THE KEYAUWEE

«'^™] LA8T OV THE

SARA.

61

English against the French

smd

their allies, an<l in 1759 a party of 45

"Charraws/'sonieof

whom,

undertheirchief,

King

Johnny,

had

been

in the expedition againstFort l)iiQuesne, broughtinto Charleston the scalp of a French Indian (Gregg, 2).

The

last notice of the tribe seems to bein 17G8,

when we

find

them

^still living with theCatawba, but soreduced

by

Avars and sickness that they nundjered only 50or

(>0 souls (Mass., 3).

The Catawba and

all their confederate tribes together then

numbered

only about 500 souls.

G2 SIOUAN

TRIBEtt

OF THE

EAST, [".^,1^

DREAU OF OLOGY 19). Oil Jefferys'

map

of 17(il tlieirvillage is

marked

on the

Pedee

abovethat of the Sara,

and

about on tlie linebetween North Carolina

and

South Carolina.

We

lind no latermentionof them, but like the two othertribes just

named

they were probablyincorporatedwiththe Catawba.

THE ENO, SHOCCOliEE, AND ADSIIUSHEER.

Synonytny.

fk'no.—Xi\a,iv, History of the AmericanliuLs., 1775, p. 224.

Enuc.

—

Lawson(1714), History of Carolina,rei)riut 1800, _i>. 'J7.

Ilaynokci.

—

Yardlcy(1054) inHawks,NorthCarolina, 1858,vol.h,p.19.

Ocnock(orGiuock).

—

Lederer, Discoveries, 1072, p. 15.

Cacores.

—

^Yardley(1054) inHawks, NorthCarolina, 1858, vol.ii,]).19.

Shahor.

—

^Ibid.,map(misprint).

Shacco.—Byrd(1733), Hist,oftheDividingLine, 1800,vol. li,p.2.

Shavkory.

—

^{Ibid., p.15.}

Shakor.

—

Lederer, Discoveries, 1072,map.

Shoccoric8.

—

Lawson(1714), Histoi'yof Carolina,reprint, 1800, \).97.

Adahanliter.

—

^{Lawson,ibid., p. 95.}

As

thesetribes are usually mentioned together they

may

be treated inthe

same

maimer. It is doubtful if they, or at least the

Eno and

Shoccoree, were of Siouaii stock, as they seem to have differed in pliysitpie

and

habitfrom their neighbors; butasnothing isleftoftheir language,

and

as their alliances were all with Siouan tribes, they can not well be discriminated. Little is

known

of them, for they disap peared as tribal bodies about 17l!U, having been incorporated either with the

Catawba

onthesouthorwith theSaponi andtheirconfederates on thenorth.

The Eno and

^{Shoccoree are first mentioned}

by

Yardley in 1G.j4.

Writing from hisVirginia plantation he says that avisitingTuskarora

had

described to him,

among

other tribes in the interior,

"a

great nationcalledCacores,"ofdwarfishstature, notexceeding that ofboys of

1-4years,yet exceedinglybrave

and

fierce in light

and

extremely active in retreat, sothat even the powerful Tuskarora were unable to con- quer them.

Near them was

^{another '' great}nation"

whom

the Tuska- rora called

Haynoke, by whom

the northern advance of the Span- iards

was

valiantly resisted (Hawks, 1).

From

thisitappearsthat the

Eno

were then at

war

with the Tuskarora,

and

that the Spaniards

had

advanced from the gold regions of the southern Alleghanies ^into central North Carolina.

The

nextmention of these

two

tribesis by Lederer,

who

found

them

in 1072 living south of the Occaneechi about the heads of Tar

and Neuse

rivers.

The

general localityis still indicated in the

names

of

Eno

riverand Shoccocreek, ui)per branches of these streams. In the

name

Shoccoree, the

name

proper is Shocco, rcc or ri being the demonstrative suffix of the

Catawba

and closelycognate languages,

slooNrv]

ENO AND SHOCCOREE EARLY

HISTORY. t)3 the

same

thatappears in Usheree,Uharee,

and

Enoree,the hist-iiuined river i)erhapstaking its designation fromthe

Eno

tribe,

Lederer found thevillages of thetwo tribes about 14 miles aparv, the

Eno

the farther eastward.

The Eno

village

was

surrounded

by

large fieldscleared

by

theindustry of the Indians,

and was

^itselfbuilt around acentraltiekl or plazadevoted to an athletic

game

described

by

the traveler as " slinging of stones," in which "theyexercisewith so

much

labor

and

violence

and

in so great

numbers

thatI have seen theground wet with the sweat that dropped from their bodies."

