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ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 212

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE ALGAE,

CORALS, AND FISHES INHABITING THE SUNKEN FERRY

"FUJIKAWA MARU"IN TRUK LAGOON

by Roy T. Tsuda, Steven S. Amesbury, and Steven C. Moras

Issued by

THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Washington, D. C., U.S.A.

May 1977

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PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE ALGAE,

CORALS, AND FISHES INHABITING THE SUNKEN FERRY

"FU JIKAWA MARU" IN TRUK LAGOON

1

by Roy T. Tsuda,2 Steven S. Amesbury,3 and Steven C. Moras

2

I n t r o d u c t i o n

Of a l l t h e sunken s h i p s i n t h e Truk Lagoon, t h e armed J a p a n e s e a i r c r a f t f e r r y "Fujikawa Maru" i s by f a r t h e c e n t e r of a t t r a c t i o n t o SCUBA d i v e r s . The f e r r y , sunk on Feb. 1 7 , 1944 d u r i n g World War 11, i s l o c a t e d a b o u t 1 km o f f t h e s o u t h w e s t e r n t i p of E t e n I s l a n d and c a n e a s i l y b e l o c a t e d s i n c e t h e masts r i s e above t h e s u r f a c e of t h e w a t e r and a r e c l e a r l y v i s i b l e . The f e r r y i s 439 f t . l o n g and 58 f t . wide w i t h a tonnage of 6,938 (Ronald D . S t r o n g , p e r s o n a l communication).

It l i e s u p r i g h t on t h e b a r r e n s i l t y bottom i n 90 f t . (28.3 m) o f w a t e r ; t h e main deck i s 50 f t . (15.7 m) below t h e s u r f a c e of t h e w a t e r .

The "Fujikawa Maru," a s w e l l a s t h e o t h e r sunken s h i p s i n t h e l a g o o n , a r e i n e s s e n c e a r t i f i c i a l r e e f s whose o r g a n i s m a l components r e p r e s e n t a c l i m a x community t h a t h a s become dominant a f t e r a 30

y e a r p e r i o d . The o n l y (1972) who i n c l u d e d t h e a l g a l s p e c i e s c o l l e c t e d from t h e f e r r y ( S t a t i o n 13) on J u n e 1 4 , 1970.

C o n t r i b u t i o n s No. 67, U n i v e r s i t y o f Guam Marine L a b o r a t o r y . The Marine L a b o r a t o r y , U n i v e r s i t y of Guam, P.O. Box EK, Agana, Guam 96910.

A g r i c u l t u r a l Experiment S t a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y o f Guam, P.O. Box EK, Agana Guam 96910.

(Manuscript r e c e i v e d J u n e 1975

--

Eds.)

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The c h e c k l i s t of t h e a l g a e , c o r a l s , and f i s h e s r e p o r t e d below r e p r e s e n t o b s e r v a t i o n s made on two d i v e s on March 30, 1975. Although t h e number of d i v e s i s few, i t s h o u l d b e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e s o l e p u r p o s e o f t h e d i v e s was t o r e c o r d t h e s p e c i e s p r e s e n t . Each of t h e t h r e e a u t h o r s was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a c e r t a i n group o f organisms

-

Tsuda ( a l g a e ) , Amesbury ( f i s h e s ) , and Moras ( c o r a l s ) . The s o f t c o r a l s which r e p r e s e n t a dominant component of t h e f e r r y a r e n o t i n c l u d e d s i n c e none of u s i s f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e i r taxonomy.

Check1 i s t

The a l g a e ( 2 1 s p p . ) a r e l i s t e d under t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e d i v i s i o n s ; t h e c o r a l s (26 s p p . ) and t h e f i s h e s (34 s p p . ) a r e l i s t e d under t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e f a m i l i e s . The f i v e s p e c i e s of a l g a e c o l l e c t e d o n J u n e 1 4 , 1970 and n o t s e e n i n 1975 a r e a l s o i n c l u d e d and a r e p r e c e d e d by

a s t e r i s k s .

Algae Cyanophyta

MicrocoZeus Zyngbyaceus

( ~ C l t z . ) Crouan Chlorophyta

CauZerpa ambigua

Okamura

CauZerpa brachypus

Harvey

CauZerpa

f i

Zicoides

Yamada

*CauZerpa ZentiZZifera

J . Ag.

CauZerpa racemosa

( F o r s k a l ) J. Ag.

*Dictyosphaeria cavernosa

( F o r s k a l ) Boerg.

