Ekonomi Pendidikan
Ekonomi Pendidikan : : Teori dan -Konsep
Teori dan -Konsep Dasar
Dasar
Oleh : Oleh :
Dedy Achmad Kurniady
Dedy Achmad Kurniady
Fokus Bahasan Fokus Bahasan
Investment in human Capital Investment in human Capital
Human Capital Formation Human Capital Formation
Capacity Building Capacity Building
The need for investment The need for investment
The Role of Financing The Role of Financing
Financing Priorities Financing Priorities
Sources of Financing Sources of Financing
Allocation & Distribution Allocation & Distribution
Financing Policies & Management Financing Policies & Management
Makna Pendidikan Makna Pendidikan
Pendidikan adalah proses pembngunan Pendidikan adalah proses pembngunan keseluruhan potensi mansusia secara keseluruhan potensi mansusia secara
total menuju taraf manusia yang total menuju taraf manusia yang
sempurna juga secara total sempurna juga secara total
Proses Pendidikan itu melekat dengn Proses Pendidikan itu melekat dengn kehidupan manausia sepanjang hayat kehidupan manausia sepanjang hayat
Esesnsi Pendidikan adalah Esesnsi Pendidikan adalah
Pemebelajaran atau learning
Pemebelajaran atau learning
Makna Pendidikan (2) Makna Pendidikan (2)
Fokus learning adalah: learning to Fokus learning adalah: learning to
know,learning to do learning to be dan know,learning to do learning to be dan
learning to live together in peace and learning to live together in peace and
harmony harmony
Pendidikan itu bukan hanya untuk Pendidikan itu bukan hanya untuk kepentingan diri sendiri tapi untuk kepentingan diri sendiri tapi untuk
keluarga, masyarakat dan bangsa keluarga, masyarakat dan bangsa
Pedidikan menghilangkan kebodohan, Pedidikan menghilangkan kebodohan,
pemerasan, kemiskinan dan menciptakan pemerasan, kemiskinan dan menciptakan
kesejahteraan
kesejahteraan
Investment in Human Capital Investment in Human Capital
Teori investment in human capital adalah Teori investment in human capital adalah bahwa investasi terhadap manunsia
bahwa investasi terhadap manunsia
adalah investasi yang dapat meningatkan adalah investasi yang dapat meningatkan
produktvitas mansusia yang produktvitas mansusia yang
menghasilkan future income melalui menghasilkan future income melalui
earning.
earning.
Peningkatan produktivtas ini hanya dapat Peningkatan produktivtas ini hanya dapat dilakukan melalui education. Karena itu dilakukan melalui education. Karena itu
investment in education adalah investment in education adalah
investment in human capital
investment in human capital
Human Capital Formation Human Capital Formation
HUMAN capital DIMENSIONS
GROW &
DEVELOP TOTALLY
MATURE &
KNOWLEDGE PERSONS
physical intellectual
spiritual
emotional
Environmental psikologis
CAPACITY BUILDING CAPACITY BUILDING
STRATEGIS MATURE &
KNOWLEDGE PERSONS
PROBLEMS
&
CHALLENGES NEW ROLES &
CAPABILITIES
THE NEED FOR INVESTMENT THE NEED FOR INVESTMENT
TOTAL HUMAN
DIMENSIONS
NEW ROLES
&
CAPABILITIES
CAPACITY BUILDING
EDUCATION PROCESSES EDUCATION PROCESSES
THE NEED FOR INVESTMENT THE NEED FOR INVESTMENT
ROLE OF FINANCING ROLE OF FINANCING
PROCESS OUTPUT
FINANCING EDUCATION FINANCING EDUCATION
INSTRUMENT INPUT
INPUT
ENVIRONMENT INPUT
FINANCING PRIORITIES FINANCING PRIORITIES
