Case study in Karangwangi Village, Cidaun Sub ... - Smujo

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The local knowledge of the rural people on species, role, and hunting of birds: Case

study in Karangwangi Village, Cidaun Sub- district, West Java

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIODIVERSITY UGM YOGYAKARTA, 19 MARCH 2016

The local knowledge of the rural people on species, role, and hunting of birds: Case

study in Karangwangi Village, Cidaun Sub-

district, West Java

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THE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE RURAL PEOPLE ON SPECIES, ROLE, AND HUNTING OF BIRDS: CASE STUDY IN

KARANGWANGI VILLAGE, CIDAUN SUB-DISTRICT, WEST JAVA

JOHAN ISKANDAR, BUDIAWATI.S.ISKANDAR, RUHYAT PARTASASMITA (UNIVERSITY OF PADJADJARAN)

• BIRD DIVERSITY IN JAVA

• ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL FUNCTION OF BIRDS

• STUDY OF LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF RURAL PEOPLE ON BIRDS

• LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON SPECIES, ROLE, AND HUNTING

• CONCLUSION

• BIRD DIVERSITY IN JAVA

• ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL FUNCTION OF BIRDS

• STUDY OF LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF RURAL PEOPLE ON BIRDS

• LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON SPECIES, ROLE, AND HUNTING

• CONCLUSION

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THE BIRDS OF JAVA AND THE SURROUNDING (HOOGERWERF, 1948)

• TOTAL – 536 SPECIES AND SUB-SPECIES OF BIRDS CONSIST OF :

• BREEDING SPECIES AND SUB-SPECIES 410 (76,5 %)

• MIGRANTS FROM NORTHERN HEMISPHERE 104 SPECIES & SUB SPECIES (19,4 %)

• MIGRANT FROM SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE 7 SPECIES & SUB-SPECIES (1,3

%)

• STAGGLERS 13 SPECIES & SUB-SPECIES (2,4 %)

• STATUS UNKNOWN 2 SPECIES & SUB-SPECIES (0,3 %)

• TOTAL – 536 SPECIES AND SUB-SPECIES OF BIRDS CONSIST OF :

• BREEDING SPECIES AND SUB-SPECIES 410 (76,5 %)

• MIGRANTS FROM NORTHERN HEMISPHERE 104 SPECIES & SUB SPECIES (19,4 %)

• MIGRANT FROM SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE 7 SPECIES & SUB-SPECIES (1,3

%)

• STAGGLERS 13 SPECIES & SUB-SPECIES (2,4 %)

• STATUS UNKNOWN 2 SPECIES & SUB-SPECIES (0,3 %)

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ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF BIRDS

• ECOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF BIRDS: PEST CONTROL, POLINATOR, SEED DISPERSAL, AND INDICATOR OF SEASONAL CHANGES, SUCH AS

BEGINNING OF RAINY SEASON

• ECOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF BIRDS: PEST CONTROL, POLINATOR, SEED DISPERSAL, AND INDICATOR OF SEASONAL CHANGES, SUCH AS

BEGINNING OF RAINY SEASON

WOOD PECKER AS

ANT EATER EAGLE CONSIDERED AS RAT EATER/RAT CONTROL

HORNBILL CONSIDERED AS SEED DISPERSAL

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SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL FUNCTION OF BIRDS

•

THE BIRD-KEEPING RECOGNISED AS HOBBBY FOR JAVANESE PEOPLE: PERFECTION OF FAMILY LIFE BASED ON CULTURE (1) HAVE A JOB (NARPADA)

(2) HAVE A HOUSE (WISMO)

(3) HAVE HORSE OR VEHICLE (TURANGGA) (4) HAVE A WIFE (GARWO)

(5) HAVE A PET BIRD/THE BIRD KEEPING (KUKILA, MANUK)

•

BIRD KEEPING OF PERKUTUT (ZEBRA DOVE-

GEOPELIA STRIATA CONSIDERED) AS ‘BRING LUCK

’

•

THE BIRD-KEEPING RECOGNISED AS HOBBBY FOR JAVANESE PEOPLE: PERFECTION OF FAMILY LIFE BASED ON CULTURE (1) HAVE A JOB (NARPADA)

(2) HAVE A HOUSE (WISMO)

(3) HAVE HORSE OR VEHICLE (TURANGGA) (4) HAVE A WIFE (GARWO)