HaZimeda copiosa

Goreau & Graham

HaZimedo discoidea

D e c a i s n e

*Halime& gigas

T a y l o r

HaZimeda incrassata

( E l l i s ) Lamx.

HaZimeda macrophysa

Askenasy

HaZimeda opuntia

(L.) L a m .

Tydemania expeditionis

Weber v a n Bosse

Udotea geppii

Yamada Phaeophyta

*Dictyopteris repens

(Okamura) Boerg

.

Dictyota bartayresii

Lamx.

Lobophora variegata

(Lamx.) Womersley

Padina jonesii

Tsuda

Turbinaria ornata

(Turn.) J . Ag.

Rhodophyta

* C h q i a compressa

Harv

.

C o r a l s A n t i p a t h i a

Cirrhipathes mguina

Dana

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Scleract inia Acroporidae

Acropora deZicatuZa

(Brooks)

Astreopom

sp.

Montipora erythrae

Marenzeller

Montipora verrucosa

(Lamarck) Agariciidae

Pachyseris speciosa

(Dana) Caryophylliidae

PZerogyra

sp.

Dendrophylliidae

Tubastraea aurea

(Quoy & Gaimard) Faviidae

Favia favus

(Forskdl)

Favia speciosa

Dana

Favites abdita

(Ellis & Solander)

Favites favosa

(Ellis & Solander)

Leptastrea i m e r s a

Klunzinger

Leptastrea p q u r e a

(Dana)

Pzatygyra lame ZZina

(Ehrenberg) Fungiidae

E'ungia fwzgites

(Linnaeus) Mussidae

Lobophy ZZia corymbosa

(Forskil)

Lobophy ZZia costata

(Dana)

Symphy ZZia nobizis

(Dana)

Symphy ZZia

sp

.

Pect iniidae

Pectinia Zaciniata

(Milne-Edwards & ~ a i m e ) Pocilloporidae

PociZ Zopora damicornis

(~innaeus ]l

POciZZopora eydouxi

Milne-Edwards & Haime

Seriatopora anguzata

Klunzinger

Porit idae

Porites Zutea

Milne-Edwards & Haime

Porites

sp.

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Fishes Acanthuridae

Acanthurus nigro fuscus

For skAl

Acmthurus n i g r o r i s

Cuvier & Valenciennes

Ctenochaetus s t r i a t u s

(Quoy & ~ a i m a r d )

Naso unicronis

(Forsk61)

Zebrasoma scopas

( ~ u v i e r )

Zebrasoma ve Zifemun loch)

Balistidae

BaZistapus unduZatus

(Mungo park) Blenniidae

Meiacanthus atrodorsa2i.s

(Gunther) Chaetodontidae

Centropyge bicoZor

(Bloch)

Chaetodon auriga

ForskAl

Chaetodon k Z e i n i i

Bloch

Heniochus acuminatus

(Linnaeus) Cirrhitidae

Cirrhitus pinnuZatus

(Bloch & ~chneider)

Paracirrhites f o r s t e r i loch

& Schneider) Gobiidae

Amb:hjgobius aZbimacuZatus

(~uppell) Labr idae

CheiZinus fasciatus loch) EpibuZus i n s i d i a t o r

(Pallas)

Gomphosus varius

Lacepede

HaZichoeres hoeveni

( ~ l e e k e r )

ThaZassoma Zutescens

(Lay & enn nett) Lut j anidae

Caesio caeruZaureus

Lacepede

Pterocaesio

sp.

ScoZopsis canceZZatus

(Cuvier & Valenciennes) Mullidae

Parupeneus pZeurostigma

(Bennett) Pomacentridae

Abudefduf gZaucus

(Cuvier & Valenciennes)

Chromis eaeruZeus

(Cuvler & Valenciennes)

Chromis dimidiatus

(Klunzinger)

DascyZZus aruanus

(Linnaeus)

DaseyZZus @etieuZatus

(Richardson)

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DascyZZus trimacuZatus

(Ruppell)

Pomacentrus pavo

(Bloch) S c a r i d a e

Scams sordidus

P o r s k i l S i g a n i d a e

Siganus argenteus

(Quoy & Gaimard) Z a n c l i d a e

ZancZus cornutus

( ~ i n n a e u s )

D i s c u s s i o n

A v e r t i c a l z o n a t i o n p a t t e r n i s e v i d e n t on t h e m a s t s which r i s e above t h e s u r f a c e . The s h a l l o w w a t e r

PociZZopora e y d o u i

( c o r a l ) and

TurbinarYia ornata

(brown a l g a ) were o n l y found on t h e m a s t s a t t h e s u r f a c e . Clouds of

Pomacentrus pavo

and

Chromis caeruZeus

were a l s o o b s e r v e d around t h e m a s t s .