FINANCING
EDUCATION SYSTEM
•PRIMARY
•SECONDARY
•TERTIARY
OUTPUT
PRIORITY AREAS
FINANCING SOURCES FINANCING SOURCES
SOURCES ALLOCATION &
DISTRIBUTION POLICIES
•TAX
•GRANTS
•CONTRIBUTIONS
•LOANS
ALLOCATION & DISTRIBUTION ALLOCATION & DISTRIBUTION
BUDGET ALLOCATION
POLICIES
EDUCATION PROGRAM PRIORITIES
FINANCING POLICIES
FINANCING POLICIES
FINANCING POLICIES FINANCING POLICIES
POLICIES PROGRAM PRIORITIES
PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
MANAGEMENT
RESULTS
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
ALLOCATION OF FINANCING TO
PROGRAM PRIORITIES
•PLANNING
•IMPLEMENTING
•PENGAWASAN
•CONTROLLING
•EVALUATING
GOALS
&
OBJECTIVES
MANAGEMENT OPERATION
MANAGEMENT OPERATION
Siapa yang Berkewajiban Siapa yang Berkewajiban
Membayar Pendidikan itu Membayar Pendidikan itu
Instrumental Input
Proses Pendidikan
Environmental Input
Siapa yang membayar
Peserta Didik Output
Feedback Loop
Siapa yang Wajib Membayar Siapa yang Wajib Membayar
Berdasaarkan undang 1945 : Berdasaarkan undang 1945 : pemerintah, orang tua dan pemerintah, orang tua dan
masyarakat masyarakat
Pendidikan adalah suatu keniscayaan Pendidikan adalah suatu keniscayaan bersama dan harus ditanggung
bersama dan harus ditanggung bersama berdasarakan system bersama berdasarakan system
penyelenggaraan pendidikan secara penyelenggaraan pendidikan secara
sistemik sesuai undang-undang sistemik sesuai undang-undang
sisdiknas N0. 20/2003.
sisdiknas N0. 20/2003.
Beneficieries Pendidikan Beneficieries Pendidikan
Pemerintah Masyarakat
Orangtua Peserta Didik
Pendidikan Benefits
Private, Social,
Intergeneration
Educational Benefits Educational Benefits
Benefits Pendidikan adalah hasil Benefits Pendidikan adalah hasil
investment in education jangka panjang.
investment in education jangka panjang.
Benefits ada yang bersifat private, artinya Benefits ada yang bersifat private, artinya diterima oleh peserta didik sendiri, dan
diterima oleh peserta didik sendiri, dan ada pula yang bersifat kemasyarakatan, ada pula yang bersifat kemasyarakatan,
artinya masyarakat banyak menerima juga artinya masyarakat banyak menerima juga
hasil pendidikan itu dalam berbagai hasil pendidikan itu dalam berbagai
bentuk.
bentuk.
Benefits Pendidikan dapat diukur Benefits Pendidikan dapat diukur walaupun tidak semua aspek.
walaupun tidak semua aspek.
Benefits Pendidikan ini berkontribusi Benefits Pendidikan ini berkontribusi terhadap pembangunan ekonomi.
terhadap pembangunan ekonomi.
Costing-Output Pendidikan Costing-Output Pendidikan
Cost Pendidikan
Direct Indirect
Opportunity
Besar Dana
- Program Pendidikan
- Infrastruktur
- Manajemen
Output Cost-Output Relationships
Cost-Quality Pendidikan Cost-Quality Pendidikan
COST LEARNING
PROCESSES
QUALITY OUTPUT
COST STANDARS
QUALITY PROCESSES STANDARS
COST-QUALITY RELATIONSHIPS
Cost - Standards Cost - Standards
COST QUALITY
LEARNING
QUALITY OUTPUT
QUALITY STANDARDS QUALITY
STANDARDS COST
STANDARDS
REVIEW & EVALUATION
Quality Education Quality Education
QUALITY POLICY DECISIONS
&
PROCESSES
QUALITY DRIVEN PROCESS
QUALITY LEARNING
QUALITY LEARNING OUTCOME
QUALITY LEADERSHIP
TERIMA TERIMA
KASIH
KASIH
Prof.Dr.H.Mohammad Fakry Gaffar,M.Ed.
Prof.Dr.H.Mohammad Fakry Gaffar,M.Ed.
