The territory of the next major group, consisting of the tribes of the Iroquois, was within or bordered on the Algonquian territory. Adjacent to the Nottoway, and in close association with them, lay the Meherrin, on the lower reaches of the river of the same name.
SIOUAN MIGRATIONS AND IROQUOIS CONQUESTS
34;up the river” (Dorsey), and the fact that the name occurs so early shows that other tribes of the same stock were further along. 34;And now that I mention the northern Indians, it may not be improper to take note of their implacable hatred of those of the south.
THE BILOXI
There were two types of dwellings: the low wigwam of the eastern tribes and the high pointed tepee of the nomadic western Indians (Dorsey, Biloxi). The name of the Moctobi seems to have disappeared from the face of the earth, as repeated personal research among the Choctaw and Caddo has yielded the basic knowledge of such a tribe.
THE MAKAHOAC CONFEDERACY
20 SIOUAN TRIBES OF EAfeT. ['BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. arrows all the time, that their attack evidently thought the English had a whole party of Powhat, who assisted them, and after a short skirt. mish disappeared as suddenly as they had appeared. The few survivors were merged with the Sajwni and Tutelo, and then followed their wandering fortunes, as will be related in the inquiries of the Monacan tribes.
THE MONACAL CONFEDERACY, INCLUDING THE SAPONI
The fact that the Monacan and the Manahoac were so closely associated, living in the same manner and in virtually the same country, makes it likely that the language difference was merely dialectical. Byrd, a very competent authority, who a century later knew the remains of these tribes, positively tells us that each of them was formerly a separate nation, or rather another canton of the same nation, speaking the same language* and sharing the same had habits (Byrd, 4).
AND TUTELO
THE MONACAN PROPER
Linguistic evidence shows that the eastern tribes of the Siouan family were established on the Atlantic slope long before the western tribes of this stock reached the plains. Refusing to smoke on the part of a stranger Avas regarded as a sign of hostility.
COLLATERAL TRIBES
After going, according to their estimate, about 100 miles in a general southwesterly direction, crossing the "Sapong River" several times and climbing several smaller ridges, they came to the Tolera (misprint for . Totera or Tutelo) village which on the headwaters of the Roanoke (Dan) and surrounded by mountains. The Mahock are said to speak the same language, with dialectical differences, common to the Monacan, IN'ahyssan, Saponi, and other tribes of that division. After crossing the Blue Ridge to the headwaters of the New River, the party came upon recently cleared cornfields along the stream, from which it appeared that the Mohetan had recently been removed.
Mciponlsky or Meipontsky.-These appear to be mentioned only in the report of the Albany conference of 1722, convened at the instance of Governor Spotswood to put an end to the Iroquois raids against the Virginian tribes.
THE SAPONI AND TUTELO
In their frontier position at the base of the mountains, the Saponi and Tutelo were directly in the way of the Iroqnois, whose war trail. While stopping at the village of the Waxhaw on a small eastern tributary of the Catawba, just within the borders of South Carolina, a messenger from the Sapoui arrived to arrange tribal business with the Waxhaw. He has much to say about the beauty of the stream, and makes constant music as an accompaniment.
From one of the Totero with whom he spoke in this village he found that a powder was made of the so-called bezoar stone, a hairy concretion which sometimes collided in the stomach of the deer and other ruminants.
40 SIOUAN TRIBES OF THE EAST. [ BUREAU ETHNOLOGY OF sion of tlie prisoners in order to send tliem lionie to their own peojde
It is clear that he was not aware of the existence of the YadkinorPedee as a separate stream, as its intersection presupposes. From a reference in a document from 1711, just after the outbreak of the Tuskarora War, it appears likely that the Saponi had already settled there in 1711 (N.C.R., 1). While outside the fort, having clearly delivered their arms to the commander, they were attacked at night by a party of Iroquois who killed five and carried off a number of prisoners, including the chief of the Catawba.
However, the Shawano and other tribes of the Ohio Valley continued their raids on the Catawba until the end of the French and Indian War.
46 SIOUAN TRIBES OF THE EAST
In the journal of the same expedition, as printed in the Colonial Records of NorthCarolina, the names sometimes appear in a slightly different form, owing to a misprint or carelessness in the original record (N. C. 11.,5). They justified their imposition of heavier burdens on the weaker sex by the tradition that work originally came upon the human race through the fault of woman. The whole party Mason horse,whit^h . was evidently in greater honor on this occasion, as the distance from the village was only 3 miles, and, as Batts says, they must have walked like a pharaoh to catch their horses.
Each of them was formerly a separate nation, or rather several clans or cantons of the same nation, speaking the same language, or using the same customs.
50 SIOUAN TRIBES OF THE EAST
51 the Tutelo, orai)artof tliein, living further on the uortheru branch of the Sus(iuehaunaata village called Skogari, in the present Columbia couut, Pennsylvania) He describes it as "the only town on the continent inhabited by Tuteloes, a degenerate relic of drunkards." (Hale, 5) From this time the Tutelo and iSaponi chiefs are on an equal footing with those of the Cayuga in the conclave of the Iroijuois league. The last surviving Tutelo told Hale in 1870 that when his people came to Canada with Brant, they separated from the Saponi at Niagara, and what became of the Saponi afterwards was not known.
