View of THE CONFLICT OF SOURCE WATER SPRINGS IN THE SHORT STORY SUMUR: A STORY BY EKA KURNIAWAN PERSPECTIVE GEORGE SIMMEL

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THE CONFLICT OF SOURCE WATER SPRINGS IN THE SHORT STORY SUMUR: A STORY BY EKA KURNIAWAN PERSPECTIVE GEORGE SIMMEL

Rintina Widyasari [1], Ahmad Kholil [2], Moh. Zawawi [3]

ȏͳȐʹͲͲ͵ͲͳͳͳͲͲͻͷ̷•–—†‡–Ǥ—‹ǦƒŽƒ‰Ǥƒ…Ǥ‹†

ȏͳȐǡȏʹȐǡȏ͵Ȑ‹˜‡”•‹–ƒ••Žƒ‡‰‡”‹ƒ—ŽƒƒƒŽ‹„”ƒŠ‹ƒŽƒ‰ǡ†‘‡•‹ƒ

AbstractǣŠ‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•̵ƒ‹’”‘„Ž‡™ƒ•–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–•‡ƒ”…Šˆ‘”ƒ™ƒ–‡”•‘—”…‡†—”‹‰

–Š‡’”‘–”ƒ…–‡††”‘—‰Š–ǡ™Š‹…ŠŽƒ•–‡†ˆ‘”ƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ•‡Ž‡˜‡‘–Š•ǤŠ‹••–—†›‡šƒ‹‡•

–Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ‹ˆ‡•–ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† —†‡”Ž›‹‰ ˆƒ…–‘”• ‘ˆ …‘ˆŽ‹…–• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ •’”‹‰• ƒ•

†‡’‹…–‡† ‹ –Š‡ •Š‘”– •–‘”› ̶——”ǣ –‘”›̶ „› ƒ —”‹ƒ™ƒǡ ‡’Ž‘›‹‰ ‡‘”‰‡

‹‡Ž̵• –Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”Ǥ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‹– ‡š’Ž‘”‡• –Š‡ ‡–Š‘†• ‡’Ž‘›‡† ‹

”‡•‘Ž˜‹‰…‘ˆŽ‹…–•‘˜‡”•’”‹‰•ǡƒŽ•‘ˆ”‘–Š‡’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡‘ˆ‡‘”‰‡‹‡ŽǤŠ‹••–—†›

‡’Ž‘›• •‘…‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ †”ƒ™‹‰ —’‘ ‡‘”‰‡ ‹‡Ž̵• …‘ˆŽ‹…– –Š‡‘”›Ǥ

Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘‡–Š‘†•‡’Ž‘›‡†‹ –Š‹• •–—†› ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–‡•‡ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ƒ† ‘–‡Ǧ

–ƒ‹‰’”‘…‡†—”‡•–‘†‹•…‡”ƒ††‘…—‡–‹•–ƒ…‡•‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ–‡•‹‘™‹–Š‹–Š‡‘˜‡ŽǤ

Š‡ •–—†›̵• ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‡’Ž‘›• ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ˆ‘” †ƒ–ƒ ”‡†—…–‹‘ǡ †ƒ–ƒ †‹•’Žƒ›ǡ ƒ†

…‘…Ž—•‹‘Ǥ Š‡ •–—†›̵• ˆ‹†‹‰• ‹†‹…ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡…‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‘—” †‹•–‹…– ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ •‘…‹ƒŽ

…‘ˆŽ‹…–ǤŠ‡•‡‹…Ž—†‡ƒ–ƒ‰‘‹•–‹……‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–•ǡ™Š‹…Š™‡”‡‘„•‡”˜‡†–Š”‘—‰Š

…Žƒ†‡•–‹‡ ‡‡–‹‰•Ǥ –‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ …‘ˆŽ‹…–• ™‡”‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ˜ƒ”‹‘—• †ƒ–ƒ

ˆ‹†‹‰•ǡ •—…Š ƒ• “—ƒ””‡Ž•ǡ ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ †‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ ‡š’‡”‹‡…‹‰ –‡•‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‡š’”‡••‹‰

ƒ‰‡”Ǥ‘ˆŽ‹…–‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ…‘ˆŽ‹…–ǡ™‹–Š‘‡†ƒ–ƒˆ‹†‹‰

‹†‹…ƒ–‹‰ƒ•–”—‰‰Ž‡Ǥ–‹ƒ–‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’…‘ˆŽ‹…–™ƒ•‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡ™‹–Š–™‘†ƒ–ƒˆ‹†‹‰•

‹†‹…ƒ–‹‰–Š‡’”‡•‡…‡‘ˆ–‡•‹‘ƒ†ƒ‰‡”Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ–Š‡•–—†›…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡†…‘ˆŽ‹…–

”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‹–‘•‡˜‡–›’‡•Ǥ‡†ƒ–ƒˆ‹†‹‰•—’’‘”–‡†–Š‡•‡ǡ™Š‹…Š‹…Ž—†‡…‘‡”…‹‘‘”

–Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‘”…‡Ǥ ”„‹–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™‹–Š –™‘ †ƒ–ƒ ˆ‹†‹‰•ǡ ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ• ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ

…‘ˆŽ‹…–”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ‘Ž‡”ƒ…‡ǡ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡ǡ…‘’”‘‹•‡ǡƒ†…‘˜‡”•‹‘™‡”‡

‡ƒ…Š‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ••‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡–›’‡•‘ˆ…‘ˆŽ‹…–”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ™‹–Š‘‡†ƒ–ƒˆ‹†‹‰•—’’‘”–‹‰

‡ƒ…Š…ƒ–‡‰‘”›Ǥ

Keywordsǣ‘ˆŽ‹…–ǡ‡‘”‰‡‹‡ŽǡŠ‘”––‘”›——”ǣƒ–‘”›Ǥ INTRODUCTION

‘…‹ƒŽ …‘ˆŽ‹…–• ‘ˆ–‡ ‘……—” ‹ ’‡‘’Ž‡̵• Ž‹˜‡• ƒ† „‡…‘‡ ƒ …‘…‡” ƒ† ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡ –Šƒ– ‘ˆ–‡

–—”•‹–‘’”‘–”ƒ…–‡†˜‹‘Ž‡…‡™‹–Š‘—–‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘”‡•‘Ž˜‡‹–ˆ”‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‹‡•…‘…‡”‡†Ǥ‘ˆŽ‹…–‹•ƒ

’ƒ”–‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡ƒ†ƒ†”‹˜‹‰ˆ‘”…‡ˆ‘”•‘…‹‘Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ…Šƒ‰‡Ǥ‘ˆŽ‹…–•‘ˆ–‡‘……—”†—‡–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•

‘ˆ‘’‹‹‘ǡ‹–‡”‡•–•ǡƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ…Šƒ‰‡•ǡ…”‡ƒ–‹‰ˆ‡ƒ”ǡƒš‹‡–›ǡŽ‘••ǡƒ††‡•–”—…–‹‘ȋŠƒ†‹ǡʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

ƒ›ˆ‘—†‹•‘…‹ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆ’”‘–”ƒ…–‡†…‘ˆŽ‹…–•ǡ•—…Šƒ•–Š‡‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—‹–›–‘

…ƒ””›‘—––Š‡‹””‡•’‡…–‹˜‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ•–Š‡›•Š‘—Ž†‡ƒ”ƒŽ‹˜‹‰ǡ‰‘–‘•…Š‘‘Žǡƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ

ƒ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ…‘…‡’–ǡŠ—ƒ•ƒ••‘…‹ƒŽ„‡‹‰•ƒ”‡…‘…‡’–•‹™Š‹…ŠŠ—ƒ•‹–‡”ƒ…–™‹–Š

‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”ȋ —ƒ†‹ǡʹͲͳͺȌǤ–…ƒ„‡‹–‡”’”‡–‡†–Šƒ–Š—ƒ•…ƒ‘–Ž‹˜‡ƒŽ‘‡Ǣ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽƒŽ™ƒ›•‡‡†

–Š‡ Š‡Ž’ ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” Š—ƒ• ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ –‘ ‡‡– –Š‡‹” ‡‡†•Ǥ ‘ˆŽ‹…– …ƒ ‘……—” ‹ •‘…‹‡–› ˆ”‘ –Š‹•

…‘…‡’–ƒŽ‘‡„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘„‡–™‡‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™‹ŽŽ„”‹‰—’†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ•’‡…–•Ǥ

Š‡‡‡”‰‡…‡‘ˆ…‘ˆŽ‹…–‹•‘…‹‡–›‘ˆ–‡…”‡ƒ–‡•Ž‘‰ǦŽƒ•–‹‰’”‘„Ž‡•„‡–™‡‡”‡Žƒ–‡†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•

™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡…‘•‡“—‡…‡•Ǥ

‘…‹ƒŽ …‘ˆŽ‹…–• ‘ˆ–‡ ‘……—” ‹ •‘…‹‡–› ƒ† ƒ”‡ ƒ……‘’ƒ‹‡† „› ƒ •‡––Ž‡‡– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹‡•

…‘…‡”‡† –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† ’”‘–”ƒ…–‡† …‘ˆŽ‹…–•Ǥ Š‡ •—……‡•• ‹ ”‡•‘Ž˜‹‰ ƒ …‘ˆŽ‹…– ‹• •‡‡ ˆ”‘ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ

ƒ•’‡…–•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡Ž‘••‘ˆ’‘™‡”‘ˆ‘‡’ƒ”–›ǡ–Š‡Ž‘••‘ˆ…‘ˆŽ‹…–‘–‹˜‡•ǡ‰‹˜‹‰‰‹ˆ–•–‘–Š‡Ž‘•‹‰

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THE CONFLICT OF SOURCE WATER SPRINGS IN THE SHORT STORY SUMUR: A STORY BY EKA KURNIAWAN PERSPECTIVE GEORGE SIMMEL

Rintina Widyasari [1], Ahmad Kholil [2], Moh. Zawawi [3]