He

agreeswith Yardley as to their small size, butnot asto their bravery or other good qualities, stating that "they are of

mean

stature

and

courage, covetous

and

thievish,industrious toearna penny,

and

there- fore hire themselves outto their neighbors

who employ them

as car- ryers or porters.

They

plant

abundance

of grain, reap three cropsin a

summer, and

out oftheir granary supplyallthe adjacentparts."

The

character thus outlined accords

more

with that of the peaceful Pueblos than with that of

any

of our eastern tribes,

and

goes far to indicatea diflerent origin. Their liousebuilding also

was

different from thatof their neighbors, butresembled that of the mountainIndians. Instead of building their houses of bark, like the Virginia

and

Carolina In- diansgenerally, theyused branches interwoven and covered with

mud

or plaster.

Some

huts were built of reeds (canes)

and

bark.

They

were usually round instead of long as

among

thecoast tribes.

Near

every house there

was

a smaller structure,

somewhat

resembling an oven, in whichtliey stored corn

and

nuts. This is identical with the

H"7i'atdlior provision house of the Cherokee. In

summer

theyslept under leafy arbors.

The government was

democratic

and

patriarchal, thedecisionsof their old

men

beingreceived with unquestioningobedi- ence.

The

Shoccoree resembled the

Eno

in their generalcustoms

and manners

(Lederer, 9).

In 1701

Lawson

found the

Eno and

Shoccoree,

now

confederated, with the addition of the Adshusheer, in the

same

location. Their village, which he callsAdshusheer,

was

on

Eno

river, about 11 miles east oftheOccaneechivillage,near the presentIlillsboro. Thiswould placeitnot far northeast of

Durham,

in

Durham

county, North Caro- lina.

Eno

^Will, a Coree

by

birth, Avas the chief of the three tribes.

lie entertained the party in

most

hospitable fashion atAdshusheer, singing

them

to sleep with an Indian lullaby,

and

afterwards guided

them

fromthe Occaneechi to near thewhite settlementson Albemarle sound,

Lawson

describes

him

as

"one

ofthe best

and

most agreeable temper that ever I

met

with in an Indian,being always ready to serve the English, not out ofgain, but real affection."

They

keptpoultry, but, so

Lawson

thought, largely forthe purpose of sacritjcetothe devil.

They had

not forgottentheirold

game

men- tioned

by

Lederer, which

may now

be recognized as the universal wheeland-stick

game

of the eastern

and

southern tribes; for

Lawson

sayainhisnarrative that theywere ^"

much

addictedto a sportthey call

(64

SIOUAN

TRIBES

OF THE

EAST. _[ethnology cChenco,which iscairiedon with a staff

and

abowl

made

ofstone,which theytrundle

upon

asmooth placelike abowling green,

made

forthat purpose."

At

this time the Shoccoree

seem

to have been the i^rincipal tribe.

They had some

trade with the Tuskarora. Later (about 1714), with the Tutelo, Saponi, Occaiieechi,

and Keyauwee,

together

numbering

only about 750 souls, they

moved

toward the settlements.

Lawson

includes

Eno

in hislistofTuskarora villages at this period,

and

as the

Eno

^lived on the

Neuse

adjoining the Tuskarora, itis probable that theywere sometimes classedwith

them

(Lawson,^G). Li 171GGovernor iSpotswood, of Virginia, proposed to settle the Eno, Sara,

and

Key-

auwee

at

Eno Town,

on

what was

then "the very frontiers^'of Korth Carolina; buttheproject

was

defeated

by

NorthCarolinaon theground that all three tribes were then at

war

with South Carolina(N.

C,

10).

From

the recordsitcan notbe determinedclearlywhetherthis

was

the

Eno Town

of

Lawson

ⁱⁿ 1714, or a

more

recentvillagenearer theAlbe-

jtnarle settlements.

Owing

tothe objection

made

to theirsettlementinthe north the

Eno

inoved southward into South Carolina.

They

probably assisted the othertribesof that region

intheYamasi war

of 1715.

At

least afew of the

mixed

tribe found their

way

into Virginia with the Sai)oni, as

Byrd

speaks ofanold Indian,called ShaccoWill,living near

Nottoway

river in 1733,

who

offeredtoguide

him

to a mine on

Eno

river near the

-oldcountry of theTuskarora(Byrd,20).

The name

ofShocco(Shockoe) icreek, at Ilichmond, Virginia,

may

possibly have been derived from the

same

^tribe.

The main body was

finally incorporated with the Catawba,

among whom

the

Eno

still retained their distinct dialect in 1743(Adair,3).

