CHAPER II LITERATURE REVIEW
B. Theoretical Frame work
5. The Concept of Speaking
f. The lack of Contextual Teaching and Learning
1) Not all students can easily adapt with this strategy, because all aspects in this strategy relates with the daily love and experience.
2) For the student who left behind, they will always be left behind.
Because the successful of this strategy depends on the active and productive of the student also the effort of student itself. It will be very difficult for those who do not follow the step very well from the first until the end of the step.
3) CTL will be very difficult for the student who has high intellectual but does not capable in presenting by orally. Because speaking is soft skill, it needs to be developed continuously.
4) Teacher's rule seems to be not important, because this strategy does not allow them to lead and guide student. It looks like all the actions of student naturally created for student and from student.
Teacher just oversees how it works. And also, the place where this research took place pushes more into the student’s center.
5. The Concept of Speaking
more children listen their surrounding the more children sharpen their speaking skill.
Siahaan states that speaking is a productive skill. It means that it should be applied productively to build a good communication32. Because speaking emerges sound, so speaking should be understandable delivered by the speaker and the listener.
According to Bailey, speaking is an interaction process when more than one people process the exchange of ideas with the steps;
producing, receiving, processing, and the last is delivering. It continuously happens.
Fulcher defines speaking is tool or language for communicating. Speaking includes two or more people. Part of peaking is listener and speaker. Both of them create their own response while communicating They speak which is suitable with the intention.
Trying to create interaction with other people is the very first step that human life signifies of having a relationship. Interaction is a developed movement done by more than one people. In relationship, it is needed way to preserve it. A definition by Wilson, Communication is way to maintain good interaction in relationship. It involves logical and psychological. Both the speaker and listener know the direction of their speaking intention.
32 Anita Jati Laksana, The Effectiveness of Using…, Page 5
From those definitions, researcher concludes that speaking is the tool for communication that becomes a must have skill from ago until nowadays. Speaking is a skill that we should sharpen by applying every time. At least we have tried to speak it since we were child. But it is just “Innate” from born. It does not organize well and has no certain meaning. Therefore, for making it more perfect, it takes time and experience. By always doing interaction, speaking will continuously develop much better. Speaking seems like an abstract lesson. But in fact, it exists in one of the English fields which means speaking has its aspect and assessment.
b. The aims of Speaking
Speaking is social communication. Because people speak and express their idea. The aim is to be accepted and understood by surrounding. Speaking is supposed to be structural in delivering it.
According to Tarigan, here are the aims in speaking:
1) 33To inform
The listener or audience which listens we are speaking need certain aim of because what they listen to the speaker. Nothing else except gaining information from the speaker. As the speaker, we should bring any information they do not get before. Do not bring bare hands if we aim to speak to others. It seems that we will let the listeners get nothing.
33open.lib.umn.edu, General Purposes of speaking, accessed on November 20th 2022
2) To persuade
Persuade is an effort to pursue someone doing new action or behaviour after speaking. If listener really does the speaker’s talking, it means that they start to believe on what the speaker tells. The simple example is when you present about the recommendation of acne skincare and its variation to your friend (This step is on informing). But when you upgrade and give additional of your speaking into promoting your friend to buy your skincare recommendation is the next level of persuading.
Persuading is change people’s thinking and action.
3) To entertain
The function of speaking makes the listener enjoys while we are speaking. Don’t bring the listener too focus on the material even it is heavy. Package it as joy as possible. Bring the listener until they divert their daily problem from your attractive packaging. Content is important, but innate is more visible.
c. Kind of Speaking
As the teacher, they should teach the student as best as they can. Difference in student’s ability make the teacher thinks of many ways to handle class. For teaching English speaking, there are several techniques to be applied inside class for all student’s different background. Those are;
1) Interactive34
This technique means that we do speaking by interaction both listener and speaker. It can happen directly and indirectly. It provides same chance to both of them. (Chance for exchanging ideas, giving feedback and response, repetition, etc). the example of interactive speaking is face to to-face dialogue and telephone calls. The fact about teaching speaking to students in the classroom is using interactive speaking.
2) Partially Interactive
This technique is dominant done by partly people or one person only. The rest is just an audience. There is not much feedback or question given by the listener. It makes the listener just passive quiet. The example is speech, presentation, seminar, and etc.
3) Non-Interactive
This speaking technique is just done by few people.
Because they speak is just for themselves. They do not hope to be listened and accessed by others. They just practice for better fluency and accuracy. An example is singing exercise, recording a task, speech practicing, etc.
34 Paja Tapuih, Kind of speaking, December 2016, https://www.itapuih.com/, accessed on November 20th 2022
d. Assessment of Speaking
In teaching speaking, there are several assessments to be scored and see on how the student is able to speak clearly35. There are;
1) Fluency
Student should be able to speak fluently without long space, filler, long stop but clearly and structured.