Sekolah Pascasarjana Sekolah Pascasarjana
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
BENEFITS OF BENEFITS OF
EDUCATION
EDUCATION
BENEFITS OF BENEFITS OF
EDUCATION EDUCATION
HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN CAPITAL
APPROACH APPROACH
SUCCESS SUCCESS
EDUCATION EDUCATION
INCOME
INCOME
INVESTMENT INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION IN EDUCATION
HIGHER HIGHER
PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY EDUCATED
EDUCATED INDIVIDUALS
INDIVIDUALS HIGHER HIGHER EARNINGS EARNINGS MORE MORE
MODUCTIVE MODUCTIVE
HIGHER HIGHER EARNING EARNING
EDUCATION – EARNING EDUCATION – EARNING
RELATIONSHIPS
RELATIONSHIPS
CREDENTIAL CREDENTIAL
APPROACH APPROACH
HIGHER HIGHER
CREDENTIAL CREDENTIAL INVESTMENT
INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION IN EDUCATION
HIGHER
HIGHER
EARNINGS
EARNINGS
DUAL LABOR MARKET DUAL LABOR MARKET
APPROACH APPROACH
PRIMARY PRIMARY EDUCATION
EDUCATION EARNINGS EARNINGS SECONDARY
SECONDARY
RADICAL RADICAL APPROACH APPROACH
EDUCATION EDUCATION INCOME
INCOME INEQUALITY INEQUALITY
LOWER LOWER CLASSES CLASSES SOCIAL
SOCIAL CLASSES CLASSES
UPPER
UPPER
CLASSES
CLASSES
Benefit Benefit
INCREASED CAPACITY TO BETTER INCREASED CAPACITY TO BETTER EARNINGS THROUGH :
EARNINGS THROUGH :
- ACQUSITION OF KNOWLEDGE ACQUSITION OF KNOWLEDGE - SKILLS SKILLS
- EXPERIENCES EXPERIENCES
- Consumption Consumption - Investment Investment
TAXONOMY OF BENEFITS TAXONOMY OF BENEFITS
OF EDUCATION
OF EDUCATION
BENEFITS BENEFITS
OF EDUCATION OF EDUCATION
• PRIVATE PRIVATE
• SOCIAL SOCIAL
• INTERGENERATION INTERGENERATION
EFFECTS EFFECTS
APPROACHES TO MEASURE APPROACHES TO MEASURE
EDUCATIONAL BENEFITS EDUCATIONAL BENEFITS
SIMPLE CORRELATION SIMPLE CORRELATION APPROACH
APPROACH
•
PRIVATE PRIVATE
• CROSS-COUNTRY CROSS-COUNTRY
EDUCATIONAL EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURES EXPENDITURES
EDUCATIONAL EDUCATIONAL ATTAINTMENT
ATTAINTMENT INCOME INCOME
RESIDUAL APPROACH RESIDUAL APPROACH
1.1.
LAND LAND
2. CAPITAL 2. CAPITAL 3. LABOUR 3. LABOUR
• EXT UNEXPLAINED EXT UNEXPLAINED
• FACTORS RESIDUAL FACTORS RESIDUAL FACTORS FACTORS
EDUCATION EDUCATION ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIC GROWTH
DIRECT RETURNS TO EDUCATION:
DIRECT RETURNS TO EDUCATION:
EDUCATION EDUCATION
1. 1. AGE EARNINGS AGE EARNINGS PROFILE
PROFILE 2. EARNINGS 2. EARNINGS
DIFFERENTIALS DIFFERENTIALS 3. LIFE TIME 3. LIFE TIME EARNINGS EARNINGS
DIFFERENTIALS DIFFERENTIALS
EARNINGS ANALYSIS EARNINGS ANALYSIS
EDUCATION
EDUCATION EARNINGS EARNINGS
ABILITY ABILITY
MOTIVATION MOTIVATION
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS
EDUCATION EDUCATION
•
QUALITY QUALITY
• QUANTITY QUANTITY
VARIATIONS VARIATIONS OF OF
EARNINGS
EARNINGS
EDUCATION
EDUCATION 1. 1. INEQUALITY OF INCOME INEQUALITY OF INCOME
2. 2. INCOME EQUALIZER INCOME EQUALIZER
TERIMA TERIMA
KASIH
KASIH
