Aplikasi Hubungan Uang dan Waktu:
Evaluasi Alternatif
Prinsip Dasar Hubungan Uang dan
Waktu
Menentukan Tingkat Keuntungan
Ekonomis
Metode Evaluasi
Metode Nilai Ekivalen
Metode Laju Pengembalian Internal
Metode Periode Pengembalian
Metode Nilai Ekivalen
• Metode nilai sekarang (present worth, PW)
• Metode nilai masa depan (future worth, FW)
• Metode nilai tahunan (annual worth, AW)
Dilakukan dengan mengkonversi semua aliran kas (cash flows) dari alternatif investasi ke dalam nilai ekivalennya pada suatu titik acuan waktu tertentu, dengan tingkat pengembalian tertentu yang disebut tingkat pengembalian minimum yang menguntungkan (minimum attractive rate of return, MARR).
Metode Laju Pengembalian Internal ( internal rate of return, IRR )
Menentukan tingkat pengembalian yang dihasilkan dari investasi dan membandingkannya dengan MARR.
Metode Periode Pengembalian ( payback period )
Menunjukkan seberapa cepat suatu investasi dapat terbayar oleh pemasukan yang dihasilkannya.
Minimum Attractive Rate of Return (MARR)
• Ditentukan oleh investor
• Beberapa hal yang menjadi pertimbangan dalam menentukan MARR, antara lain:
• Jumlah dan sumber uang yang tersedia untuk investasi.
• Jumlah dan tujuan proyek yang tersedia untuk investasi.
• Besarnya risiko yang terkait dengan investasi dan perkiraan biaya pengelolaan proyek.
• Jenis organisasi yang terlibat.
WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital)
•
Biaya modal tertimbang dari berbagai sumber modal sesuai dengan komposisi masing-masing.
•
E= nilai pasar dari equity
•
D= nilai pasar dari pinjaman
•
r
e= biaya equity
•
r
d= biaya pinjaman
•
t = tingkat pajak perusahaan
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 = 𝐸𝐸
𝐸𝐸 + 𝐷𝐷 𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒 + 𝐷𝐷
𝐸𝐸 + 𝐷𝐷 𝑟𝑟𝐷𝐷 1 − 𝑡𝑡
Metode AW
• Nilai tahunan dari suatu proyek adalah sederet jumlah uang tahunan yang sama selama periode studi tertentu, yang ekivalen dengan
aliran kas masuk dan keluar pada tingkat bunga sama dengan MARR.
• Nilai AW dari suatu proyek adalah pendapatan atau penghematan ekivalen tahunan (R) dikurangi dengan pengeluaran ekivalen
tahunan (E) dikurangi jumlah perolehan modal (capital recovery) ekivalen tahunan (CR) selama N periode.
• AW(i%) = R - E – CR(i%)
merubah arus kas menjadi nilai tahunan
• Perolehan modal (capital recovery, CR) adalah biaya tahunan seragam ekivalen dari modal yang diinvestasikan.
• Nilai CR merupakan biaya yang mewakili dua hal:
• Kerugian dalam nilai aset (depresiasi)
• Bunga atas modal yang diinvestasikan (pada tingkat bunga = MARR)
)
%, , / ( )
%, , / (
%)
(i I A P i N S A F i N
CR = −
Dimana, I = investasi awal, dapat dibagi dalam beberapa periode S = nilai sisa (harga pasar) pada akhir periode studi
N = periode studi
Capital Recovery (CR)
Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 6 Authored by: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.
Capital Recovery (CR) is the annualized equivalent of the initial investment P
0and the annualized amount of the future salvage value F
nCR = the equivalent annual worth of the asset
CR is a function of {P, S, i%, and “n” }
Capital Recovery (CR)
Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 6 Authored by: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.
•Given:
•Convert to:
0 1 2 3 N-1 N
P0
FN
$A per year (CR) P0
FN
0 1 2 3 N-1 N
……….
S
……….
Contoh
Sebuah perusahaan sedang mempertimbangkan untuk membangun kompleks apartemen yang terdiri dari 25 unit di sebuah kota yang sedang berkembang. Karena potensi pertumbuhan kota yang baik, diperkirakan bahwa tingkat hunian dapat mencapai rata-rata 90%
setiap tahun. Informasi aliran kas seputar investasi diperkirakan sebagai berikut:
Jika MARR ditetapkan 12% per tahun, berapa biaya sewa bulanan minimum yang dikenakan? Gunakan metode nilai tahunan (AW).
Biaya investasi atas tanah $50,000
Biaya investasi bangunan $225,000
Periode studi 20 tahun
Biaya pemeliharaan per unit per bulan $35
Pajak properti dan asuransi per tahun 10% dari investasi total
Tabel investasi arus kas
Nilai ekivalen tahunan dari biaya-biaya = -$27,500 - $9,450 - $36,123 = -$73,073
Untuk menghasilkan pengembalian tepat 12%, pendapatan sewa
tahunan, dengan tingkat hunian 90%, harus sama dengan nilai tahunan ekivalen dari biaya-biaya.
Sehingga, biaya sewa bulanan:
Biaya investasi awal = $50,000 + $225,000 = $275,000 Pajak dan asuransi per tahun = 0.1($275,000) = $27,500
Pemeliharaan per tahun = $35(12 x 25)(0.9) = $9,450
Biaya CR per tahun = $275,000(A/P,12%,20) - $50,000(A/F,12%,20)
= $36,123
(
127325073)( )
0.9 $270.64 ,$ =
= ×
nilai sisa tanah
pajak pemeliharaan CR
COMPARING ALTERNATIVES
Comparing Alternatives
•
Part of Engineering Economy is the selection and execution of the best alternative from among a set of feasible alternatives
•
Alternatives must be generated from within the organization
One of the roles of engineers!
•
In part, the role of the engineer to properly evaluate alternatives from a technical and economic view
•
Must generate a set of feasible alternatives to solve a specific problem/concern
Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 5 Authored By: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.
Two types of investment categories:
• Mutually Exclusive Set
• Independent Project Set
Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 5 Authored By: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.
Mutually Exclusive Alternatives
•
Mutually Exclusive set is where a candidate set of alternatives exist (more than one)
•
Objective: Pick one and only one from the set
•
Once selected, the remaining alternatives are excluded
Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 5 Authored By: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.
Independent Project Set
•
Given a set of alternatives (more than one)
•
The objective is to:
• Select the best possible combination of projects from the set that will optimize a given criteria
• Subjects to constraints
• More difficult problem than the mutually exclusive approach
Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 5 Authored By: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.
Type of Alternatives
•
Revenue/Cost – the alternatives consist of cash inflow and cash outflows (alternatif investasi)
• Select the alternative with the maximum economic value
•
Service – the alternatives consist mainly of cost elements
(alternatif biaya)• Select the alternative with the minimum economic value (min. cost alternative)
Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 5 Authored By: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.
Methods
• Metode Nilai Ekivalen (PW / AW Method)
• Metode Tingkat Pengembalian (IRR Method)
Annual Worth Method
Advantages and Uses of Annual Worth
•
Popular Analysis Technique
•
Easily understood – results are reported in $/time period
•
Eliminates the LCM problem associated with the present worth method
Only have to evaluate one life cycle of a project
•
If two or more alternatives possess unequal lives, then one need only evaluate the AW for any given cycle
•
The annual worth of one cycle is the same as the annual worth of the other cycles (by assumption)
Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 6 Authored by: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.
Metode analisis paling umum digunakkan akrena lebih sederhana (tdk perlu penyesiaian usia pakai)
Example: 6-year & 9-year Problem
•
Need an 18-year study period for both
•
Present Worth would mandate a 18-year study period
• 3 Cycles of the 6-year project
• 2 cycles of the 9-year project
• Means a lot of calculation time!
Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 6 Authored by: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.
6-year Project 6-year Project 6-year Project 9-year Project 9-year Project
• If one assumes the cash flow patterns remain the same for the 6- and 9-year projects,
then all one has to do is:
Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 6 Authored by: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.
6-year Project
9-year Project
Find the AW of any 6 – year cycle
Find the annual worth of any 9- year cycle
And then compare the AW6 yr to AW9 yr.
EXAMPLE
Two alternatives are considered for covering a football field.
The first is to plant natural grass and the second is to install AstroTurf (artificial carpet). Interest rate is 10%/year.
Assume the field is to last a “long time”.
Natural Grass -- Replanting will be required each 10 years at a cost of
$10,000. Annual cost for maintenance is $5,000. Equipment must be
purchased for $50,000, which will be replaced after 5 years with a salvage value of $5,000
Artificial Carpet – PW for perpetual life project is $150,000, and annual maintenance is $5,000/year
Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 6 Authored by: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.
Natural Grass
Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 6 Authored by: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A = $5,000
F5 = $5,000
P = $50,000+ $10,000
F5 = $5,000
F5=$50,000
AW = (+) $60,000 (A/P,10%,10) (+) $5,000 (already an annual cost)
(+) $50,000 (P/F,10%,5)(A/P,10%,10) (-) $5,000 (P/F,10%,5)(A/P,10%,10) (-) $5,000 (A/F,10%,10) = $ 19,046/year = nilai pengeluaran
Artificial Carpet
• A = P(i) for a perpetual life project
Annual Cost of Installation = $150,000 (.10) = $15,000/ year
• Annual Maintenance = $5,000/year
• Total: $15,000 + $5,000 = $20,000/Yr Choose A, cost less per year!
Blank & Tarquin: 5th Edition. Ch. 6 Authored by: Dr. Don Smith, Texas A&M University.