2) Pronunciation
Pronouncing the word should be correct, it is included articulation, intonation, stressing, how the word sounded and etc.
3) Vocabulary
The choices of word should be attention, it has to be appropriate with the context of your speaking. Please pay attention to the purpose of your speaking, if it is for formal you better learn certain vocabulary needed. If it is informal you may use any kind of vocabulary.
4) Accuracy
This step is on how the speaker can speak accurately, including grammar, pronunciation, and all aspects.
5) Interaction
Because speaking is delivering theory or idea, the speaker should be able to attract and interact the audience very well.
Speaker has to bring the audience into their speaking. Attracting is
35 Manuel Campos, https://englishpost.org/, How to Assess speaking skills in the ESL classroom, August 6th 2022
when the audience starts to listen carefully to you. Interacting is when your audience response to your. From both of those, it means that audience and speaker have good chemistry while speaking.
6) Communication
Same as interaction, speaker must communicate and delivery the ideas to others. Don’t be monotone speaker who speaks based on his will. Bring your speaking as two-way communication.
e. Speaking assessment in the classroom
Assessing the speaking is fundamental, remembering that it is the central of language teaching from Hartley and Sporing. Speaking generally with the speaking assessment in the school are different.
Generally, speaking is a usual thing that all people can do it. But, when we are learning, all aspects need to be assessed. Bachman states that Scoring needs to be emphasized with the theory; those are validity, reliability and efficiency36.
1) Validity from Bachman is measuring the content of speaking that matches the course of the study. Matching here is when the speaking is clicked to the objective meaning the from syllabus where the syntax of topic exists.
36 Kim Hyun Sook, The types of speaking assessment tasks used by Korean Junior Secondary school English teachers
2) Reliability is defined as consistency and stability of measurement from Bachman & Palmer37. The speaking can be said it is reliable if it is conducted several times using the same subject. By that, the tester can get the good result they want.
3) Efficiency is talking about time. the speaker is better to deliver their speaking as short time as possible. They are demanded to shorten the discussion but it is still delivered very well. The meaning and the feeling should be delivered to the listeners.
37 Reliability of Speaking Proficiency Tests, https://ukdiss.com/examples/english- teaching-is-a-very-important.php, Published 21st December 2021
47 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Research Background
This research uses qualitative approach. As we know that qualitative approach is non numerical data. 38It aims to understand the concept, opinion and even experience. This research has a goal to gain many insights of problem deeply or result new idea in it. Qualitative is commonly used for analyse social problem and humanity.
The research design used by the researcher is case study research type.
Case study design focuses on one phenomenal only39. In this case the researcher focuses on how she gives recent strategy innovation to be tested to the student about Contextual Teaching and Learning Strategy. So that for the participant and place are determined perfectly, and the procedure is descriptive which means that the data is a printed word and spoken from the informant the researcher observed.
For presenting the data, the researcher uses descriptive qualitative technique. This technique means the description on how the story is told deeply and perfectly. 40Descriptive research theory is the study of how human beings experience the world, and narrative researchers compile these stories via in-depth interviews and write narratives about the experience; definition from Gudmundsdottir. The researcher narrates how Contextual Teaching and
38Pritha Bhandari, What Is Qualitative Research? | Methods & Examples, June 2020
39 Lissie Hoover, Qualitative research design and method, Published November 3rd 2021, Grand Canyon University Blog
40Theories In Qualitative Research Theory, https://www.ipl.org/
Learning strategies can be implemented to teach students speaking skills. She narrates and focuses on telling the story of its strategy deeply. Whether the story is inside a class, constraint, problem, advantage, etc.
B. Research Location
The research location needs to be decided to gain data that is suitable to the research problem. Location is chosen because the existence of gap and the uniqueness of activity run by that place which latter is decided as the place where it can support the research. This research is conducted in SMA NURIS JEMBER at Jl. Pangandaran 48 Antirogo Sumbersari Jember. First time, the researcher explains the reason why she chooses this location. Except the problem that is appeared, this school has the uniqueness that other school does not. The background of this school is a boarding school. So, most of the activities from school is limited. Moreover, to the girl student. They seldom do additional activity outside the learning schedule. It makes the researcher has high curiosity how to maximize the learning time effectively.
For curriculum 13, SMA NURIS Jember is using Project Based Learning for supporting their learning process. Student is forced for always creating new project minimally in every Chapter. The project can be task and product, depend on the material. But in teaching English, teacher mostly uses product (2D poster, writing task or performant). After passing several times for doing mini observation, the researcher interests to raise the problem until become the study. Analysis unit of this research encompasses one class in X
grade. It means the analysis unit is a group of students or the total of all students in a certain class.