ȏͳȐʹͲͲ͵ͲͳͳͳͲͲͻͷ̷•–—†‡–Ǥ—‹ǦƒŽƒ‰Ǥƒ…Ǥ‹†

ȏͳȐǡȏʹȐǡȏ͵Ȑ‹˜‡”•‹–ƒ••Žƒ‡‰‡”‹ƒ—ŽƒƒƒŽ‹„”ƒŠ‹ƒŽƒ‰ǡ†‘‡•‹ƒ

AbstractǣŠ‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•̵ƒ‹’”‘„Ž‡™ƒ•–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–•‡ƒ”…Šˆ‘”ƒ™ƒ–‡”•‘—”…‡†—”‹‰

–Š‡’”‘–”ƒ…–‡††”‘—‰Š–ǡ™Š‹…ŠŽƒ•–‡†ˆ‘”ƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ•‡Ž‡˜‡‘–Š•ǤŠ‹••–—†›‡šƒ‹‡•

–Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ‹ˆ‡•–ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† —†‡”Ž›‹‰ ˆƒ…–‘”• ‘ˆ …‘ˆŽ‹…–• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ •’”‹‰• ƒ•

†‡’‹…–‡† ‹ –Š‡ •Š‘”– •–‘”› ̶——”ǣ –‘”›̶ „› ƒ —”‹ƒ™ƒǡ ‡’Ž‘›‹‰ ‡‘”‰‡

‹‡Ž̵• –Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”Ǥ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‹– ‡š’Ž‘”‡• –Š‡ ‡–Š‘†• ‡’Ž‘›‡† ‹

”‡•‘Ž˜‹‰…‘ˆŽ‹…–•‘˜‡”•’”‹‰•ǡƒŽ•‘ˆ”‘–Š‡’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡‘ˆ‡‘”‰‡‹‡ŽǤŠ‹••–—†›

‡’Ž‘›• •‘…‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ †”ƒ™‹‰ —’‘ ‡‘”‰‡ ‹‡Ž̵• …‘ˆŽ‹…– –Š‡‘”›Ǥ

Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘‡–Š‘†•‡’Ž‘›‡†‹ –Š‹• •–—†› ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–‡•‡ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ƒ† ‘–‡Ǧ

–ƒ‹‰’”‘…‡†—”‡•–‘†‹•…‡”ƒ††‘…—‡–‹•–ƒ…‡•‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ–‡•‹‘™‹–Š‹–Š‡‘˜‡ŽǤ

Š‡ •–—†›̵• ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‡’Ž‘›• ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ˆ‘” †ƒ–ƒ ”‡†—…–‹‘ǡ †ƒ–ƒ †‹•’Žƒ›ǡ ƒ†

…‘…Ž—•‹‘Ǥ Š‡ •–—†›̵• ˆ‹†‹‰• ‹†‹…ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡…‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‘—” †‹•–‹…– ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ •‘…‹ƒŽ

…‘ˆŽ‹…–ǤŠ‡•‡‹…Ž—†‡ƒ–ƒ‰‘‹•–‹……‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–•ǡ™Š‹…Š™‡”‡‘„•‡”˜‡†–Š”‘—‰Š

…Žƒ†‡•–‹‡ ‡‡–‹‰•Ǥ –‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ …‘ˆŽ‹…–• ™‡”‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ˜ƒ”‹‘—• †ƒ–ƒ

ˆ‹†‹‰•ǡ •—…Š ƒ• “—ƒ””‡Ž•ǡ ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ †‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ ‡š’‡”‹‡…‹‰ –‡•‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‡š’”‡••‹‰

ƒ‰‡”Ǥ‘ˆŽ‹…–‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ…‘ˆŽ‹…–ǡ™‹–Š‘‡†ƒ–ƒˆ‹†‹‰

‹†‹…ƒ–‹‰ƒ•–”—‰‰Ž‡Ǥ–‹ƒ–‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’…‘ˆŽ‹…–™ƒ•‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡ™‹–Š–™‘†ƒ–ƒˆ‹†‹‰•

‹†‹…ƒ–‹‰–Š‡’”‡•‡…‡‘ˆ–‡•‹‘ƒ†ƒ‰‡”Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ–Š‡•–—†›…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡†…‘ˆŽ‹…–

”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‹–‘•‡˜‡–›’‡•Ǥ‡†ƒ–ƒˆ‹†‹‰•—’’‘”–‡†–Š‡•‡ǡ™Š‹…Š‹…Ž—†‡…‘‡”…‹‘‘”

–Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‘”…‡Ǥ ”„‹–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™‹–Š –™‘ †ƒ–ƒ ˆ‹†‹‰•ǡ ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ• ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ

…‘ˆŽ‹…–”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ‘Ž‡”ƒ…‡ǡ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡ǡ…‘’”‘‹•‡ǡƒ†…‘˜‡”•‹‘™‡”‡

‡ƒ…Š‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ••‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡–›’‡•‘ˆ…‘ˆŽ‹…–”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ™‹–Š‘‡†ƒ–ƒˆ‹†‹‰•—’’‘”–‹‰

‡ƒ…Š…ƒ–‡‰‘”›Ǥ

Keywordsǣ‘ˆŽ‹…–ǡ‡‘”‰‡‹‡ŽǡŠ‘”––‘”›——”ǣƒ–‘”›Ǥ INTRODUCTION

‘…‹ƒŽ …‘ˆŽ‹…–• ‘ˆ–‡ ‘……—” ‹ ’‡‘’Ž‡̵• Ž‹˜‡• ƒ† „‡…‘‡ ƒ …‘…‡” ƒ† ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡ –Šƒ– ‘ˆ–‡

–—”•‹–‘’”‘–”ƒ…–‡†˜‹‘Ž‡…‡™‹–Š‘—–‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘”‡•‘Ž˜‡‹–ˆ”‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‹‡•…‘…‡”‡†Ǥ‘ˆŽ‹…–‹•ƒ

’ƒ”–‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡ƒ†ƒ†”‹˜‹‰ˆ‘”…‡ˆ‘”•‘…‹‘Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ…Šƒ‰‡Ǥ‘ˆŽ‹…–•‘ˆ–‡‘……—”†—‡–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•

‘ˆ‘’‹‹‘ǡ‹–‡”‡•–•ǡƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ…Šƒ‰‡•ǡ…”‡ƒ–‹‰ˆ‡ƒ”ǡƒš‹‡–›ǡŽ‘••ǡƒ††‡•–”—…–‹‘ȋŠƒ†‹ǡʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

ƒ›ˆ‘—†‹•‘…‹ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆ’”‘–”ƒ…–‡†…‘ˆŽ‹…–•ǡ•—…Šƒ•–Š‡‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—‹–›–‘

…ƒ””›‘—––Š‡‹””‡•’‡…–‹˜‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ•–Š‡›•Š‘—Ž†‡ƒ”ƒŽ‹˜‹‰ǡ‰‘–‘•…Š‘‘Žǡƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ

ƒ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ…‘…‡’–ǡŠ—ƒ•ƒ••‘…‹ƒŽ„‡‹‰•ƒ”‡…‘…‡’–•‹™Š‹…ŠŠ—ƒ•‹–‡”ƒ…–™‹–Š

‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”ȋ —ƒ†‹ǡʹͲͳͺȌǤ–…ƒ„‡‹–‡”’”‡–‡†–Šƒ–Š—ƒ•…ƒ‘–Ž‹˜‡ƒŽ‘‡Ǣ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽƒŽ™ƒ›•‡‡†

–Š‡ Š‡Ž’ ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” Š—ƒ• ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ –‘ ‡‡– –Š‡‹” ‡‡†•Ǥ ‘ˆŽ‹…– …ƒ‘……—” ‹ •‘…‹‡–› ˆ”‘ –Š‹•

…‘…‡’–ƒŽ‘‡„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘„‡–™‡‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™‹ŽŽ„”‹‰—’†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ•’‡…–•Ǥ

Š‡‡‡”‰‡…‡‘ˆ…‘ˆŽ‹…–‹•‘…‹‡–›‘ˆ–‡…”‡ƒ–‡•Ž‘‰ǦŽƒ•–‹‰’”‘„Ž‡•„‡–™‡‡”‡Žƒ–‡†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•

™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡…‘•‡“—‡…‡•Ǥ

‘…‹ƒŽ …‘ˆŽ‹…–• ‘ˆ–‡ ‘……—” ‹ •‘…‹‡–› ƒ† ƒ”‡ ƒ……‘’ƒ‹‡† „› ƒ •‡––Ž‡‡– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹‡•

…‘…‡”‡† –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† ’”‘–”ƒ…–‡† …‘ˆŽ‹…–•Ǥ Š‡ •—……‡•• ‹ ”‡•‘Ž˜‹‰ ƒ …‘ˆŽ‹…– ‹• •‡‡ ˆ”‘ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ

ƒ•’‡…–•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡Ž‘••‘ˆ’‘™‡”‘ˆ‘‡’ƒ”–›ǡ–Š‡Ž‘••‘ˆ…‘ˆŽ‹…–‘–‹˜‡•ǡ‰‹˜‹‰‰‹ˆ–•–‘–Š‡Ž‘•‹‰

’ƒ”–›ǡƒ†–Š‡’”‡•‡…‡‘ˆƒ‡—–”ƒŽ–Š‹”†’ƒ”–›Ǥ……‘”†‹‰–‘—•ƒȋʹͲͳͻȌǡ”‡•‘Ž˜‹‰…‘ˆŽ‹…–•™‹•‡Ž›

ƒ†–Š‘—‰Š–ˆ—ŽŽ›™‹ŽŽ’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž›‹’ƒ…–•‘…‹ƒŽ…Šƒ‰‡‹•‘…‹‡–›Ǥ

‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”•”‡•—Ž–ˆ”‘ƒ†‹ƒŽ‡…–‹…‘ˆ–Š‘—‰Š––Šƒ–”‡ˆŽ‡…–•–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ•‘…‹‡–›ǡ–Šƒ–‹•ǡŽƒ

™‹‰‡™‘‘†ȋƒ‰Šˆ‹”‘Š Ƭ ƒ™ƒ™‹ǡ ʹͲʹͳȌǤ Š‡ ‘„Œ‡…– ‘ˆ •–—†› ‹ –Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹• –Š‡ •Š‘”– •–‘”›