(5) HAVE A PET BIRD/THE BIRD KEEPING (KUKILA, MANUK)

•

BIRD KEEPING OF PERKUTUT (ZEBRA DOVE-

GEOPELIA STRIATA CONSIDERED) AS ‘BRING LUCK

’

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HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND THE DECLINE OF BIRD SPECIES

• BIRD SPECIES HAVE DECREASED DUE TO MANY FACTORS:

- ILLEGAL BIRD HUNTING --- FOR BIRD TRADING IN BIRD MARKETS - MODIFICATION AND DESTRUCTION OF BIRD HABITATS

- SIDE EFFECT OF INTENSIVE USE OF PESTICIDES

• THERE FORE, SOME BIRDS, SUCH AS JAVA SPARROW HAS BECAME RARE IN RURAL AREAS

• BIRD SPECIES HAVE DECREASED DUE TO MANY FACTORS:

- ILLEGAL BIRD HUNTING --- FOR BIRD TRADING IN BIRD MARKETS - MODIFICATION AND DESTRUCTION OF BIRD HABITATS

- SIDE EFFECT OF INTENSIVE USE OF PESTICIDES

• THERE FORE, SOME BIRDS, SUCH AS JAVA SPARROW HAS BECAME RARE IN RURAL AREAS

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THE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE RURAL PEOPLE ON BIRDS IN KARANGWANGI VILLAGE, CIDAUN SUB-DISTRICT, WEST JAVA

• THE OBCETIVE OF THE STUDY WAS TO ELUCIDATE:

- LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD SPECIES

- LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON ROLE OF BIRD /BIRD FUNCTIONS - LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING

SOCIAL SYSTEM:

LOCAL KNOWLEDGE RURAL ECOSYSTEM:BIRDS

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THE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE RURAL PEOPLE ON BIRDS IN KARANGWANGI VILLAGE, CIDAUN SUB-DISTRICT, WEST JAVA

• THE OBCETIVE OF THE STUDY WAS TO ELUCIDATE:

- LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD SPECIES

- LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON ROLE OF BIRD /BIRD FUNCTIONS - LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING

SOCIAL SYSTEM:

LOCAL KNOWLEDGE RURAL ECOSYSTEM:BIRDS

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ETHNOORNITHOLOGY RESEARCH: MATERIALS AND DATA COLLECTION

• MATERIALS: BINOCULAR, FILD GUIDE BOOK OF BIRDS IN JAVA, BALI, SUMATERA AND KALIMANTAN, NOTE BOOKS, CAMERA,

DATA COLLECTION:

- BIRD SURVEY –USING POINT COUNTS IN

HABITATS OF FOREST, MIXED-GARDEN AND COASTAL AREAS

- DEEP INTERVIEW WITH INFORMANTS

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RESULT OF STUDY : BIRD SPECIES

TOTAL BIRD SPECIES (59 SPECIES)

SURVEYED BY POINT COUNTS: DEEP INTERVIEWED WITH 40 SPECIES: DOMINANT – 5 SPECIES; INFORMANTS: 41 WELL SUB-DOMINANT – 8 SPECIES; AND RECOGNIZED

NOT-DOMINANT – 27 SPECIES

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FOLK CLASSIFICATION OF BIRD OF KARANGWANGI PEOPLE

LEVEL CLASS (SUNDANESE) ENGLISH TERM RANK

0 SATO WILD ANIMAL UNIQUE-BEGINER

1 MANUK BIRDS LIFE-FORM

2 CANGKURILEUNG BULBUL SPECIES

3 CANGKURILEUNG TIKOTOK BLUISH BULBUL SUB-SPECIES CANGKURILEUNG KAPAS WHITISH BULBUL

LEVEL CLASS (SUNDANESE) ENGLISH TERM RANK

0 SATO WILD ANIMAL UNIQUE-BEGINER

1 MANUK BIRDS LIFE-FORM

2 CANGKURILEUNG BULBUL SPECIES

3 CANGKURILEUNG TIKOTOK BLUISH BULBUL SUB-SPECIES CANGKURILEUNG KAPAS WHITISH BULBUL

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FOLK CLASSIFICATION OF BIRDS

