• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

5 AW

N/A
N/A
diza 003

Academic year: 2025

Membagikan "5 AW"

Copied!
26
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

Aplikasi Hubungan Uang dan Waktu:

Evaluasi Alternatif

(2)

Prinsip Dasar Hubungan Uang dan

Waktu

Menentukan Tingkat Keuntungan

Ekonomis

(3)

Metode Evaluasi

Metode Nilai Ekivalen

Metode Laju Pengembalian Internal

Metode Periode Pengembalian

(4)

Metode Nilai Ekivalen

• Metode nilai sekarang (present worth, PW)

• Metode nilai masa depan (future worth, FW)

• Metode nilai tahunan (annual worth, AW)

Dilakukan dengan mengkonversi semua aliran kas (cash flows) dari alternatif investasi ke dalam nilai ekivalennya pada suatu titik acuan waktu tertentu, dengan tingkat pengembalian tertentu yang disebut tingkat pengembalian minimum yang menguntungkan (minimum attractive rate of return, MARR).

(5)

Metode Laju Pengembalian Internal ( internal rate of return, IRR )

Menentukan tingkat pengembalian yang dihasilkan dari investasi dan membandingkannya dengan MARR.

Metode Periode Pengembalian ( payback period )

Menunjukkan seberapa cepat suatu investasi dapat terbayar oleh pemasukan yang dihasilkannya.

(6)

Minimum Attractive Rate of Return (MARR)

• Ditentukan oleh investor

• Beberapa hal yang menjadi pertimbangan dalam menentukan MARR, antara lain:

• Jumlah dan sumber uang yang tersedia untuk investasi.

• Jumlah dan tujuan proyek yang tersedia untuk investasi.

• Besarnya risiko yang terkait dengan investasi dan perkiraan biaya pengelolaan proyek.

• Jenis organisasi yang terlibat.

(7)

WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital)

Biaya modal tertimbang dari berbagai sumber modal sesuai dengan komposisi masing-masing.

E= nilai pasar dari equity

D= nilai pasar dari pinjaman

r

e

= biaya equity

r

d

= biaya pinjaman

t = tingkat pajak perusahaan

𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 = 𝐸𝐸

𝐸𝐸 + 𝐷𝐷 𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒 + 𝐷𝐷

𝐸𝐸 + 𝐷𝐷 𝑟𝑟𝐷𝐷 1 − 𝑡𝑡

(8)

Metode AW

• Nilai tahunan dari suatu proyek adalah sederet jumlah uang tahunan yang sama selama periode studi tertentu, yang ekivalen dengan

aliran kas masuk dan keluar pada tingkat bunga sama dengan MARR.

• Nilai AW dari suatu proyek adalah pendapatan atau penghematan ekivalen tahunan (R) dikurangi dengan pengeluaran ekivalen

tahunan (E) dikurangi jumlah perolehan modal (capital recovery) ekivalen tahunan (CR) selama N periode.

• AW(i%) = R - E – CR(i%)

merubah arus kas menjadi nilai tahunan

(9)

• Perolehan modal (capital recovery, CR) adalah biaya tahunan seragam ekivalen dari modal yang diinvestasikan.

• Nilai CR merupakan biaya yang mewakili dua hal:

• Kerugian dalam nilai aset (depresiasi)

• Bunga atas modal yang diinvestasikan (pada tingkat bunga = MARR)

)

%, , / ( )

%, , / (

%)

(i I A P i N S A F i N

CR = −

Dimana, I = investasi awal, dapat dibagi dalam beberapa periode S = nilai sisa (harga pasar) pada akhir periode studi

N = periode studi

(10)

Capital Recovery (CR)

Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 6 Authored by: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.

Capital Recovery (CR) is the annualized equivalent of the initial investment P

0

and the annualized amount of the future salvage value F

n

CR = the equivalent annual worth of the asset

CR is a function of {P, S, i%, and “n” }

(11)

Capital Recovery (CR)

Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 6 Authored by: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.

Given:

Convert to:

0 1 2 3 N-1 N

P0

FN

$A per year (CR) P0

FN

0 1 2 3 N-1 N

……….

S

……….

(12)

Contoh

Sebuah perusahaan sedang mempertimbangkan untuk membangun kompleks apartemen yang terdiri dari 25 unit di sebuah kota yang sedang berkembang. Karena potensi pertumbuhan kota yang baik, diperkirakan bahwa tingkat hunian dapat mencapai rata-rata 90%

setiap tahun. Informasi aliran kas seputar investasi diperkirakan sebagai berikut:

Jika MARR ditetapkan 12% per tahun, berapa biaya sewa bulanan minimum yang dikenakan? Gunakan metode nilai tahunan (AW).

Biaya investasi atas tanah $50,000

Biaya investasi bangunan $225,000

Periode studi 20 tahun

Biaya pemeliharaan per unit per bulan $35

Pajak properti dan asuransi per tahun 10% dari investasi total

Tabel investasi arus kas

(13)

Nilai ekivalen tahunan dari biaya-biaya = -$27,500 - $9,450 - $36,123 = -$73,073

Untuk menghasilkan pengembalian tepat 12%, pendapatan sewa

tahunan, dengan tingkat hunian 90%, harus sama dengan nilai tahunan ekivalen dari biaya-biaya.