——”ǣ–‘”›„›ƒ—”‹ƒ™ƒǡ™Š‘™‘–Š‡ʹͲͳ͸ƒ‘‘‡”–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‹œ‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†

–Š‡ ʹͲͳͺ ”‹…‡ Žƒ—•‡ ƒ—”‡ƒ–‡Ǥ Š‹• •Š‘”– •–‘”› ’”‡•‡–• ˜ƒ”‹‘—• •‘…‹ƒŽ …‘ˆŽ‹…–• •–‡‹‰ ˆ”‘

’”‘„Ž‡••—…Šƒ•†”‘—‰Š–ǡ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡƒ†Ž‘˜‡Ǥ——”ǣ–‘”›„›ƒ—”‹ƒ™ƒ–‡ŽŽ•–Š‡•–‘”›‘ˆ

–Š‡–”‹ƒŽ•‘ˆ–™‘Š—ƒ…Š‹Ž†”‡ˆ”‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•™‹–ŠƒŽ‹‰Š–ǡ•–”—…–—”‡†’Ž‘–ǡ„—––Š‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–

’”‡•‡–‡† ‹• ˜‡”› …‘’Ž‡šǤ Š‹• ͷͲǦ’ƒ‰‡ Ž‘‰Ǧ•Š‘”– •–‘”› †‡•…”‹„‡• –Š‡ Ž‹˜‡• ‘ˆ „‘›• ƒ† ‰‹”Ž• ™Š‘

Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‰‹˜‡•‡˜‡”‡–”‹ƒŽ•ˆ”‘ƒ›‘—‰ƒ‰‡ƒ†…‘–‹—‡—–‹Ž–Š‡›‰”‘™—’ƒ†Šƒ˜‡ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•ǤŠ‹•

•Š‘”– •–‘”› …”‡ƒ–‡• –Š‡ …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ ‹’”‡••‹‘ –Šƒ– Ž‹ˆ‡ ‹ –Š‡ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ‹• ‘– ƒŽ™ƒ›• ’‡ƒ…‡ˆ—Ž ƒ†

’Ž‡ƒ•ƒ– „—– †‘‡• ‘– ‡•…ƒ’‡…‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‡† ˆƒ–‡• ƒ† –”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–• –Šƒ– ‘……—””‡† ‹ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ Ž‹ˆ‡

•‡‡‡† Ž‘‰‡” ƒ† ‘”‡ ’”‘–”ƒ…–‡† †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ Žƒ… ‘ˆ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ …‘—‹–› ƒ„‘—– –Š‡

‹’ƒ…–ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–‘……—””‡†Ǥ

Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ •‘…‹ƒŽ …‘ˆŽ‹…–• –Šƒ– ‘……—” ‹ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ …‘—‹–‹‡• ‹• ƒ ‡š…‹–‹‰ –‘’‹… ‘ˆ

†‹•…—••‹‘ –‘ „‡ •–—†‹‡† „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‹– …ƒ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ …‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ ƒƒŽ›–‹…ƒŽ ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ ƒ”‘—†

…‘ˆŽ‹…–•–‘ˆ‹†‘—––Š‡„ƒ…‰”‘—†ǡ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡƒ†”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ…‘ˆŽ‹…–•‹–Š‡…‘—‹–›Ǥ‘…‹ƒŽ

…‘ˆŽ‹…–„‡…‘‡•–Š‡ƒ‹’ƒ‰‡–Šƒ–”‡ˆŽ‡…–•–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ•‘…‹‡–›‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ’”‘…‡••‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ

…‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘ǡ„‘–Š…‘•–”—…–‹˜‡ƒ††‡•–”—…–‹˜‡ȋ‹—”ǡʹͲʹͲȌǤŠ‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–‹–Š‡•Š‘”–•–‘”›——”ǣ

–‘”›†‡•…”‹„‡•–Š‡Žƒ…‘ˆ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡…‘—‹–›ǡ™Š‹…Š…ƒ—•‡†‰”‡ƒ–Šƒ”–‘‡ƒ…Š‘ˆ

–Š‡ǤŠ‡‹’ƒ…–‘ˆ–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…––Šƒ––Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡…‘—‹–›…ƒ””‹‡†‘—–‡˜‡–‘‘ƒ›Ž‹˜‡•Ǥ

Š‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‡–™‘ƒ†Œ‘‹‹‰˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•Šƒ•Šƒ†–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ’‘˜‡”–›ǡ•–—’‹†‹–›ǡƒ†–Š‡Ž‘••

‘ˆƒ›Ž‹˜‡•ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‹••Š‘”–•–‘”›‹••—‹–ƒ„Ž‡–‘„‡•–—†‹‡†—•‹‰–Š‡•‘…‹‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šǡ

™Š‹…Šˆ‘…—•‡•‘•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–™‹–Š‡‘”‰‡‹‡Ž̵•’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡Ǥ

Š‡ •‘…‹‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹• ƒ •…‹‡…‡ –Šƒ– —–‹Ž‹œ‡• •‘…‹ƒŽ ˆƒ…–‘”• –‘ …‘•–”—…– Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ Š‡

ƒ‹ ˆƒ…–‘” ‹• ‘„•‡”˜‹‰ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ™‘”•Ǥ ‘…‹‘Ž‘‰› ‹• –Š‡ •–—†› ‘ˆ Š—ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” •‘…‹ƒŽ

‰”‘—’•Ǥ‘…‹‘Ž‘‰›Ž‘‘•ƒ–•‘…‹ƒŽ‡˜‡–•‹‹–•‘™™ƒ›ǡ†‡‡’†‘™–‘–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ•‘…‹ƒŽ‰”‘—’ƒ†

‹–•…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ……‘”†‹‰–‘‘—…‡ƒ†ƒ””‡ȋʹͲͲͻǣͳͺȌ‹”ƒ–‹–—†‡ȋʹͲʹͳȌǡ•‘…‹‘Ž‘‰›‹•ƒ•…‹‡…‡

–Šƒ–•–—†‹‡•Š—ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡‹”‰”‘—’•Ǥ‘…‹‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•ƒƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰

Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ„‘—– ‹–‡”†‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”› •‘…‹ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–•Ǥ ‘…‹‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹• –Š‡ •…‹‡…‡ ‘ˆ •–—†›‹‰

Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡Ž› ƒ† •…‹‡–‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ› ƒ„‘—– Š—ƒ „‡‹‰• ‹ •‘…‹‡–› ƒ„‘—– •‘…‹ƒŽ ƒ† •‘…‹ƒŽ

’”‘…‡••‡•Ǥ ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‡‹ ȋͳͻͻ͵Ȍǡ •‘…‹‘Ž‘‰› ‡šƒ‹‡• Š‘™ •‘…‹‡–› ‰”‘™• ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’•

ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ž› „› •–—†›‹‰ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ƒ† ‡…‘‘‹…ǡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ǡ ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽǡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ

†”ƒ•™ƒ”ƒǡ‹Š‹•„‘‘‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‡ƒ…Š‹‰‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‡š’Žƒ‹•–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•‘…‹‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ

Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š–Šƒ–ˆ‘…—•‡•‘Š—ƒ’”‘„Ž‡•„‡…ƒ—•‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–‡”‡˜‡ƒŽ•–Š‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡•‘ˆ

Š—ƒ‹–›‹†‡–‡”‹‹‰‹–•ˆ—–—”‡„ƒ•‡†‘‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘ǡˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ǡƒ†‹–—‹–‹‘ȋʹͲͲ͵ǣ͹ͻȌ‹ƒŠ‹†ƒŠ

ȋʹͲͳ͸ǣͳͺȌǤ

ƒ–‹ǡ…‘ˆŽ‹…–…‘‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”†…‘ˆ‹‰—”‡ǡ™Š‹…Š‡ƒ•Š‹––‹‰‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”Ǥ…‘–”ƒ•–ǡ

‹ •‘…‹‘Ž‘‰›ǡ …‘ˆŽ‹…–‡ƒ• ƒ •‘…‹ƒŽ ’”‘…‡•• „‡–™‡‡ ‘‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ‘–Š‡” ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‘” ‹ƒ

‰”‘—’ ™Š‡”‡ ‘‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ –”‹‡• –‘ ‡š…Ž—†‡ ‘–Š‡” ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ™ƒ›•ȋŠƒ†‹ǡ ʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

•—ƒŽŽ›ǡ…‘ˆŽ‹…–•‘……—”„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‹‘’‹‹‘ǡ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•ǡƒ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•

‹ƒ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘Ǥ‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‹‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡…‡ǡ…—•–‘•ǡƒ†„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘–Š‡„ƒ…‰”‘—†

ˆ‘”–Š‡‡‡”‰‡…‡‘ˆƒ…‘ˆŽ‹…–Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ…‘ˆŽ‹…–‹ƒ•‘…‹‡–›‹•–›’‹…ƒŽ‹™Š‹…Š‘•‘…‹‡–›Šƒ•‡˜‡”

‡š’‡”‹‡…‡† …‘ˆŽ‹…– „‡–™‡‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘ˆŽ‹…– ™‹ŽŽ ‘Ž› †‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ” ‹ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™‹–Š‹ ‹– ƒŽ•‘

†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”Ǥ

‹‡Ž †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡• •‡˜‡”ƒŽ –›’‡• ‘ˆ …‘ˆŽ‹…– –Šƒ– …ƒ—•‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ …‘•‡“—‡…‡•ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ͳȌ

ƒ–ƒ‰‘‹•–‹… …‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡ …‘ˆŽ‹…–ǡ ™Š‹…Š …ƒ—•‡• „ƒ•‹… ‡‡†• ‹ Š—ƒ• ‡–ƒŽŽ›ǡ ’Š›•‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ†

•‘…‹ƒŽŽ› –‘ „‡ —ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ „‡ ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‡†Ǣ ʹȌ Ž‡‰ƒŽ …‘ˆŽ‹…–ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‘……—”• „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ’ƒ”–‹‡• ™Š‘

…‘’Ž›™‹–Š‡š‹•–‹‰Žƒ™•ƒ†”‡…‘‰‹œ‡–Šƒ–ƒ†‡…‹•‹‘—•–„‡„ƒ•‡†‘…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡

…‘†‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‹–•‡ŽˆǢ ͵Ȍ …‘ˆŽ‹…– ‘˜‡” „ƒ•‹… ’”‹…‹’Ž‡•Ǣ ͶȌ ‹–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ …‘ˆŽ‹…–• —•—ƒŽŽ›

‘……—” †—‡ –‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡• „‡–™‡‡ –™‘ ‘” ‘”‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•Ǣ ͷȌ …‘ˆŽ‹…–• ‘ˆ ‹–‡”‡•– ‘……—” †—‡ –‘

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡• ‹ ‹–‡”‡•–• ™Š‹…Š —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› Ž‡ƒ† –‘ Š‘•–‹Ž‹–›Ǣ ƒ† ͸Ȍ …‘ˆŽ‹…– ‹ ‹–‹ƒ–‡ ‘” ‹–‹ƒ–‡

”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ǡ–Š‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ™Š‹…Š‹•†—‡–‘ƒ…Šƒ‰‡‹ƒ––‹–—†‡–Šƒ–‘……—”•‹–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǤ

“

‹‡Ž†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†„‡–™‡‡‹–‡”ƒŽƒ†‡š–‡”ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‘—’Ǥ–•‡„‡”•—‹–‡

ƒ†ˆ‘…—•‘–Š‡Œ‘‹–‡ˆˆ‘”––‘ˆƒ…‡–Š‡‡‡›Ǥȋ—ƒ†‹’–ƒƒ†ƒŠ›—‹‰•‹ŠȌ‹‡Žƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ–

–Š‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–•–Šƒ–•‘…‹‡–›‡‡†•ƒ”‡…Šƒ‰‡•–Šƒ–‘……—”‹ƒŠƒ”‘‹‘—•…‘—‹–›‰”‘—’‹ƒƒ–—”ƒŽ

™ƒ›Ǥ‘ˆŽ‹…–•ƒ”‹•‡†—‡–‘‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•–Šƒ–‘……—”„‡–™‡‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†„‡–™‡‡‰”‘—’•Ǥ……‘”†‹‰

–‘‹‡Žǡ…‘ˆŽ‹…–„‡–™‡‡•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‘”…‡•ƒ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‹•ƒˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ•‘…‹‡–ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ……‘”†‹‰

–‘ ‹‡Ž ȋƒŠ›—†‹ǡ ʹͲʹͳǣ ͷͲȌǡ •‘…‹ƒŽ …‘ˆŽ‹…– …ƒ ‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡ •‘Ž‹†ƒ”‹–›ǡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘” —‹–›ǡ ƒ†

…Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡‘”†‡”‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡Ǥ

ˆ–‡” –Š‡ ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ™‹–Š ƒ •‘…‹ƒŽ …‘ˆŽ‹…– ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ‹• ‘– –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– •–—†›

•–—†‹‡†„›‘–Š‡””‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‘„–ƒ‹‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†‹‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰ǣͳȌ‘…‹ƒŽ

…‘ˆŽ‹…–‹‹ƒ–‘̵•‘˜‡Ž‹•‰”ƒ…‡ƒ† ƒ–‡„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡‘ˆ‡‘”‰‡‹‡Žȋ‡˜‹ƒ‹Žƒ

ƒ‰Šˆ‹”‘Šǡ ‘ŠǤ ƒ™ƒ™‹ǡ ʹͲʹͳȌǢ ʹȌ ‘…‹ƒŽ ‘ˆŽ‹…– ‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‡Ž ‡”‹ ‹™ƒ „› Ǥ ”ƒ•‡–›‘ –‘‘

ȋ‡‘”‰ ‹‡Ž̵• ‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡Ȍ ȋ ƒ–‹ƒŠ œœƒŠ”‘Šǡ ʹͲͳͺȌǢ ͵Ȍ ——”ǣ –‘”› ‹ ƒ š‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ

‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ȋƒ†‹›ƒ–—Ž—ƒ””‘ƒŠƬ‘•‡•Ž‘”‹‘—ƒ„‘ƒ†‹ǡʹͲʹͳȌǤ

ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡†‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†‹‡•ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ˆ‘—††‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•ƒ†

•‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡…—””‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡•™‹–Š…—””‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†›Ž‹‡

‹–Š‡ƒƒŽ›–‹…ƒŽ‹ˆ‡—•‡†ǡƒ‡Ž›•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–ǡƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘‡‘”‰‡‹‡ŽǤŠ‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡Ž‹‡•‹

–Š‡ˆ‘…—•ƒ†”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘„Œ‡…–Ǥƒ•‡†‘‡‘”‰‡‹‡Ž̵•’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ǡ‘‡’”‡˜‹‘—•”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ‹‡†–‘

†‡•…”‹„‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘”• ƒ† …ƒ—•‡• ‘ˆ …‘ˆŽ‹…– ‹ ‹ƒ–‘̵• ‘˜‡Ž ‹•‰”ƒ…‡ ƒ† ƒ–‡Ǥ ƒ•‡† ‘ ‡‘”‰‡

‹‡Ž̵•’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ǡ‹–ƒŽ•‘†‡•…”‹„‡••‘…‹ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‹‹ƒ–‘̵•‹•‰”ƒ…‡ƒ† ƒ–‡‘˜‡ŽǤ

–Š‡•‡…‘†’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†›ǡ•‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡•™‹–Š…—””‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŽ‹‡‹–Š‡ƒƒŽ›–‹…ƒŽ‹ˆ‡—•‡†ǡ

ƒ‡Ž› ‡‘”‰‡ ‹‡Ž̵• ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ Ž‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘…—• ƒ† ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‘„Œ‡…–Ǥ

”‡˜‹‘—•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š—•‡†–Š‡‘„Œ‡…–‘ˆƒ‘˜‡Žǡƒ†–Š‡ˆ‘…—•‘ˆ‹–•ƒƒŽ›•‹•™ƒ••‘…‹ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡

…—””‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Šˆ‘…—•‡•‘–Š‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–‘˜‡”™ƒ–‡”•‘—”…‡•Ǥ–ƒ‹‡†–‘†‡•…”‹„‡–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ’Š‡‘‡ƒ

‹–Š‡‘˜‡Ž‡”‹‹™ƒ„›Ǥ”ƒ•‡–›‘–‘‘ˆ”‘–Š‡’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡‘ˆ‡‘”‰‡‹‡ŽǤ

–Š‡–Š‹”†’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†›ǡ–Š‡•‹‹Žƒ”‹–›™‹–Š–Š‡…—””‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŽ‹‡•‹–Š‡‘„Œ‡…–‘ˆ•–—†›Ǥ

…‘–”ƒ•–ǡ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ Ž‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›–‹…ƒŽ ‹ˆ‡ —•‡†ǡ ƒ‡Ž› –Š‡ ƒš‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ ƒ† –Š‡

ˆ‘…—• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ ™Š‹…Š ˆ‘…—•‡• ‘ –Š‡ …‘–‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ „‘‘ —•‹‰ ƒ ƒš‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ

’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ǤŠ‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š™ƒ•–‘†‹˜‡‹–‘–Š‡•–‘”›ƒ†ƒ‡‰—‡••‡•ƒ„‘—–

–Š‡•–‘”›̵•’Ž‘–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ…Žƒ••‹…ƒŽ•–‘”›•‡––‹‰ƒ†–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡•–Šƒ–

‘……—”‹†‘‡•‹ƒǤ

ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ˆ‘…—•‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›ǡ–Š‡•’‡…‹ˆ‹…”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡•ƒ”‡ǣͳȌ–‘†‡•…”‹„‡–Š‡ˆ‘”•

ƒ†…ƒ—•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–‘˜‡”ƒ•’”‹‰‹–Š‡•Š‘”–•–‘”›——”ǣ–‘”›„›ƒ—”‹ƒ™ƒ„ƒ•‡†‘

‡‘”‰‡‹‡Ž̵•’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ǡʹȌ–‘†‡•…”‹„‡–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ…‘ˆŽ‹…–”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘˜‡”ƒ•’”‹‰‹–Š‡•Š‘”–

•–‘”› ——”ǣ –‘”› „› ƒ —”‹ƒ™ƒǤ Š‡ „‡‡ˆ‹– ‘ˆ –Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹• –Šƒ– ‹– …ƒ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ’—„Ž‹…

ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹–›‹–Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡…‘—‹–›•‘–Šƒ––Š‡›–Š‹‘”‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹’ƒ…–

ƒ†Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‡‡’‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰™Š‡ˆƒ…‹‰…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡Ǥ‘’‡ˆ—ŽŽ›ǡ–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š™‹ŽŽƒ’’Ž›ƒ†

‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ƒ†‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ•‘…‹‡–›Ǥ METHOD

Š‹• •–—†› —•‡• ƒ †‹ƒŽ‡…–‹…ƒŽ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‡–Š‘† —•‹‰ ƒ •‘…‹‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ™‹–Š

‡‘”‰‡‹‡Ž̵•–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•‹ˆ‡Ǥ……‘”†‹‰–‘ ƒ”—ȋʹͲͳͲǣͳʹȌ‹•ȋǤ†ǣʹͲȌǡ†‹ƒŽ‡…–‹…ƒŽ

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹• „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ƒ••—’–‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ ”‡…‹’”‘…ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• „‡–™‡‡

Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†•‘…‹‡–›ǤŠ‡†‹ƒŽ‡…–‹…ƒŽ‡–Š‘†…‘–‹—‘—•Ž›ƒƒŽ›œ‡•‰‘‹‰„ƒ…ƒ†ˆ‘”–Š„‡–™‡‡–Š‡

–‡š–ƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹–›‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”–‘ˆ‹†–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹–›

‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǤŠ‡’”‹…‹’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‹ƒŽ‡…–‹…ƒŽ‡–Š‘†…ƒ‘–„‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ

–Š‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ Š‹• •–—†› —•‡• –Š‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ …‘ˆŽ‹…– ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‹ˆ‡ ˆ”‘ ‡‘”‰‡ ‹‡Ž̵•