TBe s u b s t r a t u m on t h e deck i s composed of f i n e and c o a r s e f r a g - ments of

HaZimeda

which have accumulated o v e r t h e p a s t 30 y e a r s . Although c o r a l s cannot s e t t l e h e r e , t h i s s u b s t r a t u m p r o v i d e s a n i d e a l h a b i t a t f o r t h e massive h o l d f a s t s of t h e g r e e n a l g a e

Udotea geppii

and

HaZimeda incrassata.

The bulkhead p r o v i d e s a n i d e a l h a b i t a t f o r mats of t h e f l a b e l l a t e f o m o f

Tydemania expeditionis, CauZerpa f i t i c o i d e s ,

and t h e s t r a g g l y

HaZimeda copiosa. Lobophora variegata

e n c r u s t s t h e bulkhead of t h e u p p e r deck.

LobophyZZia costata

and

SymphyZZia

s p . were t h e dominant c o r a l s on t h e v a r i o u s s u p e r s t r u c t u r e s o f t h e f e r r y w i t h some c o l o n i e s r e a c h i n g 40 cm i n d i a m e t e r . The pomacentrids were t h e most numerous of t h e r e s i d e n t f i s h s p e c i e s . B e s i d e s t h o s e p o m a c e n t r i d s observed around t h e m a s t s , s c h o o l s of

DascyZZus

s p e c i e s were s e e n around t h e c o r a l growths of t h e f e r r y . A c a n t h u r i d s were q u i t e common though n e v e r i n l a r g e s c h o o l s .

Except f o r t h e e p i p h y t i c

Champia compressa

on

HaZimeda,

members of t h e r e d a l g a e w e r e c o n s p i c u o u s l y a b s e n t . Likewise, p o p u l a t i o n s of c h a e t o d o n t i d s were s p a r s e . Few p i s c i v o r o u s f i s h e s were observed on t h e f e r r y . C o n s i d e r a b l y more were s e e n on a n o t h e r s h i p , a sunken d e s t r o y e r o f f Dublon, which was r e s t i n g on a c o r a l s u b s t r a t e which s u p p o r t e d a l a r g e f i s h f a u n a of i t s own. Schools of r o v i n g f i s h e s

(Caesio caerulaureus

and

Pterocaesio

s p . , and t h e r a b b i t f i s h

Siganus argenteus)

were a l s o v e r y abundant, b u t t h i s i s p r o b a b l y q u i t e

v a r i a b l e o v e r t i m e .

The more t h a n s i x t y sunken s h i p s ( S t e w a r t , 1972) i n t h e Truk l a g o o n p r e s e n t a unique o p p o r t u n i t y f o r t h e s t u d y of r e e f community s t r u c t u r e . The time a v a i l a b l e f o r c o l o n i z a t i o n . o f t h e a r t i f i c i a l

(7)

r e e f s i s known f o r e a c h of t h e s h i p s . The v a r i a t i o n i n s i z e o f t h e s h i p s and t h e i r p o s i t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o w a t e r d e p t h , s u b s t r a t e t y p e , d i s t a n c e from one a n o t h e r , and d i s t a n c e from n a t u r a l reef a r e a s p r o v i d e a series o f n a t u r a l e x p e r i m e n t s on t h e e f f e c t of a v a r i e t y o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s on r e e f community development. It i s hoped t h a t t h i s c h e c k l i s t w i l l s e r v e a s a s t a r t f o r f u r t h e r s t u d i e s i n t h i s u n i q u e n a t u r a l l a b o r a t o r y which i s p r o t e c t e d by l o c a l law.

L i t e r a t u r e C i t e d

S t e w a r t , W. H. 1972. H i s t o r i c a l and g e o g r a p h i c t o u r i s t map of t h e g h o s t f l e e t i n t h e Truk Lagoon, E a s t e r n C a r o l i n e I s l a n d s , P a c i f i c Ocean, w i t h n o t e s on t h e o c e a n and World War 11. T r u s t T e r r i t o r y o f t h e P a c i f i c I s l a n d s , P u b l i c a t i o n s and P r i n t i n g D i v i s i o n .

Tsuda, R. T. 1972. Some m a r i n e b e n t h i c a l g a e from Truk and Kuop, C a r o l i n e I s l a n d s . A t o l l Res. B u l l . 155: 1-10.

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