• (A) DISTINCTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION

• (B) MORPHOLOIGICAL CHARACTERISTIC

• (C) SPECIAL COLOUR

• (D) DISTINTIVE BEHAVIOUR

• (E) TIME ACTIVITY

• (F) NESTING TYPE

• (G) HABITAT TYPES, MIGRANT & ROLE OF BIRDS

• (A) DISTINCTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION

• (B) MORPHOLOIGICAL CHARACTERISTIC

• (C) SPECIAL COLOUR

• (D) DISTINTIVE BEHAVIOUR

• (E) TIME ACTIVITY

• (F) NESTING TYPE

• (G) HABITAT TYPES, MIGRANT & ROLE OF BIRDS

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FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRDS

• (A) CLASIFICATION BASED ON DISTINTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION

SOURCE: http://ibc.lynxeds.com/photo/zebra-dove-geopelia-striata/dove- roosting-tree-dusk

VERNACULAR NAME: PERKUTUT (GEOPELIA STRIATA-ZEBRA DOVE) VOICE: PERKUTUTUT-PERKUTUTUT-PERKUTUT

• (A) CLASIFICATION BASED ON DISTINTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION

SOURCE: http://ibc.lynxeds.com/photo/zebra-dove-geopelia-striata/dove- roosting-tree-dusk

VERNACULAR NAME: PERKUTUT (GEOPELIA STRIATA-ZEBRA DOVE) VOICE: PERKUTUTUT-PERKUTUTUT-PERKUTUT

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FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRD

• (A) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINCTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION

SOURCE:http://www.birding.in/birds/Passeriformes/Corvidae/common_iora.

htm

VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK CIPEUW (AEGITHINA TIPHIA-COMMON IORA) VOICE: CIIIPEUW-CIIIPEUW-CIIIPEUW-CIIIPEUW

SOURCE:http://www.birding.in/birds/Passeriformes/Corvidae/common_iora.

htm

VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK CIPEUW (AEGITHINA TIPHIA-COMMON IORA) VOICE: CIIIPEUW-CIIIPEUW-CIIIPEUW-CIIIPEUW

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FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRD

• (A) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION

SOURCE: Sumber:Anand Arya/kicaumania.org) MANUK UNGKUT-UNGKUT (MEGALEMA

VERNACULAR NAME: UNGKUT-UNGKUT (MEGALAEMA HAEMACEPHALA—

COPPERSMITH BARBET)

VOICE: KUT-KUT-KUT OR UNGKUT-UNGKUT-UNGKUT

• (A) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION

SOURCE: Sumber:Anand Arya/kicaumania.org) MANUK UNGKUT-UNGKUT (MEGALEMA

VERNACULAR NAME: UNGKUT-UNGKUT (MEGALAEMA HAEMACEPHALA—

COPPERSMITH BARBET)

VOICE: KUT-KUT-KUT OR UNGKUT-UNGKUT-UNGKUT

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FOLK CLASSIFICATION --- BIRD

• (A) CLASSIFICATION BASED DISTINCTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION

SOURCE: http://www.taenos.com/en/itis/todiramphus-chloris- collaris/Todiramphus%20chloris%20collaris/

VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK KAHKEH OR GASNGEK (HALCYON CHLORIS- COLLARED KINGFISHER)

VOICE: KAHKEH-KAHKEH-KAHKEH ATAU GASNGEK-GASNGEK-GASNGEK

• (A) CLASSIFICATION BASED DISTINCTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION

SOURCE: http://www.taenos.com/en/itis/todiramphus-chloris- collaris/Todiramphus%20chloris%20collaris/

VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK KAHKEH OR GASNGEK (HALCYON CHLORIS- COLLARED KINGFISHER)

VOICE: KAHKEH-KAHKEH-KAHKEH ATAU GASNGEK-GASNGEK-GASNGEK

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FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRD

SOURCE:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_kingfisher

VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK CEKAKAK (HALCYON CYANOVENTRIS-JAVAN KINGFISHER)

VOICE: CEKAKAK-CEKAKAK-CEKAKAK-CEKAKAK

SOURCE:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_kingfisher

VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK CEKAKAK (HALCYON CYANOVENTRIS-JAVAN KINGFISHER)

VOICE: CEKAKAK-CEKAKAK-CEKAKAK-CEKAKAK

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FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRD

• (A) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINTIVE VOICE /VOCALIZATION

SOURCE:https://www.flickr.com/photos/jcoelho2000/266039311 VERNCULAR NAME: MANUK KOREAK (TYTO ALBA- BARN OWL) VOICE: KOREAK-KOREAK-KOREAK-KOREAK-KOREAK-KOREAK

