50 SIOUAN TRIBES OF THE EAST

Zonky] saponi

and tutelo adopted. 51

the Tutelo, orai)artof tliein, livingfarther up theuortheru branch of the Sus(iuehauna^{ata villagecalled Skogari, in}

what

is

now Columbia

couuty, Pennsylvania,

He

describes itas "the only

town

on the con- tinent inhabited

by

Tuteloes, a degenerate

remnant

of thieves

and

drunkards" (Hale, 5).

Two

generations of civilization

had

evidently changed

them

from the honest

and

brave

men

described

by

Lederer

and

Lawson.

In 1753 the

Cayuga

formally adoi)ted the Tutelo

and

Saponi,

who

thus

became

a partof the 8ix Nations.

The

measure

was

approved

by

•SirWilliam Johnson, the English representative (N. Y., 12).

At

the

same

time the

Oneida

adopted the Nanticoke, as they

had

already received the Tuskarora.

From

this time the Tutelo

and

iSaponi chiefs ai)pear on equal terms with those of the

Cayuga

in the conclaves of the Iroijuois league. In 17G3 the Nanticoke

and

Conoy, with the

"Tutecoes, Saponeys, ettc," were reported

by

Johnson to

number

together 200 warriors ^{(N, Y.,} 13). Jiy "ettc."

may

perhaps be under- stood the Occaneechi.

The

Tutelo

and

Saponi did not at oiice

remove

to theCayuga. In 17C5 the Saponi are mentioned ^as having 30 warriors, living at Tioga (about Say're,Pennsylvania)

and

other villages onthe northern branch of the Susijuehanna, in connection with the

Delaware and Munsee

(Croghan, 1).

A

partof

them may have

remained at Tioga until its

destructionin 1778, butin 1771 theprincipal portion

had

their village in the territory of the Cayuga, about ² miles south of

Cayuga

lake

and

2 milessouth of the presentIthaca,

Kew

York.

On

the

Guy

John- son nuip of 1771 itappears as Todevigh-rono ^(for Toderigli-rouo); on another ma[) of aboutthe

same

dateas Kayeghtalagealat; ⁱⁿ Grant's journalof 1770 as Dehoriss-kanadia (apparently the

Mohawk

Tehote- righ-kanada,^{'^}Tutelotown'');

and

in Dearborn'sjournal as Coreorgonel (Uale, C;

K

^{Y., 14).}

Then came

the llevolution, which resulted in driving half the Iro- ([uoisinto Canada.

The

Tutelo village, ^viththose of the

Cayuga and

Seneca,

was

destroyed

by

Sullivan in 1770.

Most

of the

Cayuga

fled with IJrant to

Canada and

were settled

by

theBritish

government

on a reservation assigned to the Six Nations on

Grand

river in Ontario, on the northern side of

Lake

Erie.

The

Tutelo

went

with

them and

built their village on

what

is

now known

as "Tutelo Pleights," a sub- urbof Brautford, onthe western

bank

of

Grand

river (Hale, 7).

The

last surviving Tutelo told Hale in 1870 that

when

his people

came

^to

Canada

withBrant theyparted with the Saponi atNiagara,

and what became

of the Saponi afterward hedid not know. liedid

know

that the

two

tribes could understand each other's speech. Itispossi- ble to settle the question of the ultimate fateof the Saponi from the record of a treaty nnide with the

New York Cayuga

at

Albany

in 1780, in which it is stated that the

"Paanese"

(Sa-poonese), the

"adoi>ted brethren" of the Cayuga, were then living with

them

on theirreservation, near Salt Spring, on Seneca river, inSenecacouuty,

52 SIOUAN TRIBES OF THE

^EAST. [^.^

REAUOF HNOLOGY

New York

^(Hall, 1), Itisbarely possible that

some

of their descend- ants,retaining the laugaage,

may

^still be found

among

the

Cayuga

in

New

^York.

About

sixtyyears ago,says Hale,

when

Brantford

was

afrontierham-

let, theTutelo cabins werescatteredover theseheights, havinginthe center the "long house" wherein theircouncilswereheld

and

theirfes- tivals celebrated.

They numbered

then about 200 souls,

and

fromall

accountswere a jovial,uproarious lot, quite difierent from the sedate Iroquois

among whom

^theylived. Nearer totheM'hitesettlementsthan the others, theysunk still lower into dissipation, until their systems

had become

soenfeebled that they

became

apreyto disease.

When

the cholera swept over the countryin 1832 itcarriedoff the greater portion of thetribe,

and

a secondvisitation in 1848 completed their destruction.

The

few survivors took refuge

among

the

Cayuga

and the Tutelotribeceasedtoexist. In 1870 onlyonefull-bloodTuteloremained.

This venerable

remnant

of a nation

was

said,

when

discovered

by

Hale in theyear

named,

to bethe oldest

man

on thereservation.

He

believed himself to beconsiderablyover ahundred,

and was

a pensioner of the

war

of1812. His

memory went back

toa time before theRevo- lution

when

his peopleAvere living together with the Saponi

and

the Patshenin (Occaneechi?). His

Cayuga name was

^"•Old Mosquito;"

his Tutelo

name was

Waskiteng. Hale describes

him

as having

"a

wrinkled,smiling countenance, ahigh forehead, half-shut eyes, white hair, a scanty, stubbly beard,fingersbent withagelikeabird'sclaws,"

but withala

man

of

marked

intelligence

and

nuich livelyhumor. His wifeAvasa

Cayuga and

for

many

yearshe

had

spoken only that langu- age,but he

remembered

well his own,

and

from

him Hale

obtained a sufficient vocabulary to establish the important discovery that the Tutelois a Siouau tongue. This

was

published in the Proceedingsof the

American

Philosophical Society in 1883,having been notedin the minutesofthat society as early as 1871).

Even

on thethreshold ofhis second century, theold

man remembered

that the tribes against

whom

the Tutelo

had

been most often at war

had

been the Tuskarora, Seneca,

and

Cayuga.

On

asecond visitto the reservationinOctober, 1870, Hale obtained

some

additional material fromtheold

man, who

diedshortlyafter, in

February, 1871,leaving noneof fullTutelo blood behind. There are, however, several children of Tutelomothers

by

Iroquois fathers still

remaining, retainingtheir language

and

their

name

of Tutelo, accord ingtotheIiulian lawofdescentthrough thefemaleline.

One

of

them

(from

whom

other linguistic material

was

obtained)

was

evenallowed toretain his seat in the councils of the league as the representative of theTutelo,

and

to exercisethe leagueprivilegeof

making

his address in the language of his tribe, after the tribe itself

had

disappeared (Hale, 7).

In 1882 Dorseyvisited the

Grand

River reservationin Canada, but found then only

two

persons of Tutelo blood remaining

and

retaining

SIOTTAN

MDONEYJ

LAST OF THE TUTELO.

^-

53

their lan^iage.

From

a letter obtained

by him two

or three years later, however,it appears that there

was

then at leastone other Tutelo living'

somewhere

else in Canada, probably with the

Canghnawaga Mohawk

or the Moravian Delaware,

and

still claiming title to lands in Virginia.

As

already stated there areprobablya few Saponi ^still with the

Caynga

in

New

^York.

To

this i>itifiil handful have

come

atlast"thehonestest

and

bravest Indians Yirginia ever knew."