteristics to contrast with others.
The population of this research were eighth graders students of SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro In The Academic Year Of 2017/2018. The total of population in this research is 128 students.
26 Donald Ary,et.al.,Intoduction to Research in Education , (Canada: Nelson Education,2010), 8th Ed, p.148.
35 Table 7.
The Number of Students of SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro
No. Class Total of Students
1 XI TKJ 1 30
2 XI TKJ 2 35
3 XI TKJ 3 28
4 XI TKJ 4 35
TOTAL 128
(Source: SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro)
2. Sample
Donald Ary stated that a sample is a portion of a population27whereas Creswell explained that a sample is a subgroup of the target population that the researcher plans to study for generalizing about the target population.28 It means that sample is small unit of population Conclusions about the overall sample would be equal to the individual from the sample was take, sample has the same features as a whole in the source (population). Therefore the writer will take one class, XI TKJ 1 class are sample consist of 30 students from the total population.
27 Ibid.
28 John W Creswell, , Educational Research, p. 142.
36 3. Sampling Technique
Sample is as a subset of population.29 It means that sample is the part of population which represents that population will be researched.
In order that each member of population in this research has an opportunity to become a sample, the writer decide to use cluster random sampling technique in this research.
Cluster Random sampling referred to the unit chosen is not an individual but, rather, a group of individuals who are naturally together. These individuals constitute a cluster in sofar as they are alike with respect to characteristics relevant to the variables of the study.30In getting the sample of the research the writer will use cluster random sampling technique. The sample based on population group of that have some characteristic. It means the writer has to draw 4 classes in order to get one class to be sample. From this method, the writer gets class XI TKJ 1 which consist of 30 students‟ as sample.
D. Data Collection Method
The researcher use the following steps in collecting the data.
1. Test
According to Creswell, a test is a set of stimuli presented to an individual in order to elicit responses on the basis of which a numerical
29Geoffrey Marczyket. al., Essential of Research Design and Methodology, (New Jersey:
John Willeyan Sons Inc., 2005), p. 84
30 Donald Ary, et al., Introduction to, p. 154.
37
score can be assigned.31 Moreover, the writer will use test as a data collection method to measure both of the variable. The measurement or assessment of phonetic mastery will use an oral test. The students were asked to utter or pronounce the words in monologue text. Some of them are words, phrases, sentences and also paragraphs.
a. Pre-Test
Pre-test was conducted before giving treatment. The material that was tested related to competence-based curriculum and suitable with the students‟ level, it was intended to know the students‟
competence in speaking performance. The oral test consists of pre-test and post-test. Meanwhile, post-test was administered to measure the students‟ progress and result of the teaching learning activities. The writer got the different of the result of the students‟ data of pre-test and post-test.
b. Post-Test
Post-test was given after conducting the treatment. It was given to know the students‟ improvement after they got the treatment. The writer ask the student to make a text form the provided word by the writer and the students will speak fluently with good intonation and pronunciation as a foreign accent.
31Ibid, p. 201.
38 2. Observation
The instrument will be used to observation method is observation tool. This instrument is used by the researcher to get information about the condition of students, teachers, and officials of SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro In The Academic Year Of 2017/2018.
3. Documentation
Documentation is method which used to get information from written source or document, either from book, magazine meeting report and others. The researcher used this method to know detail condition of the school, student, teacher, and history of SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro In The Academic Year Of 2017/2018
E. Research Instrument
1. Instrument Blueprint
To earn the data related to the research problems, the researcher designed with indicator which have been decided. The instrument which will be used in this research is Oral test.
Table 7.
The Instument Blue Print
No. Variable Indicators
Form of Test
1 X
Different Phonetics
The student speak with good pronunciation and intonation from certain word
Oral Test
39
provided by the writer, example: Stationary.
Such as : Book, Pencil
2 Y
Students‟ Speaking Performance
a. Student can pronunce the dialog fluently b. Student can read the dialog by using correct
pronunciation
c. Student practice and perform in front of class with your partner.
d. Student can speak with good pronunciation e. Student can speak with good intonation
Oral Test
2. Instrument Calibration
a. The instruments which will be use on speaking performance is oral test.
Pre-test was given before the treatment in order to identify how far the students‟ level on speaking performance. Post-test was given after the treatment, in order to identify the improvement of the students‟ level on speaking performance. The writer uses oral test which the students present their idea in front of the class.
b. The instrument which will be use in observation method is observation guidance, as follows:
1). Observation the location sketch of SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro
2). Observation the establishment of SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro