! ! ! ! !
!
!
E-Learning by Design
2nd Edition
By
William Horton
! ! ! ! !
!
!
v!
Contents
!
1 D ESIGNING E - LEARNING ... 1
What is e-learning? 1!
b4A'1'*'#1!#A!4K34F&1'1(! .!
cF&'4*'47!#A!4K34F&1'1(! ,!
What is e-learning design? 2!
6*F&*!P'*)!(##>!'17*&@:*'#1F3!>47'(1! J!
<$$3%!>47'(1!*#!F33!@1'*7!#A!4K34F&1'1(! d!
Design quickly and reliably 8!
9>41*'A%!%#@&!@1>4&3%'1(!(#F3! .-!
<1F3%Z4!34F&14&7Q!144>7!F1>!F/'3'*'47! .J!
9>41*'A%!P)F*!*#!*4F:)! .I!
64*!34F&1'1(!#/S4:*'=47! .e!
9>41*'A%!$&4&4V@'7'*47! ,e!
?':G!*)4!F$$&#F:)!*#!B44*!4F:)!#/S4:*'=4! Jd!
b4:'>4!*)4!*4F:)'1(!74V@41:4!#A!%#@&!#/S4:*'=47! I,!
"&4F*4!#/S4:*7!*#!F::#B$3'7)!#/S4:*'=47! IL!
"&4F*4!*47*7! d-!
6434:*!34F&1'1(!F:*'='*'47! d.!
")##74!B4>'F! e.!
Then redesign again and again 64!
W4K>47'(1!/@*!>#!1#*!&4$4F*! ed!
\#*!%#@&!74V@41*'F3!<bb9f!$&#:477! ed!
EFG4!7*4F>%!$&#(&477! ed!
In closing … 66!
6@BBF&%! ee!
H#&!B#&4!g! ee!
! ! ! ! ! vi ! Table of contents ! E-Learning by Design
!
2 A BSORB - TYPE ACTIVITIES ... 67
!About Absorb activities 67!
"#BB#1!*%$47!#A!</7#&/!F:*'='*'47! eD!
2)41!*#!A4F*@&4!</7#&/!F:*'='*'47! eD!
Presentations 69!
</#@*!$&4741*F*'#17! eC!
U%$47!#A!$&4741*F*'#17! L-!
M47*!$&F:*':47!A#&!$&4741*F*'#17! DI!
f`*41>!$&4741*F*'#1!F:*'='*'47! C,!
Readings 93!
</#@*!&4F>'1(!F:*'='*'47! CJ!
<77'(1!'1>'='>@F3!>#:@B41*7! Cd!
"&4F*4!F1!#13'14!3'/&F&%! CD!
W43%!#1!91*4&14*!&47#@&:47! CC!
M47*!$&F:*':47!A#&!&4F>'1(!F:*'='*'47! .-.!
f`*41>!&4F>'1(!F:*'='*'47! .-J!
Stories by a teacher 105!
</#@*!7)F&'1(!7*#&'47! .-d!
U433!7*#&'47!*)F*!F$$3%!*#!34F&14&7! .-L!
M47*!$&F:*':47!A#&!7*#&'47!/%!F!*4F:)4&! ..-!
f`*41>!7*#&'47!/%!F!*4F:)4&! ...!
Field trips 112!
</#@*!A'43>!*&'$7! ..J!
[@'>4>!*#@&7! ..J!
c'&*@F3!B@74@B7! ..C!
M47*!$&F:*':47!A#&!A'43>!*&'$7! .,J!
f`*41>!A'43>K*&'$!F:*'='*'47! .,e!
In closing … 127!
6@BBF&%! .,L!
?':G!</7#&/!F:*'='*'47!*#!F::#B$3'7)!#/S4:*'=47! .,L!
H#&!B#&4!g! .,D!
! ! ! ! ! E-Learning by Design " Table of contents " vii
!
Table of contents
3 D O - TYPE ACTIVITIES ... 129
!About Do activities 129!
"#BB#1!*%$47!#A!b#!F:*'='*'47! .,C!
2)41!*#!A4F*@&4!b#!F:*'='*'47! .J-!
Practice activities 130!
</#@*!$&F:*':4!F:*'='*'47! .J-!
b&'33KF1>K$&F:*':4!F:*'='*'47! .J,!
OF1>7K#1!F:*'='*'47! .JJ!
[@'>4>KF1F3%7'7!F:*'='*'47! .JL!
M47*!$&F:*':47!A#&!$&F:*':4!F:*'='*'47! .IJ!
f`*41>!$&F:*':4!F:*'='*'47! .II!
Discovery activities 146!
</#@*!>'7:#=4&%!F:*'='*'47! .Ie!
c'&*@F3K3F/#&F*#&%!F:*'='*'47! .IL!
"F74!7*@>'47! .d,!
M47*!$&F:*':47!A#&!>'7:#=4&%!F:*'='*'47! .dd!
f`*41>!>'7:#=4&%!F:*'='*'47! .de!
Games and simulations 157!
X74!(FB47!F7!7'1(34!F:*'='*'47! .dL!
f`*41>!(FB4!F:*'='*'47! .e-!
In closing … 161!
6@BBF&%! .e.!
?':G!b#!F:*'='*%!*#!F::#B$3'7)!34F&1'1(!#/S4:*'=4! .e,!
H#&!B#&4!g! .e,!
4 C ONNECT - TYPE ACTIVITIES ... 163
!About Connect activities 163!
"#BB#1!*%$47!#A!"#114:*!F:*'='*'47! .eI!
2)41!*#!A4F*@&4!"#114:*!F:*'='*'47! .eI!
Ponder activities 166!
</#@*!$#1>4&!F:*'='*'47! .ee!
W)4*#&':F3!V@47*'#17! .eL!
E4>'*F*'#1!F:*'='*'47! .eD!
"'*4K4`FB$34!F:*'='*'47! .L.!
! ! ! ! ! viii ! Table of contents ! E-Learning by Design
!
f=F3@F*'#1!F:*'='*'47! .L,!
6@BBF&%!F:*'='*'47! .LI!
f`*41>!$#1>4&!F:*'='*'47! .Ld!
Questioning activities 176!
2)%!@74!V@47*'#1'1(!F:*'='*'47R! .LL!
f1:#@&F(4!34F&14&7!*#!F7G!*)4!&'()*!$4#$34! .LL!
f1:#@&F(4!(##>!V@47*'#17! .LC!
917'7*!#1!(##>!F17P4&7! .D-!
M47*!$&F:*':47!'1!V@47*'#1'1(!F:*'='*'47! .D.!
E4:)F1'7B!A#&!F7G'1(!V@47*'#17! .D.!
f1F/34!V@47*'#1'1(!F*!*)4!&'()*!*'B4! .D,!
<77477!34F&14&7!F1>!34F&1'1(! .D,!
f`*41>!V@47*'#1'1(!F:*'='*'47! .DJ!
Stories by learners 184!
OF=4!34F&14&7!*433!7*#&'47! .DI!
[##>!7*#&'47!F&4!)F&>!*#!*433! .Dd!
f=F3@F*4!7*#&%*433'1(!AF'&3%! .Dd!
M47*!$&F:*':47!A#&!7*#&%*433'1(!F:*'='*'47! .De!
f`*41>!7*#&%*433'1(!F:*'='*'47! .De!
Job aids 187!
</#@*!S#/!F'>7! .DL!
[3#77F&'47! .DD!
"F3:@3F*#&7! .C,!
fK:#17@3*F1*7! .CJ!
M47*!$&F:*':47!A#&!S#/!F'>7! .CI!
f`*41>!S#/!F'>7! .Cd!
Research activities 196!
</#@*!&474F&:)!F:*'='*'47! .Ce!
6:F=41(4&!)@1*7! .CD!
[@'>4>!&474F&:)! ,--!
M47*!$&F:*':47!A#&!&474F&:)!F:*'='*'47! ,-J!
f`*41>!&474F&:)!F:*'='*'47! ,-e!
Original-work activities 207!
</#@*!#&'('1F3KP#&G!F:*'='*'47! ,-L!
! ! ! ! ! E-Learning by Design " Table of contents " ix
!
Table of contents
b4:'7'#1!F:*'='*'47! ,-D!
2#&GK>#:@B41*!F:*'='*'47! ,-D!
0#@&1F3!F:*'='*'47! ,.-!
M47*!$&F:*':47!A#&!#&'('1F3KP#&G!F:*'='*'47! ,..!
f`*41>!#&'('1F3KP#&G!F:*'='*'47! ,.,!
In closing … 213!
6@BBF&%! ,.J!
?':G!"#114:*!F:*'='*'47!*#!F::#B$3'7)!34F&1'1(!#/S4:*'=47! ,.J!
H#&!B#&4!g! ,.I!
5 T ESTS ... 215
!Decide why you are testing 215!
2)41!F&4!A#&BF3!*47*7!144>4>R! ,.e!
2)%!F&4!%#@!*47*'1(R! ,.e!
2)F*!>#!%#@!)#$4!*#!F::#B$3'7)R! ,.L!
2)F*!>#!%#@!PF1*!*#!B4F7@&4R! ,.D!
Measure accomplishment of objectives 219! Select the right type of “question” 220!
"#17'>4&!*)4!*%$4!V@47*'#1!%#@!144>! ,,-!
"#BB#1!*%$47!#A!*47*!V@47*'#17! ,,.!
U&@4aAF374!V@47*'#17! ,,,!
?':GK#14!V@47*'#17! ,,d!
?':GKB@3*'$34!V@47*'#17! ,,D!
H'33K'1K*)4K/3F1G7!V@47*'#17! ,J.!
EF*:)'1(K3'7*!V@47*'#17! ,JI!
64V@41:4K*%$4!V@47*'#17! ,Jd!
"#B$#7'*'#1!V@47*'#17! ,JL!
?4&A#&BF1:4!V@47*'#17! ,I-!
?':G!*%$4!V@47*'#1!/%!*%$4!#/S4:*'=4! ,I,!
Write effective questions 243!
H#33#P!*)4!7*F1>F&>!V@47*'#1!A#&BF*! ,IJ!
<7G!V@47*'#17!7'B$3%!F1>!>'&4:*3%! ,II!
EFG4!F17P4&'1(!B4F1'1(A@3! ,dd!
")F3341(4!*47*K*FG4&7! ,dD!
! ! ! ! ! x ! Table of contents ! E-Learning by Design
!
Combine questions effectively 260!
<7G!41#@()!V@47*'#17! ,e.!
EFG4!7@&4!#14!V@47*'#1!>#47!1#*!F17P4&!F1#*)4&! ,e.!
64V@41:4!*47*!V@47*'#17!4AA4:*'=43%! ,e,!
cF&%!*)4!A#&B!#A!V@47*'#17!F1>!F17P4&7! ,e,!
Give significant feedback 263!
W4$#&*!*47*!7:#&47!7'B$3%! ,eJ!
?&#='>4!:#B$34*4!'1A#&BF*'#1! ,eJ!
[41*3%!:#&&4:*!P(!F17P4&7! ,ed!
<=#'>!P'B$%!A44>/F:G! ,ee!
['=4!A44>/F:G!F*!*)4!&'()*!*'B4! ,ee!
Advance your testing 269!
O'1*!A'&7*! ,eC!
X74!F>=F1:4>!*47*'1(!:F$F/'3'*'47! ,eC!
E#1'*#&!&47@3*7! ,LJ!
EFG4!*47*7!AF'&!*#!F33!34F&14&7! ,LJ!
U47*!4F&3%!F1>!#A*41! ,Ld!
64*!*)4!&'()*!$F77'1(!7:#&4! ,Le!
b4A'14!F!7:F34!#A!(&F>47! ,LD!
?&4K*47*!*#!$&#$43!34F&14&7! ,LD!
Explain the test 280!
?&4$F&4!34F&14&7!*#!*FG4!*)4!*47*! ,D-!
h44$!34F&14&7!'1!:#1*! ,D.!
Consider alternatives to formal tests 281! X74!B#&4!*)F1!A#&BF38!(&F>4>!*47*7! ,D,! O43$!34F&14&7!/@'3>!$#&*A#3'#7! ,D,!
OF=4!34F&14&7!:#334:*!*#G417! ,D,!
<>F$*!*47*'1(!*#!7#:'F3!34F&1'1(! ,D,!
<>F$*!*47*'1(!*#!B#/'34!34F&1'1(! ,DJ!
In closing … 283!
6@BBF&%! ,DJ!
H#&!B#&4!g! ,DI!
! ! ! ! ! E-Learning by Design " Table of contents " xi
!
Table of contents
6 T OPICS ... 285
!What are topics? 285!
U#$':7!F&4!34F&1'1(!#/S4:*7! ,Dd!
f`FB$347!#A!*#$':7! ,De!
<1F*#B%!#A!F!*#$':! ,CJ!
Design the components of the topic 294!
U'*34!*)4!*#$':! ,CI!
91*&#>@:4!*)4!*#$':! ,Ce!
U47*!34F&1'1(!'1!*)4!*#$':! ,CC!
6$4:'A%!34F&1'1(!F:*'='*'47!A#&!*)4!*#$':! J-.!
6@BBF&'Z4!*)4!*#$':! J-J!
i'1G!*#!&43F*4>!BF*4&'F3! J-d!
2&'*4!B4*F>F*F! J-L!
b47'(1!:#B$#141*7!3#(':F33%!F1>!4:#1#B':F33%! J.-!
Design reusable topics 313!
"&FA*!&4:#B/'1F1*!/@'3>'1(!/3#:G7! J.J!
b47'(1!:#17'7*41*!*#$':7! J.I!
<=#'>!*)4!jF7K7)#P1KF/#=4k!7%1>&#B4! J.I!
Integrate foreign modules 315!
f`FB$34!#A!F!>#:G'1(!B#>@34! J.e!
2)F*!*#!'1:3@>4!'1!F!>#:G'1(!B#>@34! J.L!
In closing … 318!
6@BBF&%! J.D!
Templates for topics 319!
H#&!B#&4!g! J,,!
7 G AMES AND SIMULATIONS ... 323
!Games and simulations for learning 323!
f`FB$34!#A!F!34F&1'1(!(FB4! J,I!
O#P!F&4!(FB478!*47*78!F1>!7'B@3F*'#17!&43F*4>R! J,d!
b#!%#@!:F33!'*!F!(FB4!#&!F!7'B@3F*'#1R! J,d!
b4B#7!F&4!1#*!*&@4!7'B@3F*'#17! J,e!
O#P!>#!(FB47!F1>!7'B@3F*'#17!P#&GR! J,L!
2)F*!>#!P4!B4F1!>47'(1R! J,D!
! ! ! ! ! xii ! Table of contents ! E-Learning by Design
!
Why games? 328!
2)F*!:F1!(FB47!>#!A#&!@7R! J,D!
2)41!*#!@74!(FB47! J,C!
Types of learning games 330!
l@'ZK7)#P!(FB47! JJ.!
2#&>!(FB47! JJ,!
0'(7FP!$@ZZ347! JJJ!
M&F1:)'1(!7:41F&'#7! JJI!
UF7G!7'B@3F*'#17! JJd!
?4&7#1F3K&47$#174!7'B@3F*'#17! JJL!
f1='B41*F3!7'B@3F*'#17! JI-!
9BB4&7'=4!"K$3F%'1(!(FB47! JI.!
Design games for learning 342!
b47'(1!*#!F::#B$3'7)!34F&1'1(!#/S4:*'=47! JI,!
f`$&477!*)4!(#F3!F7!F!7$4:'A':!*F7G! JII!
?':G!*)4!&'()*!7'Z4>!(FB4! JII!
fB$)F7'Z4!34F&1'1(8!1#*!S@7*!>#'1(! JId!
6$4:'A%!:)F3341(4!F1>!B#*'=F*'#1! JId!
EF1F(4!:#B$4*'*'=41477! JId!
?&#='>4!B@3*'$34!PF%7!*#!34F&1! JId!
Create a micro-world 346!
6$4:'A%!*)4!(FB4T7!P#&3>! JIe!
6$4:'A%!:)F&F:*4&7!F1>!'B$#&*F1*!#/S4:*7! JIL!
"&4F*4!F!7*#&%3'14! JIC!
"&4F*4!F!/F:G!7*#&%! JIC!
6$4:'A%!*)4!(FB4!7*&@:*@&4! Jd-!
<77'(1!*)4!34F&14&Q7!"! Jd-!
EFG4!*)4!(FB4!B4F1'1(A@33%!&4F3'7*':! Jd-!
6$4:'A%!&@347!#A!*)4!(FB4! Jd.!
b47'(1!F!&':)8!&4F3'7*':!41='B41*! Jd.!
?&#='>4!F!>44$8!@1'A%'1(!:)F3341(4! Jd,! b4A'14!'1>':F*#&7!#A!(FB4!7*F*4!F1>!A44>/F:G! Jd,!
Specify the details 353!
6G4*:)!#@*!*)4!@74&!'1*4&AF:4! JdJ!
! ! ! ! ! E-Learning by Design " Table of contents " xiii
!
Table of contents
2&'*4!*)4!P#&>7! JdJ!
6$4:'A%!*)4!(&F$)':F3!7*%34! JdJ!
6$4:'A%!#*)4&!B4>'F! JdI!
Engage learners 354!
O##G!*)4!34F&14&! JdI!
<7G!34F&14&7!*#!7@7$41>!>'7/43'4A! Jdd!
64*!*)4!:#1*4`*! Jde!
?&#='>4!&4F3KP#&3>!$&#B$*'1(!F1>!7@$$#&*! Jde!
?&4741*!7#3=F/34!$&#/34B7! JdL!
<>F$*!*#!*)4!34F&14&Q7!144>7! JdL!
")F3341(4!P'*)!*'B4!3'B'*7! JdD!
i4*!34F&14&7!*&%!B@3*'$34!7*&F*4('47! JdC!
?&#(&FB!=F&'4*%!'1*#!*)4!(FB4! JdC!
91=#3=4!*)4!34F&14&! JdC!
Teach through feedback 359!
?&#='>4!'1*&'17':!A44>/F:G! JdC!
91S4:*!4>@:F*'#1F3!A44>/F:G!P)4&4!144>4>! Je.!
?&#='>4!:#1*'1@F3!A44>/F:G! Je.!
M@*!('=4!:&@:'F3!A44>/F:G!'BB4>'F*43%! Je,!
"#1A*!/F>!/4)F='#&!F1>!:)#':47! JeJ!
b4A4&!341(*)%!A44>/F:G! JeI!
<1*':'$F*4!A44>/F:G!]A44>A#&PF&>R^! JeI! f1F/34!34F&1'1(!*)&#@()!F!=F&'4*%!#A!4`$4&'41:47! Jed!
?&#='>4!:#B$34*48!>4*F'34>!A44>/F:G! Jee! O43$!34F&14&7!:#&&4:*!B'7*FG47! JeL!
YAA4&!F/@1>F1*!$&F:*':4! JeL!
<:G1#P34>(4!F:)'4=4B41*! JeD!
Progressively challenge learners 369!
")F3341(4!34F&14&7! JeC!
WF*:)4*!@$!*)4!:)F3341(4! JL-!
['=4!:3#7@&4!/4*P441!$)F747! JL.!
"#1*!*)4!&)%*)B!#A!>'AA':@3*%! JL,!
W4V@'&4!:#17#3'>F*'1(!7BF33!7*4$7! JL,!
! ! ! ! ! xiv ! Table of contents ! E-Learning by Design
!
Manage game complexity 373!
M4PF&4!:#B/'1F*#&'F3!4`$3#7'#1! JLJ!
E41@!4`:@&7'#17! JLI!
E'77'#1K74V@41*'F3!7*&@:*@&4! JLe!
6)#&*K34F7)!7*&F*4(%! JLL!
6FAF&'!7*&@:*@&4! JLD!
M&4FG*)&#@()!7*&@:*@&4! JLD!
Simplify learning the game 380!
[@'>4!F:*'#17!P'*)!'17*&@:*'#17! JD-!
f`$3F'1!*)4!(FB4!:34F&3%! JD-!
6*F&*!P'*)!*&F'1'1(!P)4437! JD.!
<77'7*!P)41!144>4>! JD,!
6)#P!7#3@*'#1!FA*4&!F!A4P!F**4B$*7! JDJ!
i4*!34F&14&7!&4V@47*!F77'7*F1:4! JDI!
91:3@>4!$4&*'141*!)'1*7! JDI!
6'B$3'A%!*)4!>'7$3F%!A#&!V@':G!&47$#174! JDd!
E'1'B'Z4!>'7*&F:*'#17! JDd!
<::4$*!F33!7@::477A@3!F:*'#17! JDe!
Design coached task simulations 386!
?3F1!$&#(&477'=4!'1*4&F:*'='*%! JDL!
<&:)'*4:*@&4!#A!:#F:)KB4!F:*'='*'47! JDL! i4*!*)4!34F&14&!:#1*!:#F:)'1(! JDC!
Design branching-scenario games 390!
OF&=47*!7*#&%3'14!'>4F7! JC-!
?':G!F!7'*@F*'#1! JC-!
EF$!#/S4:*'=47!*#!7:4147! JC.!
b4&'=4!7$4:'A':!#/S4:*'=47!*#!*4F:)! JC.!
U&F173F*4!#/S4:*'=47!*#!F!7*#&%! JC,!
6$4:'A%!4F:)!7:414! JCI!
U)&4F>!*#(4*)4&!*)4!7:4147! JCd!
<>>!:#1*4`*K74**'1(!7:4147! JCe!
Use games as e-learning courses 396!
! ! ! ! ! E-Learning by Design " Table of contents " xv
!
Table of contents
In closing … 398!
6@BBF&%! JCD!
H#&!B#&4!g! JCD!
8 S OCIAL LEARNING ... 399
!What is social learning? 399!
<!>4A'1'*'#18!7#&*!#A! JCC!
6#!P)F*R! I--!
"#17'>4&!*)4!=F&'4*'47!#A!7#:'F3!34F&1'1(! I--!
2)F*!'7!1#*!7#:'F3!34F&1'1(R! I-.!
2)F*!'7!*)4!(&#@$R! I-.!
How do we “design” social learning? 402!
2)F*!>#!P4!B4F1!/%!>47'(1R! I-,!
U)4!"!#A!*)4!>47'(14&! I-,!
Decide where and when to use social learning 404!
EFG4!34F&1'1(!B#&4!&43'F/34! I-I!
EFG4!34F&1'1(!B#&4!41S#%F/34! I-I!
U4F:)!>'AA':@3*!7@/S4:*7! I-d!
9B$34B41*!34F&1'1(!V@':G3%!F1>!'14`$417'=43%! I-d! M@'3>!F!14*P#&G!*#!7@$$#&*!*)4!34F&1'1(!'1!*)4!A@*@&4! I-e!
What social learning requires 406!
2)F*!'7!&4V@'&4>!#A!34F&14&7! I-e! 2)F*!'7!&4V@'&4>!#A!*)4!#&(F1'ZF*'#1! I-D!
Patterns of interaction 410!
U)4!434B41*7!#A!7#:'F3!34F&1'1(! I.-!
"#B/'14!$F**4&17!A#&!:#B$34*4!F:*'='*'47! I.I!
Social capabilities of software 415!
641>!*F&(4*4>!B477F(47! I.e!
E44*!&4F3K*'B4! I.D!
b'7:@77!F7%1:)#@73%! I,d!
M&#F>:F7*!7$#&F>':!B477F(47! I,e!
?#7*!B477F(4!74V@41:47! I,D!
"#33F/#&F*'=43%!:&4F*4!>#:@B41*7! IJJ!
6)F&4!:&4F*'#17! II-!
! ! ! ! ! xvi ! Table of contents ! E-Learning by Design
!
c#*4!F1>!&F*4! IIe!
H'3*4&!B477F(47! Id-!
f7*F/3'7)!F!$#'1*!#A!:#1*F:*! Id-!
64*!@$!F1>!F>B'1'7*4&!F!*4FB!#&!#*)4&!(&#@$! IdJ!
Facilitate rather than teach 454!
b4A'14!*)4!>@*'47!#A!*)4!AF:'3'*F*#&! IdI!
f7*F/3'7)!F!:#>4!#A!:#1>@:*! Idd!
91*4&=414!'1!:F747!#A!/F>!/4)F='#&! Ide!
Grade fairly in social learning 463!
<77477!F(F'17*!#/S4:*'=47! IeI!
X74!F=F'3F/34!4='>41:4! IeI!
2F%7!*#!F77477!34F&14&7! IeI!
64*!:&'*4&'F!A#&!B477F(47!F1>!$#7*7! Ied! Y&8!A#&4(#!'1>'='>@F3!F77477B41*! Iee! Extend conventional activities for social learning 466! f`*41>!</7#&/!F:*'='*'47!A#&!7#:'F3!34F&1'1(! Iee! f`*41>!b#!F:*'='*'47!A#&!7#:'F3!34F&1'1(! IeL! f`*41>!"#114:*!F:*'='*'47!A#&!7#:'F3!34F&1'1(! IeL!
Use proven social activities 468!
6)F&4!P)F*!%#@!34F&1! IeD!
MF:G!:)F1143!A#&!$&4741*F*'#17! IeC!
M&F'17*#&B'1(!F:*'='*'47! IL,!
U4FBK*F7G!F:*'='*'47! ILI!
W#34K$3F%'1(!7:41F&'#7! ILe!
"#B$F&'7#1!F:*'='*'47! ID-!
[&#@$K:&'*'V@4!F:*'='*'47! ID.!
Encourage meaningful discussions 483!
b47'(1!>'7:@77'#1!F:*'='*'47! IDI!
f17@&4!34F&14&7!)F=4!14:477F&%!7G'337! IDe!
E#>4&F*4!>'7:@77'#1!F:*'='*'47! IDL!
?4&A#&B!B477F(4!BF'1*41F1:4! IC-!
Promote team learning 490!
E44*!*)4!&4V@'&4B41*7!#A!F!7@::477A@3!*4FB! IC.!
H#&B!F!*4FB!A&#B!'1>'='>@F37! IC,!
! ! ! ! ! E-Learning by Design " Table of contents " xvii
!
Table of contents
<3'(1!(#F37!#A!*4FB!B4B/4&7! IC,!
i4F&1!P)#!:F1!>#!P)F*! ICJ!
<>#$*!*4FB!ś! ICd!
?':G!F!34F>4&8!F*!34F7*!*#!7*F&*! ICe!
U4FB!$&#:47747! ICL!
64*!1#&B7!#A!/4)F='#&! ICL!
U4FB!PF&BK@$!F:*'='*'47! ICL!
HF>4!#@*!7@$$#&*! ICD!
b47'(1!F:*'='*'47!A#&!*4FB7! ICD!
f1(F(4!'1!#$41!'1V@'&%! ICC!
In closing … 500!
6@BBF&%! d--!
H#&!B#&4!g! d--!
9 M OBILE LEARNING ... 501
!What is mobile learning? 501!
Start with worthy goals 501!
i4F&1!A&#B!*)4!P)#34!P#&3>! d-,!
UFG4!F>=F1*F(4!#A!*4F:)F/34!B#B41*7! d-,!
U4F:)!'1!*)4!:#1*4`*!#A!F$$3':F*'#1! d-,!
U4F:)!j#@*>##&k!7@/S4:*7! d-,!
EFG4!34F&1'1(!)4F3*)'4&! d-J!
i4F&1!B#&4!#A!*)4!*'B4! d-J!
f1F/34!='&*@F3!F**41>F1:4! d-I!
W4>@:4!'1A&F7*&@:*@&4!:#7*7! d-I!
?&4$F&4!A#&!F1!'1:&4F7'1(3%!B#/'34!P#&3>! d-I! Adapt existing learning for mobile learners 505! f1F/34!$F&*':'$F*'#1!'1!:3F77&##B!34F&1'1(! d-d!
<::#BB#>F*4!B#/'34!34F&14&7!'1!*)4!='&*@F3!:3F77&##B! d-e!
i4*!B#/'34!34F&14&7!*FG4!7*F1>F3#14!4K34F&1'1(! d-e!
EFG4!7#:'F3!34F&1'1(!B#/'34! d-e!
?4&A#&BF1:4!7@$$#&*! d-L!
! ! ! ! ! xviii ! Table of contents ! E-Learning by Design
!
Use the capabilities of the device 507! Design for the learner, environment, and device 515!
b47'(1!A#&!*)4!B#/'34!34F&14&! d.e!
b47'(1!A#&!*)4!41='B41*!P)4&4!34F&1'1(!#::@&7! d.L!
b47'(1!A#&!*)4!B#/'34!>4=':4! d.C!
Design guidelines for overcoming limitations 520!
b47'(1!A#&!4F7%!&4F>'1(! d,-!
EF'1*F'1!:#1*F:*!P'*)!34F&14&7! d,.!
b47'(1!A#&!*)4!>4=':47!34F&14&7!F3&4F>%!)F=4! d,,!
X74!34F&14&7Q!*'B4!4AA':'41*3%! d,,!
H'*!*4`*!F1>!(&F$)':7!*#!*)4!>'7$3F%! d,J!
?&#='>4!3#PK/F1>P'>*)!F3*4&1F*'=47! d,I!
b47'(1!A#&!'B$4&A4:*!14*P#&G!:#114:*'#17! d,d!
f1F/34!j>#P13#F>!F1>!(#k! d,d!
6'B$3'A%!41*4&'1(!*4`*! d,e!
H#33#P!47*F/3'7)4>!@74&K'1*4&AF:4!(@'>43'147! d,e!
W4B4B/4&8!$F$4&!'7!F!B#/'34!>4=':4! d,e!
W4@74!4`'7*'1(!:#1*41*! d,L!
Real mobile learning 528!
E#/'34!>'7:#=4&%!34F&1'1(! d,D!
b'7*F1:4!F$$&41*':47)'$!$&#(&FB! dJ-!
<&:)'*4:*@&4!*#@&! dJ,!
91S4:*!B#/'34!F:*'='*'47!'1*#!#*)4&!A#&B7!#A!34F&1'1(! dJe! Extend conventional activities for mobile learning 536! f`*41>!</7#&/!F:*'='*'47!A#&!B#/'34!34F&1'1(! dJe! f`*41>!b#!F:*'='*'47!A#&!B#/'34!34F&1'1(! dJL! f`*41>!"#114:*!F:*'='*'47!A#&!B#/'34!34F&1'1(! dJL!
In closing … 538!
6@BBF&%! dJD!
H#&!B#&4!g! dJD!
10 D ESIGN FOR THE VIRTUAL CLASSROOM ... 539
!Create a virtual classroom 540!
2)%!:&4F*4!F!='&*@F3!:3F77&##BR! dI-!
! ! ! ! ! E-Learning by Design " Table of contents " xix
!
Table of contents
2)F*!F&4!24/'1F&7!F1>!='&*@F3K:3F77&##B!:#@&747R! dI-!
b4:'>4!P)4*)4&!%#@!144>!F!3'=4!B44*'1(! dI.! Select and use collaboration tools 542!
6434:*!%#@&!:#33F/#&F*'#1!*##37! dI,!
63'>4!7)#P7! dId!
M&4FG#@*!&##B7! dIL!
Conduct online meetings 548!
?3F1!*)4!B44*'1(! dID!
?&4$F&4!A#&!*)4!B44*'1(! dd,!
<11#@1:4!*)4!B44*'1(! dde!
EF1F(4!*)4!3'=4!#13'14!B44*'1(! dde!
<:*'=F*4!B44*'1(7! ddD!
91:3@>4!A#33#PK@$!F:*'='*'47! de-!
Design Webinars 560!
2)41!*#!@74!24/'1F&7! de.!
?':G!F:*'='*'47!*#!*4F:)! de.!
Design virtual-classroom courses 563!
6434:*!F!V@F3'A'4>!*4F:)4&! deJ!
U4F:)!*)4!:3F778!>#1Q*!S@7*!34*!'*!)F$$41! ded!
?3F1!$&4>':*F/34!34F&1'1(!:%:347! dee!
W47$#1>!*#!34F&14&7! deD!
?&#='>4!:#B$34*4!'17*&@:*'#17! deD!
6'B$3'A%!*F7G7!A#&!34F&14&7! dLd!
b4F3!P'*)!$&#/34B!34F&14&7! dLL!
H#33#P!@$!FA*4&!*)4!:#@&74! dD-!
In closing … 581!
6@BBF&%! dD.!
H#&!B#&4!g! dD,!
11 C ONCLUSION ... 583
!How we will learn 583!
2)4&4!P4!F&4!)4F>4>! dDJ!
O#P!P4!P'33!(4*!*)4&4! dDI!
! ! ! ! ! xx ! Table of contents ! E-Learning by Design
!
What has to happen 585!
Secrets of e-learning design 585!
Just the beginning 586!
A PPENDIX E SSENTIALISM ... 587
!Essential essentialism 587!
Set up the test 588!
Supervise the test 588!
U)4!"!#A!*47*!7@/S4:*7! dDC!
U)4!"!#A!*)4!4`$4&*! dC-!
W#34!#A!*)4!*47*!:#1>@:*#&! dC.!
Analyze test results 591!
W4:#&>!144>4>!34F&1'1(! dC.!
9>41*'A%!*)4!34F&1'1(!F$$&#F:)! dCJ!
91A4&!>47'(1!$&'1:'$347! dCI!
Make testing better 595!
Y=4&:#B4!*)4!OFP*)#&14!4AA4:*! dCd!
i4F=4!*)4!3F/K:#F*!/4)'1>! dCd!
U47*!F!*P#7#B4! dCe!
?&#='>4!F33!&4F3!&47#@&:47! dCe!
W4F77@&4!*47*!7@/S4:*7! dCL!
2F*:)!*)4!='>4#!A@33%! dCL!
"#1>@:*!41#@()!*47*7! dCL!
?':G!=F3'>!*47*!7@/S4:*7! dCD!
Recap: Master the essentials of essentialism 598!