The name

ofEnoreeriverinSouth Carolina

may

have

a

connection with the

name

ofthe tribe.

THE WOCCON, SISSIPAHAW, CAPE ^FEAIl, AND ^WAKilEN- NUNCOCK INDIANS.

Syitoiii/mij.

n'accoa.

—

Morse, Report,1822, \>. 145.

JVaccoam.

—

Ibid (misprint).

»ratrw;i.—Documentof 1712inN. C.Records, ^ISSC, vol. i,p.891.

H'acoii.

—

Lawson, mapof 1709, iuHawks, History of Nortli Ciirolina,vol. ii, p. 104.

;roeco?i.—Lawson(1714),Historyof Carolina, reprint1860,p. 378.

TFocons.

—

Ralinesque iuMarshall, History of Kentucky,1824, vol. i, p. 23.

frokkon.

—

^{Drake, IJook of}the Indians,1848, p. xii

.

JVoocon.

—

Schoolcraft, IndianTribes, 1853, voliii, p.401.

ll'orkons.

—

Douienech, Deserts ofNorthAmerica, 1860, vol. i, p.445.

Sanxpa.—Yandeiii (1579) iu Smith, Documentos ^ine'ditos, 1857,pp. 15-19 (probably the same).

Saxapahaw.

—

Bowen,

Map

of the British Au'crican Plantations, ^1760.

Saxapahmv.— Byrd(1728), History of theDividingLine, 1866, vol. i,p. 180.

SIOUA

MOONEYfy]

THE WOCCON

TRIBE.

65

Sippahaws.

—

Martiu, History ofNorthCaroliiin, 1829, vol. i, p. 129.

Sissipahdii.

—

Lawsou(1714), History of Carolina, reprint1860, p.94.

Sissispahdivs.

—

Latham,VarietiesofMau, 1850, p.334 (misprint).

CapeFearx.

—

AlbanyConference (1751) in

New

York Colonial Documents, 1855, vol.

vi, p.721.

Il'arroinimcock.

—

LeJerer, Discoveries, 1672,ji. 2.

.

Of

the aSTortli Carolina tribes bearing the foregoing-

names

almost nothingis

known, and

of thelast

two

even the proj^er

names have

not beenrecorded.

The Woccon

were Siouau; the

Saxapahaw and Cape

FearIndians presumably were Sioaan, as indicated fromtheir associa- tions

and

allianceswith

known

Sioiiau tribes, while the

Warrennuncock

were probably

some

people better

known

under another name, though theycan not be identified.

The

region between the

Yadkin and

the Neuse, extending

down

to the coast,

was

probably occupied

by

still

other tribes

whose

very

names

are forgotten.

They

were virtually exterminated

by

smallpox

and

other diseases long before thecoloniza- tion of this region in the middle of theeighteenth century, andprob- ably evenbefore the

Yamasi war

of 1715 disrupted the smallertribes.

About

all that is

known

of the

Woccon was

recorded

by

Lawson,

who

statesthat about 1710 theylived not

more

than

two

leagues from theTuskarora (whooccupied the lower ]!^euse

and

itstributaries),

and had two

villages,

Yupwauremau and

Toopta^meer (p. 383), with120 warriors, which wouldindicateapopulation of 500 or000 souls. This

was by

far a larger poinilation at that period than

any

otherof the eastern Carolinatribesexcepting the Tuskarora.

He

givesavocabulary of about150 words, which

shows

that their dialect

was

closely related to that of the Catawba, although the

two

tribes were separated

by

nearly 200 miles (Lawson, 7). Ilisma]) of 1709,reproduced

by Hawks,

places the

Woccon

between the

main Neuse and

one of its tributaries, perhaps about the i^resent Goldsboro in

Wayne

c<mntyor

Snow

Hill in Greene county.

They

joined the Tuskarora against the whites in the

war

of 1711-1713, as learned fromincidental references in thecolo- nial documentsof thatperiod. Since there are no later records con- cerning them, theywere probably destroyed as a tribe by that war,

and

the

remnant may have

tied northward with thehostile Tuskarora to the Iroquois, or southward to the

Catawba and Yamasi;

or per- haps theywere assignedto the reservationwith thefriendlyTuskarora

who

remainedin North Carolina.

The

Sissipahaw

must

have been

an

imj)ortant tribe at one time, as

Haw

river, the

main

upper streamof the

Cape

Fear, derives its

name

from them,

and

the site of their former village,

known

in 1728 as

"the

Haw

oldfields,"

was

noted asthe largest

body

of fertile land in allthatregion. ItAvasprobablysituatedabouttheiiresent

Saxapahaw

on

Haw

river, in thelower part ^of

Alamance

county, North Carolina.