’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡–‘‘„–ƒ‹†ƒ–ƒ‘–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘„Œ‡…–Ǥ

Š‡’”‹ƒ”›†ƒ–ƒ•‘—”…‡‹–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•–Š‡•Š‘”–•–‘”›——”ǣ–‘”›„›ƒ—”‹ƒ™ƒǡ

™Š‘•‡ •‡–‡…‡• …‘–ƒ‹ •‘…‹ƒŽ …‘ˆŽ‹…–Ǥ ‡…‘†ƒ”› †ƒ–ƒ ƒ”‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† „‘‘•ǡ Œ‘—”ƒŽ ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ǡ ƒ†

Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‘‡‘”‰‡‹‡Ž̵••‘…‹ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–ǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘–‡…Š‹“—‡—•‡•‹–‡•‹˜‡”‡ƒ†‹‰ƒ†

‘–‡Ǧ–ƒ‹‰–‡…Š‹“—‡•–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–‹–Š‡‘˜‡Žȋ‘„‹‰ƒŠǡƒ•›‹ǡƬ—ƒ†ƒǡʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ

Š‡ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ –‡…Š‹“—‡ ‹• ƒ ‡–Š‘† —•‡† –‘ ‘„–ƒ‹ †ƒ–ƒ „› ”‡ƒ†‹‰ ƒ† ‘„•‡”˜‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ –‡š–ǡ

™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‘–‡–‡…Š‹“—‡‹•–‘”‡…‘”†–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ–Šƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡‰”‘—’‡†™Š‡”‡ƒ†‹‰–Š‡…‘–‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡

–‡š–Ǥ

“

‹‡Ž†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†„‡–™‡‡‹–‡”ƒŽƒ†‡š–‡”ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‘—’Ǥ–•‡„‡”•—‹–‡

ƒ†ˆ‘…—•‘–Š‡Œ‘‹–‡ˆˆ‘”––‘ˆƒ…‡–Š‡‡‡›Ǥȋ—ƒ†‹’–ƒƒ†ƒŠ›—‹‰•‹ŠȌ‹‡Žƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ–

–Š‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–•–Šƒ–•‘…‹‡–›‡‡†•ƒ”‡…Šƒ‰‡•–Šƒ–‘……—”‹ƒŠƒ”‘‹‘—•…‘—‹–›‰”‘—’‹ƒƒ–—”ƒŽ

™ƒ›Ǥ‘ˆŽ‹…–•ƒ”‹•‡†—‡–‘‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•–Šƒ–‘……—”„‡–™‡‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†„‡–™‡‡‰”‘—’•Ǥ……‘”†‹‰

–‘‹‡Žǡ…‘ˆŽ‹…–„‡–™‡‡•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‘”…‡•ƒ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‹•ƒˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ•‘…‹‡–ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ……‘”†‹‰

–‘ ‹‡Ž ȋƒŠ›—†‹ǡ ʹͲʹͳǣ ͷͲȌǡ •‘…‹ƒŽ …‘ˆŽ‹…– …ƒ ‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡ •‘Ž‹†ƒ”‹–›ǡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘” —‹–›ǡ ƒ†

…Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡‘”†‡”‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡Ǥ

ˆ–‡” –Š‡ ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ™‹–Š ƒ •‘…‹ƒŽ …‘ˆŽ‹…– ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ‹• ‘– –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– •–—†›

•–—†‹‡†„›‘–Š‡””‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‘„–ƒ‹‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†‹‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰ǣͳȌ‘…‹ƒŽ

…‘ˆŽ‹…–‹‹ƒ–‘̵•‘˜‡Ž‹•‰”ƒ…‡ƒ† ƒ–‡„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡‘ˆ‡‘”‰‡‹‡Žȋ‡˜‹ƒ‹Žƒ

ƒ‰Šˆ‹”‘Šǡ ‘ŠǤ ƒ™ƒ™‹ǡ ʹͲʹͳȌǢ ʹȌ ‘…‹ƒŽ ‘ˆŽ‹…– ‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‡Ž ‡”‹ ‹™ƒ „› Ǥ ”ƒ•‡–›‘ –‘‘

ȋ‡‘”‰ ‹‡Ž̵• ‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡Ȍ ȋ ƒ–‹ƒŠ œœƒŠ”‘Šǡ ʹͲͳͺȌǢ ͵Ȍ ——”ǣ –‘”› ‹ ƒ š‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ

‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ȋƒ†‹›ƒ–—Ž—ƒ””‘ƒŠƬ‘•‡•Ž‘”‹‘—ƒ„‘ƒ†‹ǡʹͲʹͳȌǤ

ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡†‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†‹‡•ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ˆ‘—††‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•ƒ†

•‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡…—””‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡•™‹–Š…—””‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†›Ž‹‡

‹–Š‡ƒƒŽ›–‹…ƒŽ‹ˆ‡—•‡†ǡƒ‡Ž›•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–ǡƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘‡‘”‰‡‹‡ŽǤŠ‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡Ž‹‡•‹

–Š‡ˆ‘…—•ƒ†”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘„Œ‡…–Ǥƒ•‡†‘‡‘”‰‡‹‡Ž̵•’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ǡ‘‡’”‡˜‹‘—•”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ‹‡†–‘

†‡•…”‹„‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘”• ƒ† …ƒ—•‡• ‘ˆ …‘ˆŽ‹…– ‹ ‹ƒ–‘̵• ‘˜‡Ž ‹•‰”ƒ…‡ ƒ† ƒ–‡Ǥ ƒ•‡† ‘ ‡‘”‰‡

‹‡Ž̵•’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ǡ‹–ƒŽ•‘†‡•…”‹„‡••‘…‹ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‹‹ƒ–‘̵•‹•‰”ƒ…‡ƒ† ƒ–‡‘˜‡ŽǤ

–Š‡•‡…‘†’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†›ǡ•‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡•™‹–Š…—””‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŽ‹‡‹–Š‡ƒƒŽ›–‹…ƒŽ‹ˆ‡—•‡†ǡ

ƒ‡Ž› ‡‘”‰‡ ‹‡Ž̵• ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ Ž‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘…—• ƒ† ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‘„Œ‡…–Ǥ

”‡˜‹‘—•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š—•‡†–Š‡‘„Œ‡…–‘ˆƒ‘˜‡Žǡƒ†–Š‡ˆ‘…—•‘ˆ‹–•ƒƒŽ›•‹•™ƒ••‘…‹ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡

…—””‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Šˆ‘…—•‡•‘–Š‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–‘˜‡”™ƒ–‡”•‘—”…‡•Ǥ–ƒ‹‡†–‘†‡•…”‹„‡–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ’Š‡‘‡ƒ

‹–Š‡‘˜‡Ž‡”‹‹™ƒ„›Ǥ”ƒ•‡–›‘–‘‘ˆ”‘–Š‡’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡‘ˆ‡‘”‰‡‹‡ŽǤ

–Š‡–Š‹”†’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†›ǡ–Š‡•‹‹Žƒ”‹–›™‹–Š–Š‡…—””‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŽ‹‡•‹–Š‡‘„Œ‡…–‘ˆ•–—†›Ǥ

…‘–”ƒ•–ǡ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ Ž‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›–‹…ƒŽ ‹ˆ‡ —•‡†ǡ ƒ‡Ž› –Š‡ ƒš‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ ƒ† –Š‡

ˆ‘…—• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ ™Š‹…Š ˆ‘…—•‡• ‘ –Š‡ …‘–‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ „‘‘ —•‹‰ ƒ ƒš‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ

’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ǤŠ‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š™ƒ•–‘†‹˜‡‹–‘–Š‡•–‘”›ƒ†ƒ‡‰—‡••‡•ƒ„‘—–

–Š‡•–‘”›̵•’Ž‘–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ…Žƒ••‹…ƒŽ•–‘”›•‡––‹‰ƒ†–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡•–Šƒ–

‘……—”‹†‘‡•‹ƒǤ

ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ˆ‘…—•‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›ǡ–Š‡•’‡…‹ˆ‹…”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡•ƒ”‡ǣͳȌ–‘†‡•…”‹„‡–Š‡ˆ‘”•

ƒ†…ƒ—•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–‘˜‡”ƒ•’”‹‰‹–Š‡•Š‘”–•–‘”›——”ǣ–‘”›„›ƒ—”‹ƒ™ƒ„ƒ•‡†‘

‡‘”‰‡‹‡Ž̵•’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ǡʹȌ–‘†‡•…”‹„‡–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ…‘ˆŽ‹…–”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘˜‡”ƒ•’”‹‰‹–Š‡•Š‘”–

•–‘”› ——”ǣ –‘”› „› ƒ —”‹ƒ™ƒǤ Š‡ „‡‡ˆ‹– ‘ˆ –Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹• –Šƒ– ‹– …ƒ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ’—„Ž‹…

ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹–›‹–Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡…‘—‹–›•‘–Šƒ––Š‡›–Š‹‘”‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹’ƒ…–

ƒ†Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‡‡’‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰™Š‡ˆƒ…‹‰…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡Ǥ‘’‡ˆ—ŽŽ›ǡ–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š™‹ŽŽƒ’’Ž›ƒ†

‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ƒ†‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ•‘…‹‡–›Ǥ METHOD

Š‹• •–—†› —•‡• ƒ †‹ƒŽ‡…–‹…ƒŽ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‡–Š‘† —•‹‰ ƒ •‘…‹‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ™‹–Š

‡‘”‰‡‹‡Ž̵•–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•‹ˆ‡Ǥ……‘”†‹‰–‘ ƒ”—ȋʹͲͳͲǣͳʹȌ‹•ȋǤ†ǣʹͲȌǡ†‹ƒŽ‡…–‹…ƒŽ

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹• „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ƒ••—’–‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ ”‡…‹’”‘…ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• „‡–™‡‡

Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†•‘…‹‡–›ǤŠ‡†‹ƒŽ‡…–‹…ƒŽ‡–Š‘†…‘–‹—‘—•Ž›ƒƒŽ›œ‡•‰‘‹‰„ƒ…ƒ†ˆ‘”–Š„‡–™‡‡–Š‡