Sehingga, biaya sewa bulanan:

Biaya investasi awal = $50,000 + $225,000 = $275,000 Pajak dan asuransi per tahun = 0.1($275,000) = $27,500

Pemeliharaan per tahun = $35(12 x 25)(0.9) = $9,450

Biaya CR per tahun = $275,000(A/P,12%,20) - $50,000(A/F,12%,20)

= $36,123

(

127325073

)( )

0.9 $270.64 ,

$ =

= ×

nilai sisa tanah

pajak pemeliharaan CR

(14)

COMPARING ALTERNATIVES

(15)

Comparing Alternatives

Part of Engineering Economy is the selection and execution of the best alternative from among a set of feasible alternatives

Alternatives must be generated from within the organization

 One of the roles of engineers!

In part, the role of the engineer to properly evaluate alternatives from a technical and economic view

Must generate a set of feasible alternatives to solve a specific problem/concern

Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 5 Authored By: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.

(16)

Two types of investment categories:

• Mutually Exclusive Set

• Independent Project Set

Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 5 Authored By: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.

(17)

Mutually Exclusive Alternatives

Mutually Exclusive set is where a candidate set of alternatives exist (more than one)

Objective: Pick one and only one from the set

Once selected, the remaining alternatives are excluded

Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 5 Authored By: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.

(18)

Independent Project Set

Given a set of alternatives (more than one)

The objective is to:

• Select the best possible combination of projects from the set that will optimize a given criteria

• Subjects to constraints

• More difficult problem than the mutually exclusive approach

Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 5 Authored By: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.

(19)

Type of Alternatives

Revenue/Cost – the alternatives consist of cash inflow and cash outflows (alternatif investasi)

• Select the alternative with the maximum economic value

Service – the alternatives consist mainly of cost elements

(alternatif biaya)

• Select the alternative with the minimum economic value (min. cost alternative)

Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 5 Authored By: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.

(20)

Methods

• Metode Nilai Ekivalen (PW / AW Method)

• Metode Tingkat Pengembalian (IRR Method)

(21)

Annual Worth Method

Advantages and Uses of Annual Worth

Popular Analysis Technique

Easily understood – results are reported in $/time period

Eliminates the LCM problem associated with the present worth method

 Only have to evaluate one life cycle of a project

If two or more alternatives possess unequal lives, then one need only evaluate the AW for any given cycle

The annual worth of one cycle is the same as the annual worth of the other cycles (by assumption)

Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 6 Authored by: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.

Metode analisis paling umum digunakkan akrena lebih sederhana (tdk perlu penyesiaian usia pakai)

(22)

Example: 6-year & 9-year Problem

Need an 18-year study period for both

Present Worth would mandate a 18-year study period

• 3 Cycles of the 6-year project

• 2 cycles of the 9-year project

• Means a lot of calculation time!

Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 6 Authored by: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.

6-year Project 6-year Project 6-year Project 9-year Project 9-year Project

(23)

• If one assumes the cash flow patterns remain the same for the 6- and 9-year projects,

then all one has to do is:

Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 6 Authored by: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.

6-year Project

9-year Project

Find the AW of any 6 – year cycle

Find the annual worth of any 9- year cycle

And then compare the AW6 yr to AW9 yr.

(24)

EXAMPLE

Two alternatives are considered for covering a football field.

The first is to plant natural grass and the second is to install AstroTurf (artificial carpet). Interest rate is 10%/year.

Assume the field is to last a “long time”.

Natural Grass -- Replanting will be required each 10 years at a cost of

$10,000. Annual cost for maintenance is $5,000. Equipment must be

purchased for $50,000, which will be replaced after 5 years with a salvage value of $5,000

Artificial Carpet – PW for perpetual life project is $150,000, and annual maintenance is $5,000/year

Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 6 Authored by: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.

(25)

Natural Grass

Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 6 Authored by: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

A = $5,000

F5 = $5,000

P = $50,000+ $10,000

F5 = $5,000

F5=$50,000

AW = (+) $60,000 (A/P,10%,10) (+) $5,000 (already an annual cost)

(+) $50,000 (P/F,10%,5)(A/P,10%,10) (-) $5,000 (P/F,10%,5)(A/P,10%,10) (-) $5,000 (A/F,10%,10) = $ 19,046/year = nilai pengeluaran

(26)

Artificial Carpet

• A = P(i) for a perpetual life project

Annual Cost of Installation = $150,000 (.10) = $15,000/ year

• Annual Maintenance = $5,000/year

• Total: $15,000 + $5,000 = $20,000/Yr Choose A, cost less per year!

Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 6 Authored by: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

Menurut Hendy (2008:53), DDM adalah suatu metode penilaian saham yang menggunakan nilai sekarang dari dividen yang diharapkan dimasa depan dan setiap perubahan dalam