They

are probablyidentical with the

Sauxpa

mentioned

by Vandera

BULL.

v=22

⁵

66 SIOUAN TRIBES OF THE

^EAST. [It BUREAUOP

HNOLOGY in1579; Lftwsou luentioustbem,butliedid notmeettlieininliisjourney in 1701,astlieylivedbelowthe pointatAvliidi the regulartradingpath crossed the river.

He

incidentallymentions meeting

among

the

Eno

a slavetaken from this tribe (Lawson, 8). Nothing

more

of

them

is

known beyond

the general statement

by

Martin that they

and

other tribes of that region joined the Yamasi againstthe English in the

war

of ^1715.

The

proper

name

of the

Cape

Fear Indiansis

unknown.

This local term

was

appLfed

by

the early colonists to the tribe formerly living aboutthe lower part of

Capo

Fear river in the southeastern corner of North Carolina. Their first intimate acquaintance with the English

was made

aboutthe year 1001,

when

a colonyfrom

New England made

asettlement near the

mouth

oftheriver,butsoon incurred theillwillof the Indians

by

seizing theirchildren

and

sending

them

away,ostensibly to instruct

them

inthe

ways

of civilization, but reallyas the Indians believed, with a semblance of probability, to

make them

slaves.

The

result

was

that the

Cape

FearIndians, althoughas yet Avithout guns,

began

a determined

war

againstthecolonists

and

tinally succeeded in driving

them

fromthe coimtry. In 1003 another party, from Barba- does, explored theriver

and

its branches for a considerable distance.

Not

^farfrom the

mouth

theyfound an Indian settlement calledNecoes (narrativeof 1003, in Lawson, p. 115), togetherwith

numerous

cleared fieldsofcorn.

They

foundthe Indians generally friendly, manifesting theirfriendship

by

cries of ^"

bonny

bonny," which

may have

been a reminiscenceofprevious contact with Spaniards.

The

Indians gave

them

corn

and

other provisions,

and

in return received presents of beads.

One

of the Indians, however, shot an arrow at

them

as they werepassingunder acliff.

They

jiursued

and

fired at

him

butmissed.

Afterward they

came upon him

in hiscanoe.

What

follijwed, as told in their

own

words, well indicatesthe

summary

methodsofthe English indealingwiththe Indians

:

We

wentoushoreandcutthesameiu pieces. Theludians perceiving us coming towardstlieniranaway. Coingto Lishutwepulleditdown, brokehis pots, plat- ters,and spoons,torethe deerskinsandmatsiu pieces aud took away a hasket of acorns.

' Notwithstandingthisseverity,the Indiansatthenextvillagereceived the whites kindly,

and

their chief expressed the greatest regret

and

displeasureatthemisconduct of his man.

They

afterward

"made

a purchaseof the river

and

land of

Cape

^Fair,of

Wat

Coosa

and

such otherIndians as appearedto us to be the chief of those parts."

The

tribeseemedto bepopulous, with

numerous

villages along the river,

and

excepting in the single instancementioned, displayed theutmost friendly feelingtowardthewhites(Lawson, 9). In 1005another colony settled at the

mouth

of

Oldtowh

creek, in

Brunswick

county, onthe southern side of theriver, on atra<?tbouglit of the Indians,

who

still

S'ey] ^cape fear and warrennuncock

tribes.

67

remaiued friendly.

The

colony

was

notsuccessful, consequently

was

disbanded afew yearslater(Martin, 1).

No more

is heardof thetribefornearly a

hundred

years.

As

they wereevidentlyawarlikepeople, it isin-obable thatlike most of their neighborstheytook part in the

Yamasi war

in1715. Itis also prob- able thatthey suffered withall the Carolinatribesfrom smallpox

and

<otherdiseases until only a handful remained.

They

do not

seem

to

have

incorporated with the Catawba, however, as did

many

of the smallertribes in their decline, but to

have

maintained their separate existence within theEnglishsettlements.

They

arelastnoticedin1751 asone of the smallfriendly tribeswith

whom

the SouthCarolina gov- ernmentdesiredthe Iroquois to beatpeace (IST. Y., 18).

For

the

name Warrennuncock

there is only the authority of a single statement

by

Lederer,

who

tells us in 1(372 that the southern

AUegha-

nies (orBlue ridge) at Sara ^" take the

name

of Suala] Sara in the

Warrennuncock

dialectbeing SasaorSualy^."

The name

hasan Algon- quian appearance,

and

isprobably only a

Powhatan synonym

for

some

Carolinatribe (having the Iinstead ofther) better

known

tousunder

some

othername.