• (A) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINTIVE VOICE /VOCALIZATION

SOURCE:https://www.flickr.com/photos/jcoelho2000/266039311 VERNCULAR NAME: MANUK KOREAK (TYTO ALBA- BARN OWL) VOICE: KOREAK-KOREAK-KOREAK-KOREAK-KOREAK-KOREAK

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FOLK CLASSIFICATION --- BIRD

• (B) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC

SOURCE:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dicrurus_macrocercus.JPG VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK SAERAN GUNTING (DICRURUS MACROCERCEUS- BLACK DORONG)

CHARACTERISTIC: THE TAIL IS DEEPLY FORKED AND SIMILAR TO SCISSOR SHAPE (GUNTING)

• (B) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC

SOURCE:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dicrurus_macrocercus.JPG VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK SAERAN GUNTING (DICRURUS MACROCERCEUS- BLACK DORONG)

CHARACTERISTIC: THE TAIL IS DEEPLY FORKED AND SIMILAR TO SCISSOR SHAPE (GUNTING)

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FOLK CLASSIFICATION-- BIRD

(B) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC

SOURCE:http://www.petcockatiel.com/Dboard/viewtopic.php?t=861&start=6 VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK KACAMATA (ZOSTEROPS PALPEBROSA-ORIENTAL WHITE EYE RING IS SIMILAR TO GLASSES SHAPE (KACA MATA)

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FOLK CLASSIFICATION --- BIRD

• (C) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SPECIAL COLOUR OF FEATHER

SOURCE: http://www.macaubiodiversity.org/haliaeetus-leucogaster/

VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK HEULANG BODAS (HALIEETUS LEUCOGASTER- WHITE BELLIED FISH EAGLE)

CHARACTERISTIC: GENERAL COLOUR OF FEATHER IS WHITE, PARTICULARLY THE HEAD, NECK, AND UNDERPART OF ADULT BIRD ARE WHITE (BODAS)

SOURCE: http://www.macaubiodiversity.org/haliaeetus-leucogaster/

VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK HEULANG BODAS (HALIEETUS LEUCOGASTER- WHITE BELLIED FISH EAGLE)

CHARACTERISTIC: GENERAL COLOUR OF FEATHER IS WHITE, PARTICULARLY THE HEAD, NECK, AND UNDERPART OF ADULT BIRD ARE WHITE (BODAS)

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FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRD

VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK HEULANG HIDEUNG (ICTINAETUS MALAYENSIS- BLACK EAGLE)

CHARACTERISTIC: IT HAS APPEARING TO BE GENERALLY ALL BLACK (HIDEUNG)

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FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRD

(C) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SPECIAL COLOUR

VERNACULAR: MANUK HEULANG COKLAT (SPILORNIS CHEELA— CRESTED EAGLE)

CHARACTERISTIC:GENERALLY IT HAS APPEARING TO BE BROWN (COKLAT)

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FOLK CLASSIFICATION --- BIRD

• (D) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINCTIVE BEHAVIOUR

VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK KERAK KEBO (ACRIDOTHERES JAVANICUS- JAVAN MYNA)

CHARACTERISTIC: THIS BIRD IS FREQUENTLY SEEN IN THE RICE FIELD VERY CLOSE INTERACTION WITH BUFFALO (KEBO) TO FIND INSECTS

VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK KERAK KEBO (ACRIDOTHERES JAVANICUS- JAVAN MYNA)

CHARACTERISTIC: THIS BIRD IS FREQUENTLY SEEN IN THE RICE FIELD VERY CLOSE INTERACTION WITH BUFFALO (KEBO) TO FIND INSECTS

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FOLK CLASSIFICATION-- BIRD

• (D) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINTIVE BEHAVIOUR

SOURCE:http://ibc.lynxeds.com/photo/blue-nuthatch-sitta-azurea VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK SALESER (SITTA AZUREA-BLUE

NUTHATCH)

CHARACTERTIC: IT CAN BE SEEN RUNNING UP THE TRUNC OF A TREE OR IT SEEM TO BE CREEPING (NYALESER)

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FOLK CLASSIFICATION-- BIRD

VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK SAERAN RAME (DICRURUS PARADIEUS- CHARACTERISTIC: THIS BIRD HAS CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIOUR THAT IS CONSIDRED AS NOISE VOICE BIRD (RAME)

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FOLK CLASSIFICATION: BIRD

(E) NEST CHARACTERISTIC

SOURCE: http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-139952431/stock-photo- a-female-streaked-weaver-make-her-nest-ploceus-manyar.html

VERNACULAR NAME: MANYAR (PLOCEUS MANYAR) CHARACTERISTIC: THE NEST HUNG FROM THE TIP OF BRANCH OR PALM-FROND, IS FLASK SHAPED

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FOLK CLASSIFICATION-- BIRD

• (E) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON NEST CHARACTERISTIC

NEST OF TEKUKUR (STREPTOPELIA CHINENSIS- SPOTTED DOVE) –NEST IS PERCEIVED AS SIMPLE NEST AND RELATIVE SMALL

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FOLK CLASSIFICATION-BURUNG

• (F) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ROLE IN THE ECOSYSTEM --- NOTORIUS BIRD

PIPIT (LONCHURA LEUCOGASTER), BONDOL (LONCHURA MAJA), AND PEKING (LONCHURA PUNCTULATA) HAVE PERCEIVED AS NOTORIUS BIRDS-PADDY GRAIN EATER

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(F) CLASSICATION BASED ON THE ROLE IN THE ECOSYSTEM–

‘BENEFICIAL BIRD’

-MANUK HEULANG COKLAT (SPILORNIS CHEELA-CRESTED

SERPENT EAGLE) PERCEIVED AS ‘THE BENEFCIAL BIRD’ DUE TO LOVE EATING RATS

SOURCE: http://archive.kaskus.co.id/thread/2209504/220

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(F) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ROLE IN THE ECOSYSTEM

MANUK KOREAK (TYTO ALBA-BARN OWL) PERCEIVED AS THE BENEFICIAL BIRD– DUE TO LOVE EATING RATS

SOURCE: http://omkicau.com/2013/10/20/8-tips-sukses- memelihara-burung-hantu/

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(F) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ROLE IN THE EACOSYSTEM

‘BENEFICIAL BIRD’ --- EDIBLE NEST OF SWIFTLET

SOURCE: http://mforum.cari.com.my/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=423814

-EDIBLE NESTS OF SWIFTLET PLACED IN THE CEILING OF

HOUSE

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LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF BIRD HUNTING:

TO HUNT BIRDS WITH USING GLUE OF SAP AND AND EQUIPED BY PET BIRD OR RECORDED BIRD VOICE TO INVITE WILD BIRDS

(NGALEUGEUT)

SOURCE: https://ciburuan.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/manuk-dina- palangkring.jpg

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LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING:

A BIRD WAS CATCHED BY USING GLUE OF SAP (NGALEUGEUT)

SOURCE: http://www.burungmaster.com/2014/10/murai-hutan-gampang- mati.html

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LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING:

SAP OF NANGKA (ARTOCARPHUS HETEROPHYLA) AND TEUREUP (ARTOCARPUS ELASTICUS) – MAIN MATERIAL FOR

CATCHING BIRDS BY APPLYING GLUE OF SAP

SOURCE: http://burung15.rssing.com/chan- 8284105/all_p42.html

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LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING

TO HUNT BIRDS WITH A BAMBOO BLOWPIPE/ TAMIANG (

Schizostachyum iraten

Steud) AND DRATS (SUSUMPIT)

SOURCE: http://www.initasik.com/peristiwa/read/663/dikira-tawuran-ternyata- memburu-balater.html

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LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING:

TO CAPTURE BIRDS WITH NYLON NET (NGAJARING)

SOURCE: http://borneosay90.mywapblog.com/cara-memasang- jaring-burung-yang-benar-d.xhtml

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LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING:

TO HUNT BIRDS WITH A GUN (BEBEDIL)

Source: http://berburu-tupai.blogspot.co.id/2011/05/berburu- bajing-yg-selalu-meresahkan.html

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INCREASING BIRD HUNTING DUE TO INCREASING BIRD DEMAND IN THE CITIES (ISKANDAR 2013)

• BIRDS THAT HIGH PRICE IN THE BIRD MARKET - CUCAK RAWA (PYCNONTUS ZEYLANICUS)

- MURAI BATU (COPSYCHUS MALABARICUS) - ANIS MERAH (ZOOTHERA CITRINA)

- BASED ON 30 RESPONDENTS RECORDED

120 BIRD POPULATIONS , WITH 2,400 INDIVIDUALS TRADED IN THE BIRD MARKET OF BANDUNG

- BASED ON 30 RESPONDENTS –ECONOMIC ASSET Rp 17,053,000-Rp 22,9184,200.