–‡š–ƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹–›‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”–‘ˆ‹†–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹–›

‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǤŠ‡’”‹…‹’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‹ƒŽ‡…–‹…ƒŽ‡–Š‘†…ƒ‘–„‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ

–Š‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ Š‹• •–—†› —•‡• –Š‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ …‘ˆŽ‹…– ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‹ˆ‡ ˆ”‘ ‡‘”‰‡ ‹‡Ž̵•

’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡–‘‘„–ƒ‹†ƒ–ƒ‘–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘„Œ‡…–Ǥ

Š‡’”‹ƒ”›†ƒ–ƒ•‘—”…‡‹–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•–Š‡•Š‘”–•–‘”›——”ǣ–‘”›„›ƒ—”‹ƒ™ƒǡ

™Š‘•‡ •‡–‡…‡• …‘–ƒ‹ •‘…‹ƒŽ …‘ˆŽ‹…–Ǥ ‡…‘†ƒ”› †ƒ–ƒ ƒ”‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† „‘‘•ǡ Œ‘—”ƒŽ ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ǡ ƒ†

Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‘‡‘”‰‡‹‡Ž̵••‘…‹ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–ǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘–‡…Š‹“—‡—•‡•‹–‡•‹˜‡”‡ƒ†‹‰ƒ†

‘–‡Ǧ–ƒ‹‰–‡…Š‹“—‡•–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–‹–Š‡‘˜‡Žȋ‘„‹‰ƒŠǡƒ•›‹ǡƬ—ƒ†ƒǡʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ

Š‡ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ –‡…Š‹“—‡ ‹• ƒ ‡–Š‘† —•‡† –‘ ‘„–ƒ‹ †ƒ–ƒ „› ”‡ƒ†‹‰ ƒ† ‘„•‡”˜‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ –‡š–ǡ

™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‘–‡–‡…Š‹“—‡‹•–‘”‡…‘”†–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ–Šƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡‰”‘—’‡†™Š‡”‡ƒ†‹‰–Š‡…‘–‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡

–‡š–Ǥ

ƒ–ƒ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‹ –Š‹• •–—†› —•‡• –Š‡ ‹Ž‡• ƒ† —„‡”ƒ –‡…Š‹“—‡ǡ ™Š‹…Š …‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ †ƒ–ƒ

”‡†—…–‹‘ǡ †ƒ–ƒ ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† …‘…Ž—•‹‘ †”ƒ™‹‰ ȋ‹Ž‡• ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͳͶȌǤ ƒ–ƒ ”‡†—…–‹‘ ‹• ƒ †ƒ–ƒ

…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘ –‡…Š‹“—‡ „› •—ƒ”‹œ‹‰ ƒ† ‰”‘—’‹‰ †ƒ–ƒ ˆ‹†‹‰• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š –‘’‹…•Ǣ †ƒ–ƒ

’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ƒ –‡…Š‹“—‡ „› ’”‡•‡–‹‰ †ƒ–ƒ ˆ‹†‹‰• „› –Š‡ –‘’‹… ‘ˆ †‹•…—••‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ

ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡ –‡š–Ǥ Š‡ …‘…Ž—•‹‘ †”ƒ™ ‹• –Š‡ Žƒ•– •–ƒ‰‡ „› …‘…Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› ˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡†

†‹•…—••‹‘Ǥ  –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ”‡†—…–‹‘ •–ƒ‰‡ǡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• •‡Ž‡…–‡†ǡ ˆ‘…—•‡†ǡ •‹’Ž‹ˆ‹‡†ǡ ƒ„•–”ƒ…–‡†ǡ ƒ†

‘†‹ˆ‹‡† –Š‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ …‘ˆŽ‹…– †ƒ–ƒ ˆ‘—†Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” •‡Ž‡…–• †ƒ–ƒ Ž‹‹–‡† ‘Ž› –‘

•‡–‡…‡• ƒ† †‹ƒŽ‘‰ †‡•…”‹„‹‰ –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‡…‡ ‘ˆ •‘…‹ƒŽ …‘ˆŽ‹…–ǡ …ƒ—•ƒŽ ˆƒ…–‘”•ǡ ƒ† ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ •‘…‹ƒŽ

…‘ˆŽ‹…–”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ…‘…Ž—•‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”…‘…Ž—†‡•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ•—„•–ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡

ˆ”‘–Š‡†‹•…—••‹‘”‡•—Ž–•Ǥ ANALYSIS

The Conflict over the Springs in Sumur Short Story: A Story

ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡†‹•…—••‹‘‹–Š‡•Š‘”–•–‘”›——”ǣ–‘”›„›ƒ—”‹ƒ™ƒǡ–Š‡

†ƒ–ƒ‘„–ƒ‹‡†„›”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‹•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡•‡–‡…‡•…‘–ƒ‹‹‰•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–‘˜‡”–Š‡

•–”—‰‰Ž‡ ˆ‘” •’”‹‰•Ǥ ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ˆ‘…—•ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” †‹˜‹†‡• –Š‡ †‹•…—••‹‘ ‹–‘ –™‘

†‹•…—••‹‘…Šƒ’–‡”•ǡƒ‡Ž›ǣͳȌ–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ†…ƒ—•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–‘˜‡”ƒ•’”‹‰‹–Š‡•Š‘”–•–‘”›

——”ǣ –‘”› „› ƒ —”‹ƒ™ƒ „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‡‘”‰‡ ‹‡Ž̵• ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡Ǣ ʹȌ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ …‘ˆŽ‹…–

”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘˜‡”–Š‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡ˆ‘”•’”‹‰•‹–Š‡•Š‘”–•–‘”›——”ǣ–‘”›„›ƒ—”‹ƒ™ƒˆ”‘–Š‡

’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡‘ˆ‡‘”‰‡‹‡ŽǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”Ǥ

Forms of conflict Manifestation of conflict Forms of conflict resolution

–ƒ‰‘‹•–‹……‘ˆŽ‹…– ‘›‹„ƒ†‹–‹…‘˜‡”–Ž› ‘‡”…‡

–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…– Š‡“—ƒ””‡Ž„‡–™‡‡‘›‹„̵•ˆƒ–Š‡”ƒ†

‹–‹̵•ˆƒ–Š‡” ”„‹–”ƒ–‹‘

–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…– ‘›‹„ƒ†‹–‹‡’––Š‡‹”†‹•–ƒ…‡ ‘Ž‡”ƒ…‡

–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…– ‘›‹„ƒ†‹–‹ˆ‡Ž––‡•‡ƒ†ƒ™™ƒ”† ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘

–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…– ‘›‹„̵•ƒ‰‡”ƒ–Š‹•™‹ˆ‡ ˜‘‹†

‘ˆŽ‹…–‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•– ‡‹œ‹‰–Š‡•‘—”…‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡” ”„‹–”ƒ–‹‘

–‹ƒ–‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’

…‘ˆŽ‹…– ‘›‹„ƒ†‹–‹™‡”‡ƒ™™ƒ”†ǡ‡”˜‘—•ǡ

ƒ†ƒ™™ƒ”† …‘’”‘‹•‡

–‹ƒ–‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’

…‘ˆŽ‹…– ‘›‹„̵•ƒ‰‡”ƒ†–Š”‡ƒ–•–‘Š‹•™‹ˆ‡ ‘˜‡”•‹‘

ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹•…—••‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ –ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ …‘ˆŽ‹…– ‘˜‡” •’”‹‰•

‘„–ƒ‹‡† ‹ –Š‡ •Š‘”– •–‘”› ——”ǣ –‘”› „› ƒ —”‹ƒ™ƒǡ —•‹‰ ‡‘”‰‡ ‹‡Ž̵• ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ǡ …‘•‹•–‘ˆˆ‘—”ˆ‘”•‘ˆ…‘ˆŽ‹…–”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡‘˜‡”•’”‹‰•ǡƒ‡Ž›ǣͳȌ…‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–

ƒ–ƒ‰‘‹•–‹…™‹–Š‘‡†ƒ–ƒˆ‹†‹‰•™‹–Š–Š‡‡„‘†‹‡–‘ˆ…‘ˆŽ‹…–…Žƒ†‡•–‹‡Ž›‡‡–‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”ǢʹȌ

‹–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–‹–Š‡ˆ‘—”†ƒ–ƒˆ‹†‹‰•ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹ˆ‡•–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ…‘ˆŽ‹…–‹•„‹…‡”‹‰„‡–™‡‡–™‘

ˆ”‹‡†•ǡ‡‡’‹‰†‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ–‡•‡‘”ƒ™™ƒ”†ǡƒ‰‡”ǡƒ†…—”•‹‰Ǣ͵Ȍ…‘ˆŽ‹…–‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–‹‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡

†ƒ–ƒˆ‹†‹‰•ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ–Š‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–‹•–Š‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ•’”‹‰ǢͶȌ‹–‹ƒ–‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’…‘ˆŽ‹…–™‹–Š

–Š‡–™‘†ƒ–ƒˆ‹†‹‰•ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ…‘ˆŽ‹…–ƒ”‡ƒ‰‡”ƒ†–Š”‡ƒ–•ǤŠ‡‹Ǧ†‡’–Š†‹•…—••‹‘”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰

–Š‡ˆ‘—”…‘ˆŽ‹…–•‘˜‡”–Š‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡ˆ‘”•’”‹‰•‹•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ Conflict over Springs

–ƒ‰‘‹•–‹… …‘’ƒ”‹•‘ …‘ˆŽ‹…– ‹• ƒ …‘ˆŽ‹…– –Šƒ– …ƒ—•‡• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ Š—ƒ ‡‡†• ‘– –‘ „‡

ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‡† ‡–ƒŽŽ›ǡ ’Š›•‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ† •‘…‹ƒŽŽ›Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ƒ–ƒ‰‘‹•–‹… …‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡ …‘ˆŽ‹…– ‹ •Š‘”–

•–‘”‹‡•‹•‘‡ǡƒ‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡‡‡–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•‹•‡…”‡–ǤŠ‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‹•ƒ‡š…‡”’––Šƒ–

…‘–ƒ‹•ƒƒ–ƒ‰‘‹•–‹……‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡…‘ˆŽ‹…––Šƒ–‘……—””‡†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ˆ‹‰—”‡•‘›‹„ƒ†‹–‹Ǥ

“……They are standing apart from the well. The awkwardness still lingers, it melts when Toyib asks how they are doing, and it gives them the opportunity to ask and answer more things.” (SSC, p. 42).