It is possible to resolve the question of the ultimate fate of the Saponi by a treaty concluded with the New York Cayuga at Albany in 1780, which states that the "Paanese" (Sa-poonese), the.
THE OCCANEECHI
They were received with a great vtone of friendship and a dance was arranged in their honor that night, but in the midst of the festivities the false Occaneechi suddenly darkened the place. At this time, in May 1070, Bacon came up with 200 Virginians in pursuit of the Suscpiehanna and the. Almost sixty years later, some of the peach trees they planted still remained in the old fields on the island (Byrd, 14).
They were well supplied with game provisions and received the traveler kindly, in view of their previous experience of the English.
53 SIOUAN TRIBES OF THE EAST
THE SARA AND KEYAUWEE
THE SARA AND THEIR ALLIES
Xuala." (In writing Indian names, the early Spanish authors used x as the equivalent of sh-Xuala of the Spaniard, Sualaof Lederer, Suali of the Cherokee, and Saura and Cherawof later writers.) Because they were so far removed from the settlements and earlier back from the traders' general route, little was known about them by English settlers and travelers until after their move to eastern South Carolina.
58 SIOUAN TRIBES OF THE EAST
The Saponi, Tutelo, and Occaneechi, joining forces about the same time, moved east of Avard to the neighborhood of the white settlement. At the same time North Carolina, at the request of the southern colony, raised a force of whites and Indians to attack the Sara itself (N. C.R., 6). The war against the Sara and their allies was continued by the two governments of Carolina until the final defeat and expulsion of the Yamasi from South Carolina.
In 1751 they are mentioned again as one of the southern tribes bordering the settlements with.
THE KEYAUWEE
Eno was then at war with the Tuscarora, and that the Spanish had advanced from the gold regions of the southern Alleghanies into central North Carolina. In 1701 Lawson found Eno and Shoccoree, now connected, with the addition of Adshusheer, in the same place. At least a few of the mixed tribe found their way to Virginia with the Sai)oni, as Byrd speaks of an old Indian, called ShaccoWill, living near Nottoway.
They are last noticed in 1751 as one of the small friendly tribes with whom the government of South Carolina desired the Iroquois to make peace (IST. Y., 18).
THE CATAWBA
Gatschet was then transferred for critical examination to Mr. Dorsey, a specialist in the known Siouan tribes of the west, with the result that he pronounced Catawba a Siouan language. The first European introduction to the Catawba was with the Spanish around the middle of the sixteenth century. Their principal village was formerly on the west side of the river in what is now York county.
Kamaudiananna impangta ni Gobernador Glen ti South Carolina nga alaenna ti panagsusupiat ti Catawba babaen ti panangitukonna iti gunggona iti tunggal Indian Northern Indian a napapatay iti uneg dagiti beddeng ti South Carolina.
THE WAXHAW AND SUGEREE
In 1881 Gatschet found about 85 people on the reservation on the west bank of the Catawba River, about 3 miles north of Catawba Junction, in Yorkcounty. Those in the reserve were very mixed with white blood, and only about two dozen retained their language. The interior of the structure was dark, and the fire was kept on public occasions by means of a circle of reeds divided in the middle, the reeds being constantly renewed at one end as they were consumed at the other.
Another reference to these tribes is found except for a brief mention of the "Elaw" (Catawba) and Waxhaw in 1712, from which it appears that the hostile Tuscarora and their allies to the north were moving in against them.
THE PEDEE, WACCAMAW, AND WINYAW; THE HOOKS AND BACKHOOKS
At the Albany Conference in 1751 they are mentioned as one of the small tribes living among the whites with whom the South Carolina government desired the Iroquois to make peace (NewYork, 21). The Sautee and its branches, the Wateree and Cougaree, were owned by the Sewee, Santee, Wateree, and Couoaree tribes, whose territory extended to the neighborhood of Waxhaw and Catawba. The custom of cleaning and preserving the bones of the dead was also common to the Choctaw, Nanticoke, and many other tribes.
In the first half of the eighteenth century, the Wateree lived on the Wateree River in South Carolina, with the Congaree below them and the Catawba and Waxhaw above.
OTHER SOUTH CAROLINA TRIBES
There is reason to believe that the name Wateree was formerly applied to the Pedee and Yadkin rivers instead of the stream now known by that name (Gregg, 8). Uvhi.- Below on both sides of the Savanna were the Uchitribe, which constituted the special linguistic stock (uchean). The Natchez, who originally lived on the east bank of the Mississippi, around the site of the present city of Natchez, were involved in a war with the French in 1729, which resulted in their complete destruction as a tribe in next.
They were one of the small coastal tribes known collectively as the Cusabo, and were probably identical with the tribe sometimes referred to as the "Ashley River Indians.".
LOCAL NAMES P^EOM SIOTTAN TRIBAL NAMES IN VIR-
GINIA AND CAROLINA
AUTHORITIES
History of the Old Cheraws, containing an account of the aborigines of Pedee, the first white settlements, etc., extending from c. AD History of Carolina, containini;- the exact description and natural history of that country, etc. The discoveries of lohnLeader in three several marches from Virginia to the western part of Carolina and other parts of the continent.
The Colonial Records of North Carolina, published under the supervision of the trustees of the public libraries, by order of the general assembly.
II^DEX
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ADDENDA
