Foreword
The main purpose of this CBR/CJR assignment is to broaden the readers' knowledge.
The topic of this CBR/CJR is the basic theory of learning models and learning theories that support learning models. The materials of this CBR/CJR assignment we took from various journals and books on learning theory and we wrote them in the reference section.
The reason we chose these books and journals is because the contents of the books and journals match the topic we will discuss. In the books and journals, we will learn more details about learning theory.
Topic
Basic Theory of Learning Models A. Behavioristic Theory
Behavioristic theory is a theory coined by Gage, Gagne and Berliner regarding changes in behavior as a result of experience. This theory then developed into a school of learning psychology which influenced the direction of development of educational and learning theory and practice known as the behavioristic school. This school emphasizes in the formation of behavior that appears as a result of learning.
Behavioristic theory, with its stimulus-response relationship model, places people who learn as passive individuals. Certain responses or behaviors using training or habituation methods alone. The emergence of behavior will become stronger if given reinforcement and will disappear if given punishment.
(a) Principles in Behavioristic Theory:
• The object of psychology is behavior.
• All forms of behavior are returned to reflexes.
• Emphasizes habit formation.
• Real and measurable behavior has its own meaning.
• The mental aspect of consciousness that has no physical form should be avoided.
(b) Behaviorism Figures:
1. Edward Lee Thorndike
According to him, learning is a process of interaction between stimulus and response. Stimulus is what stimulates learning activities such as thoughts, feelings or other things that can be captured through the senses. Response is the reaction that students produce when learning.
2. John Watson
According to Watson in several of his works, psychology must be an objective science, therefore he does not recognize the existence of consciousness which is only researched through introspection methods. Watson also argued that psychology should be studied like people study the exact sciences or natural sciences.
3. Edwin Guthrie
A combination of stimuli accompanied by movement. Punishment plays an important role in the learning process. Punishment given at the right time will be able to change a person's behavior.
4. Burrhus Frederic Skinner
The response a person receives is not as simple as the concept put forward by the previous figure, because the stimuli given will interact with each other and the interaction between the stimuli will influence the resulting response. This response has consequences. Where these consequences will influence the emergence of behavior.
(c) The implications of behaviorist learning theory
The implications of behaviorist learning theory in learning depend on several factors such as learning objectives, the nature of the subject, student characteristics, and available learning facilities and equipment. Learning is designed and based on behavioral theory which views knowledge as something objective, certain, fixed and unchangeable.
B. Cognitivistic Theory
This cognitive model has the perspective that students process information and lessons through their efforts to organize, store, and then find relationships between new knowledge and existing knowledge. This model emphasizes how information is processed.
Characteristics of cognitive learning theory:
• Learning is a mental process, not behavioral.
• Students are active as distributors.
• Students learn individually using deductive and inductive patterns.
• Intrinsic motivation, so no stimulus is needed.
• Students as actors to guide discovery.
• The teacher facilitates the process of insight.
Figures in the flow of Cognitivism 1. Wertheimer's Gestalt theory
Wertheimer is considered to be the founder of Gestalt theory after he conducted experiments using a device called a stroboscope, which is a tool in the shape of a box and is given a tool to be able to look into the box.
2. Piaget's Schematic Theory
According to Piaget, the human mind has a structure called a schema or schemata (plural) which is often called a cognitive structure. By using schemata, a person adapts and coordinates the environment so that new schemata are formed.
3. Bandura's Social Learning Theory
Bandura believes that humans can think and regulate their own behavior;
so that they are not merely pawns that become objects of environmental influence. Causal nature is not owned alone by the environment, because people and the environment influence each other.
4. Implications of Cognitive Theory
The implications of cognitive learning theory in learning, teachers must understand that students are not adults whose thinking processes are easy, pre-
school and early elementary school age children learn using concrete objects, student activity is very important, teachers organize material using patterns or logic From simple to complex, teachers create meaningful learning, paying attention to students' individual differences to achieve student success.
C. Constructivism Theory
Construction means to be constructive, in the context of educational philosophy it can be interpreted that constructivism is an attempt to build a modern cultured living arrangement. Constructivism is the basis for thinking (philosophy) of contextual learning, namely that knowledge is built by humans little by little, the results of which are expanded through a limited context and not suddenly. With constructivism theory, students can think to solve problems, look for ideas and make decisions.
• Implications of Constructivism Theory
The implication of constructivism theory in learning is that teachers must create a comfortable and conducive learning atmosphere and direct students to understand the material and then guide students directly to solve existing problems by searching for and finding solutions to these problems. With constructivism theory, students can think to solve problems, look for ideas and make decisions.
D. Humanism Theory
Humanistic theory assumes that any learning theory is good and can be utilized, as long as its goal is to humanize humans, namely achieving self-actualization, self- understanding, and self-realization of people learning optimally.
• Implications of humanistic theory
The most important thing in the learning process is using a humanistic theoretical approach, namely building friendly good relations between educators and students. Thus students will automatically be self-aware and motivated to follow the learning process.
Learning Theory Supporting the Application of Learning Models
- Behaviorism learning theory is a theory that explains that learning is a change in behavior that can be observed, measured, and assessed objectively. This theory focuses on the reaction or response of learners to stimulus or stimuli from the environment.
Some learning models supported by behaviorism theory are: Direct learning, Drill and Practice. This learning model aims to shape the desired behavior in learners.
- The theory of cognitivism in the context of learning supports various models that emphasize understanding, information processing, and students' cognitive development.
Some learning models that are in line with the theory of cognitivism include: Problem- based learning and Discovery Learning. These models focus on students' mental processes in constructing their knowledge and skills.
- Constructivism theory supports various learning models that emphasize the active role of students in building their own knowledge through interaction with learning materials and the environment. Some learning models that are in accordance with the theory of constructivism include: Discovery Learning, Project-Based Learning. These models
provide opportunities for students to think creatively and learn from personal experience and interaction with the environment.
- Humanism theory in the context of learning supports models that position students as unique individuals, valuing personal, emotional and social aspects of learning. Some learning models that are in line with humanism theory include: Project-Based Learning, Humanizing of the classroom. All of these learning models are human-oriented and develop the full potential of learners.
Conclusion
This book describes the steps in a regular manner in managing files and provides lots of pictures so that they are easier to reach. But unfortunately the image provided is only black and white and it would be better if the available parts in the image were circled or marked with arrows.
Although this book only explains a little material, the discussion in this book is as simple as possible with the aim that the reader can understand the explanation given in file management which can help us when working with computers to organize files so that they do not overlap each other and increase the number of files on the hard disk.
Recommendation
This is a good book for someone who is just starting to learn file management or is curious about file management, as it explains file management in a simple way. This book is also good to use as a reference about files and data management If you like learning about computers, this book is a good choice because it teaches you a lot about file management and the steps for managing files.
For those of you who want to learn to use applications (Folder Maker Application, SearchWin application, Search Engine Builder application, MDR File Compare application) and software (Bulk Folder Creator Software, Secrecy File and Folder Hider Software, Magic ISO software, Picasa, ACDSee), this book provides links to download applications and software and explains the steps to use them.
Reference
Enterprise, Jubilee. 2010. Rahasia Manajemen File. Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo
Compiled by:
- Ezra Egidia Shelomitha Limbong (4211121022) - Lavenia Puspa Anggreiny (4213121007