“

“They did continue to meet at the well every day, earlier than anyone else's arrival. Those were their happiest moments, separated by the well, accompanied only by their own most beautiful gleam, separated by the well, only accompanied by the faint glow of the orange sky in the east. (SSC, pp. 43-44).

Š‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–…ƒ—•‡†„›ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰‘˜‡”ƒ•’”‹‰‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆ‘›‹„ƒ†‹–‹‘……—””‡†„‡…ƒ—•‡

–Š‡› Šƒ† Ž‘‰ ‡’– –Š‡‹” †‹•–ƒ…‡ ˆ”‘ ‡ƒ…Š ‘–Š‡” •‹…‡ ‹–‹̵• ˆƒ–Š‡” †‹‡†Ǥ ‡ †ƒ›ǡ ‘›‹„ǡ ™Š‘ ‹•

ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ””‹‡†ǡ•—††‡Ž›”‡’”‹ƒ†•‹–‹ƒ†–ƒŽ•ƒŽ‘‡™‹–Š‹–‹ǡ™Š‘‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ””‹‡†ǤŠ‡›•’‡†

–Š‡‹”–‹‡ƒ––Š‡™‡ŽŽ–ƒŽ‹‰–‘‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”ƒ†™‹•Š‹‰–Šƒ–‹ˆ‘–Š‹‰Šƒ’’‡‡†ǡ–Š‡–Š‡›™‘—Ž†„‡

ƒ„Ž‡–‘„‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ–ˆ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡‹”‡‡–‹‰•™‡”‡‹‰‘”‡†„›–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘‘ˆ–‡•ƒ™–Š‡ǡ—–‹Ž‘‡

‹‰Š–ǡ‘›‹„̵•™‹ˆ‡ƒ†‹–‹̵•Š—•„ƒ†•—††‡Ž›†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”Š‘—•‡Ǥˆ–‡”„‡‹‰•‡ƒ”…Š‡†„›

–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•ǡ–Š‡–™‘™‡”‡ˆ‘—†ˆƒ…‡†‘™–‘‰‡–Š‡”ƒ––Š‡„‘––‘‘ˆƒ†”›™‡ŽŽǤˆ–‡”–Šƒ–‹…‹†‡–ǡ

‘›‹„ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›†‡…‹†‡†–‘•–‘’‡‡–‹‰‹–‹ƒ––Š‡™‡ŽŽǤ

Š‡…‘ˆŽ‹…– „‡–™‡‡‘›‹„ ƒ† ‹–‹ ƒ„‘˜‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ–ƒ‰‘‹•–‹……‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡ …‘ˆŽ‹…– …ƒ—•‡•–Š‡‡–ƒŽ‡‡†•‘ˆ‘›‹„ƒ†‹–‹–‘„‡—ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‡††—‡–‘ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•‘ˆ‰—‹Ž–ƒ†ƒ‰‡”‹‡ƒ…Š …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”ǤŠ‡›ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›…Š‘•‡–‘‡‡–ƒ––Š‡™‡ŽŽǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡›™‡”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ””‹‡†ǤŠ‡‹’ƒ…–

‘ˆ‘›‹„ƒ†‹–‹̵•ƒ…–‹‘•™ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡‹”’ƒ”–‡”•—‘™‹‰Ž›…Š‘•‡–‘…‘‹–•—‹…‹†‡ƒ––Š‡™‡ŽŽ

™Š‡”‡–Š‡›‘ˆ–‡‡–Ǥ

Interpersonal Conflict between Toyib's father and Siti's father

–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–—•—ƒŽŽ›‹˜‘Ž˜‡•‘‡‘”‘”‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ•‘‹••‘‡–‹‡•†—‡–‘

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡• ‘ˆ ‘’‹‹‘ ™Š‡ ‡š’”‡••‹‰ –Š‡‹” ƒ”‰—‡–•Ǥ –‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ …‘ˆŽ‹…– ‹ –Š‹• •Š‘”– •–‘”›

…‘•‹•–•‘ˆˆ‘—”ˆ‘”•ǣ„‹…‡”‹‰„‡–™‡‡–™‘ˆ”‹‡†•ǡ‡‡’‹‰–Š‡‹”†‹•–ƒ…‡ǡƒ™™ƒ”†ǡ–‡•‡ǡ…—”•‹‰ǡ …”‹–‹…‹œ‹‰ǡƒ†–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ǤŠ‡“—‘–‡•–Šƒ–…‘–ƒ‹‹–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–ƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•Ǥ

The Quarrel Between Toyib's Father and Siti's Father

Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•Š‘”–•–‘”›‡š…‡”’–…‘–ƒ‹•–Š‡“—ƒ””‡Ž„‡–™‡‡‘›‹„̵•ˆƒ–Š‡”ƒ†‹–‹̵•ˆƒ–Š‡”Ǥ “Then one night, Toyib's father had a duel with Siti's father. The duel ended with

Toyib's father slashing Siti's father with a machete in the stomach, causing him to lie sprawled out with his intestines loose and blood pooling in the grass, near the floodgates. Siti's father was helpless, Toyib's father ran away into the middle of the forest for two harmals, but it was not difficult for the police to chase and arrest him” (SSC, p.1-2).

Š‡ “—‘–‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡ …‘ˆŽ‹…– –Šƒ– ‘……—””‡† „‡–™‡‡ ‘›‹„̵• ˆƒ–Š‡” ƒ† ‹–‹ ™ƒ•

…”‡ƒ–‡†„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆƒˆ‹‰Š–‘˜‡”ƒ•’”‹‰‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ•™ƒ’™‹–Š‹’ƒ’ƒŽ–”‡‡•ƒ”‘—†‹–Ǥ•ƒ

”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—–‹‰ ‡‘–‹‘• ‹ ‘›‹„̵• ˆƒ–Š‡”ǡ Š‡ ƒ……‹†‡–ƒŽŽ› •Žƒ•Š‡† Š‹• ƒ…Š‡–‡ ‹–‘ ‹–‹̵•

ˆƒ–Š‡”̵••–‘ƒ…Š•‘–Šƒ–Š‹•ˆƒ–Š‡”†‹‡†ƒ––Š‡•…‡‡Ǥ‰‡”ǡŽ—•–ǡƒ†Šƒ–”‡†ƒ”‡–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰…ƒ—•‡•‘ˆ

•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–•–Šƒ–‘ˆ–‡‘……—”Ǥ

š’‘•—”‡–‘‡˜‡–•‹–Š‡“—‘–‡ƒ„‘˜‡‹•„‡–™‡‡‹–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–•–Šƒ–‘ˆ–‡‘……—”ƒ‘‰

–Š‡ …Ž‘•‡•– ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ • ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡• ‹ ‘’‹‹‘ǡ Žƒ… ‘ˆ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ Žƒ›’‡”•‘

…‘—‹–›„‡…ƒ‡–Š‡ƒ‹ˆƒ…–‘”‹–Š‡‹–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–„‡–™‡‡‘›‹„ƒ†‹–‹̵•ˆƒ–Š‡”Ǥ

Š‡‹’ƒ…–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ˆƒ–Š‡”̵•“—ƒ””‡Ž”‡–—”‡†–‘‘›‹„ƒ†‹–‹ǡ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǣ‘›‹„ˆ‡Ž–‰—‹Ž–›ˆ‘”–Š‡

†‡ƒ–Š‘ˆ‹–‹̵•ˆƒ–Š‡”Ǥ‹–‹ˆ‡Ž–Š—”–ƒ†•‹…„—–ƒŽ•‘ƒ‰”›ƒ†Šƒ–‡†–Š‡‘›‹„ˆƒ‹Ž›Ǥ Result of Conflict: Toyib and Siti Keep their distance

ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰‹–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ†‹•–ƒ…‡‹•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ…‘ˆŽ‹…–‘ˆ–‡‹•‘…‹‡–›™Š‡’”‘„Ž‡•‘……—”ǡ

ƒ†‡‹–Š‡”’ƒ”–›‹•™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘„—†‰‡Ǥ‘•–‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™‹ŽŽ‡‡’–Š‡‹”†‹•–ƒ…‡ˆ”‘‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”ƒ†

„‡…‘‡ƒ™™ƒ”†™‹–Š‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ…‘ˆŽ‹…–‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•‘›‹„ƒ†‹–‹‡‡’

–Š‡‹”†‹•–ƒ…‡ˆ”‘‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”…ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰“—‘–‡Ǥ

"…….Toyib also did that for the house, but he always tried not to cross paths with Siti during his father's imprisonment. (SSC, p. 9).

“

“They did continue to meet at the well every day, earlier than anyone else's arrival. Those were their happiest moments, separated by the well, accompanied only by their own most beautiful gleam, separated by the well, only accompanied by the faint glow of the orange sky in the east. (SSC, pp. 43-44).