- TOTAL OF BIRD TRADERS IN 2012 –IN BANDUNG BIRD MARKET 152 PERSONS

• BIRDS THAT HIGH PRICE IN THE BIRD MARKET - CUCAK RAWA (PYCNONTUS ZEYLANICUS)

- MURAI BATU (COPSYCHUS MALABARICUS) - ANIS MERAH (ZOOTHERA CITRINA)

- BASED ON 30 RESPONDENTS RECORDED

120 BIRD POPULATIONS , WITH 2,400 INDIVIDUALS TRADED IN THE BIRD MARKET OF BANDUNG

- BASED ON 30 RESPONDENTS –ECONOMIC ASSET Rp 17,053,000-Rp 22,9184,200.

- TOTAL OF BIRD TRADERS IN 2012 –IN BANDUNG BIRD MARKET 152 PERSONS

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SOME REASONS OF HOBBY IN BIRD KEEPING BASED ON 30 RESPONDENTS (ISKANDAR 2015)

NO REASONS NUMBER % OF TOTAL

1 HOBBY & INNER SATISFACTION 18 60,00 2 HOBBY AND PROFITABLE FOR

SALE AGAIN 5 16,67

3 HOBBY AND ELIMINATE STRESS 4 13,33

4 HOBBY AND TIME AVAILABLE 2 6,67

Burung

5 HOBBY AND TO MAKE NEW FRIENDS 1 3,33

NO REASONS NUMBER % OF TOTAL

1 HOBBY & INNER SATISFACTION 18 60,00 2 HOBBY AND PROFITABLE FOR

SALE AGAIN 5 16,67

3 HOBBY AND ELIMINATE STRESS 4 13,33

4 HOBBY AND TIME AVAILABLE 2 6,67

Burung

5 HOBBY AND TO MAKE NEW FRIENDS 1 3,33

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BIRD POPULATION S HAVE MDRAMATICALLY DECREASED DUE TO MANY FACTORS, ILLEGAL HUNTING, HABITAT LOST, PESTICIDES

GELATIK – RAREBIRD

ANIS MERAH- RARE BIRD ANIS MERAH- RARE BIRD

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CONCLUSION

• IN GENERAL KARANGWANGI PEOPLE REGOGNISED MANY BIRD SPECIES

• BIRDS CULTURALLY CLASSIFIED BASED ON DISTINCTIVE VOICE/

VOCALIZATION, MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, SPECIAL COLOUR, DISTINTIVE BEHAVIOUR, TIME ACTIVITY, NESTING TYPE, HABITAT TYPE, MIGRANT, AND ROLE OF BIRD

• HUNTING BIRDS IN THE PAST – BASED ON THE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND COSMOS, HOWEVER, NOWADAYS, IT HAS CHANGED A MORE

COMMERCIAL --- CONSEQUENTLY SOME BIRDS --- BECAME RARE

• ETHNOORNITHOLOGY RESEACH MIGHT BE USEFUL TO BE USED FOR BIRD CONSERVATION BASED ON SOCIO-ECONOMI, CULTURE, POLITIC, AND INTEGRATED WITH THE WESTERN MODEL OF BIRD CONSERVATION.

• IN GENERAL KARANGWANGI PEOPLE REGOGNISED MANY BIRD SPECIES

• BIRDS CULTURALLY CLASSIFIED BASED ON DISTINCTIVE VOICE/

VOCALIZATION, MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, SPECIAL COLOUR, DISTINTIVE BEHAVIOUR, TIME ACTIVITY, NESTING TYPE, HABITAT TYPE, MIGRANT, AND ROLE OF BIRD

• HUNTING BIRDS IN THE PAST – BASED ON THE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND COSMOS, HOWEVER, NOWADAYS, IT HAS CHANGED A MORE

COMMERCIAL --- CONSEQUENTLY SOME BIRDS --- BECAME RARE

• ETHNOORNITHOLOGY RESEACH MIGHT BE USEFUL TO BE USED FOR BIRD CONSERVATION BASED ON SOCIO-ECONOMI, CULTURE, POLITIC, AND INTEGRATED WITH THE WESTERN MODEL OF BIRD CONSERVATION.