Š‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–…ƒ—•‡†„›ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰‘˜‡”ƒ•’”‹‰‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆ‘›‹„ƒ†‹–‹‘……—””‡†„‡…ƒ—•‡

–Š‡› Šƒ† Ž‘‰ ‡’– –Š‡‹” †‹•–ƒ…‡ ˆ”‘ ‡ƒ…Š ‘–Š‡” •‹…‡ ‹–‹̵• ˆƒ–Š‡” †‹‡†Ǥ ‡ †ƒ›ǡ ‘›‹„ǡ ™Š‘ ‹•

ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ””‹‡†ǡ•—††‡Ž›”‡’”‹ƒ†•‹–‹ƒ†–ƒŽ•ƒŽ‘‡™‹–Š‹–‹ǡ™Š‘‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ””‹‡†ǤŠ‡›•’‡†

–Š‡‹”–‹‡ƒ––Š‡™‡ŽŽ–ƒŽ‹‰–‘‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”ƒ†™‹•Š‹‰–Šƒ–‹ˆ‘–Š‹‰Šƒ’’‡‡†ǡ–Š‡–Š‡›™‘—Ž†„‡

ƒ„Ž‡–‘„‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ–ˆ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡‹”‡‡–‹‰•™‡”‡‹‰‘”‡†„›–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘‘ˆ–‡•ƒ™–Š‡ǡ—–‹Ž‘‡

‹‰Š–ǡ‘›‹„̵•™‹ˆ‡ƒ†‹–‹̵•Š—•„ƒ†•—††‡Ž›†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”Š‘—•‡Ǥˆ–‡”„‡‹‰•‡ƒ”…Š‡†„›

–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•ǡ–Š‡–™‘™‡”‡ˆ‘—†ˆƒ…‡†‘™–‘‰‡–Š‡”ƒ––Š‡„‘––‘‘ˆƒ†”›™‡ŽŽǤˆ–‡”–Šƒ–‹…‹†‡–ǡ

‘›‹„ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›†‡…‹†‡†–‘•–‘’‡‡–‹‰‹–‹ƒ––Š‡™‡ŽŽǤ

Š‡…‘ˆŽ‹…– „‡–™‡‡‘›‹„ ƒ† ‹–‹ ƒ„‘˜‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ–ƒ‰‘‹•–‹……‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡ …‘ˆŽ‹…– …ƒ—•‡•–Š‡‡–ƒŽ‡‡†•‘ˆ‘›‹„ƒ†‹–‹–‘„‡—ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‡††—‡–‘ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•‘ˆ‰—‹Ž–ƒ†ƒ‰‡”‹‡ƒ…Š …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”ǤŠ‡›ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›…Š‘•‡–‘‡‡–ƒ––Š‡™‡ŽŽǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡›™‡”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ””‹‡†ǤŠ‡‹’ƒ…–

‘ˆ‘›‹„ƒ†‹–‹̵•ƒ…–‹‘•™ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡‹”’ƒ”–‡”•—‘™‹‰Ž›…Š‘•‡–‘…‘‹–•—‹…‹†‡ƒ––Š‡™‡ŽŽ

™Š‡”‡–Š‡›‘ˆ–‡‡–Ǥ

Interpersonal Conflict between Toyib's father and Siti's father

–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–—•—ƒŽŽ›‹˜‘Ž˜‡•‘‡‘”‘”‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ•‘‹••‘‡–‹‡•†—‡–‘

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡• ‘ˆ ‘’‹‹‘ ™Š‡ ‡š’”‡••‹‰ –Š‡‹” ƒ”‰—‡–•Ǥ –‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ …‘ˆŽ‹…– ‹ –Š‹• •Š‘”– •–‘”›

…‘•‹•–•‘ˆˆ‘—”ˆ‘”•ǣ„‹…‡”‹‰„‡–™‡‡–™‘ˆ”‹‡†•ǡ‡‡’‹‰–Š‡‹”†‹•–ƒ…‡ǡƒ™™ƒ”†ǡ–‡•‡ǡ…—”•‹‰ǡ …”‹–‹…‹œ‹‰ǡƒ†–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ǤŠ‡“—‘–‡•–Šƒ–…‘–ƒ‹‹–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–ƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•Ǥ

The Quarrel Between Toyib's Father and Siti's Father

Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•Š‘”–•–‘”›‡š…‡”’–…‘–ƒ‹•–Š‡“—ƒ””‡Ž„‡–™‡‡‘›‹„̵•ˆƒ–Š‡”ƒ†‹–‹̵•ˆƒ–Š‡”Ǥ “Then one night, Toyib's father had a duel with Siti's father. The duel ended with

Toyib's father slashing Siti's father with a machete in the stomach, causing him to lie sprawled out with his intestines loose and blood pooling in the grass, near the floodgates. Siti's father was helpless, Toyib's father ran away into the middle of the forest for two harmals, but it was not difficult for the police to chase and arrest him” (SSC, p.1-2).

Š‡ “—‘–‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡ …‘ˆŽ‹…– –Šƒ– ‘……—””‡† „‡–™‡‡ ‘›‹„̵• ˆƒ–Š‡” ƒ† ‹–‹ ™ƒ•

…”‡ƒ–‡†„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆƒˆ‹‰Š–‘˜‡”ƒ•’”‹‰‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ•™ƒ’™‹–Š‹’ƒ’ƒŽ–”‡‡•ƒ”‘—†‹–Ǥ•ƒ

”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—–‹‰ ‡‘–‹‘• ‹ ‘›‹„̵• ˆƒ–Š‡”ǡ Š‡ ƒ……‹†‡–ƒŽŽ› •Žƒ•Š‡† Š‹• ƒ…Š‡–‡ ‹–‘ ‹–‹̵•

ˆƒ–Š‡”̵••–‘ƒ…Š•‘–Šƒ–Š‹•ˆƒ–Š‡”†‹‡†ƒ––Š‡•…‡‡Ǥ‰‡”ǡŽ—•–ǡƒ†Šƒ–”‡†ƒ”‡–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰…ƒ—•‡•‘ˆ

•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–•–Šƒ–‘ˆ–‡‘……—”Ǥ

š’‘•—”‡–‘‡˜‡–•‹–Š‡“—‘–‡ƒ„‘˜‡‹•„‡–™‡‡‹–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–•–Šƒ–‘ˆ–‡‘……—”ƒ‘‰

–Š‡ …Ž‘•‡•– ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ • ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡• ‹ ‘’‹‹‘ǡ Žƒ… ‘ˆ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ Žƒ›’‡”•‘

…‘—‹–›„‡…ƒ‡–Š‡ƒ‹ˆƒ…–‘”‹–Š‡‹–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–„‡–™‡‡‘›‹„ƒ†‹–‹̵•ˆƒ–Š‡”Ǥ

Š‡‹’ƒ…–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ˆƒ–Š‡”̵•“—ƒ””‡Ž”‡–—”‡†–‘‘›‹„ƒ†‹–‹ǡ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǣ‘›‹„ˆ‡Ž–‰—‹Ž–›ˆ‘”–Š‡

†‡ƒ–Š‘ˆ‹–‹̵•ˆƒ–Š‡”Ǥ‹–‹ˆ‡Ž–Š—”–ƒ†•‹…„—–ƒŽ•‘ƒ‰”›ƒ†Šƒ–‡†–Š‡‘›‹„ˆƒ‹Ž›Ǥ Result of Conflict: Toyib and Siti Keep their distance

ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰‹–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ†‹•–ƒ…‡‹•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ…‘ˆŽ‹…–‘ˆ–‡‹•‘…‹‡–›™Š‡’”‘„Ž‡•‘……—”ǡ

ƒ†‡‹–Š‡”’ƒ”–›‹•™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘„—†‰‡Ǥ‘•–‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™‹ŽŽ‡‡’–Š‡‹”†‹•–ƒ…‡ˆ”‘‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”ƒ†

„‡…‘‡ƒ™™ƒ”†™‹–Š‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ…‘ˆŽ‹…–‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•‘›‹„ƒ†‹–‹‡‡’

–Š‡‹”†‹•–ƒ…‡ˆ”‘‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”…ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰“—‘–‡Ǥ

"…….Toyib also did that for the house, but he always tried not to cross paths with Siti during his father's imprisonment. (SSC, p. 9).

Š‡“—‘–‡ƒ„‘˜‡‡š’Žƒ‹•–Šƒ–‘›‹„ƒ˜‘‹†‡†…”‘••‹‰’ƒ–Š•™‹–Š‹–‹™Š‡ˆ‡–…Š‹‰™ƒ–‡”ˆ”‘

–Š‡™‡ŽŽǤ‡ˆ‡Ž–‰—‹Ž–›ƒ†…‘—Ž†‘–Ž‘‘ƒ–‹–‹̵•ˆƒ…‡ǡˆ—ŽŽ‘ˆ•ƒ†‡••ƒ†•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰Ǥ‹…‡–Š‡…‘ˆŽ‹…– …ƒ—•‡†„›–Š‡‹”–™‘ˆƒ–Š‡”•ǡ–Š‡‹””‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘„‡‡ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†Ǥ‘›‹„ƒ†‹–‹ƒ”‡Ž‹‡•–”ƒ‰‡”•

™Š‡–Š‡›ƒ……‹†‡–ƒŽŽ›‡‡–ƒ––Š‡™‡ŽŽǤŠ‡‹”ƒ…–‹‘•–Šƒ–Ž‘‘Ž‹‡•–”ƒ‰‡”•™Š‡–Š‡›‡‡–‡ƒ…Š

‘–Š‡”ƒ‡–Š‡ˆ‡‡Ž–‘”‡–‡†ƒ†Ž‘‰–‘‡‡–‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”Ǥ

Š‡‹–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–„‡–™‡‡‘›‹„ƒ†‹–‹™ƒ•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆŠ‘•–‹Ž‹–›‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ‡‡’‹‰

‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”ƒ–ƒ†‹•–ƒ…‡Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘›‹„‹•‘–Š‘•–‹Ž‡–‘™ƒ”†‹–‹Ǣ‘–Š‡…‘–”ƒ”›ǡŠ‡–”‹‡•–‘‡†

–Š‡‹”„”‘‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’‘˜‡”–Š‡›‡ƒ”•„›‰”‡‡–‹‰‹–‹™Š‡–Š‡›‡‡–Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–‹•–‹ŽŽˆ‡‡Ž•ƒ‰”›

ƒ† •ƒ† ƒ„‘—– ™Šƒ– ‘›‹„̵• ˆƒ–Š‡” †‹† –‘ Š‹• ˆƒ–Š‡”Ǥ ‡ •–‹ŽŽ Šƒ”„‘”• Šƒ–”‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘›‹„ ˆƒ‹Ž›ǡ …ƒ—•‹‰…‘ˆŽ‹…–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘„›‡‡’‹‰–Š‡‹”†‹•–ƒ…‡ˆ”‘‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”Ǥ

Toyib and Siti Feel Tense and Awkward

‘…‹ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–•–Šƒ–Ž‡ƒ†–‘–‡•‹‘‘”ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰ƒ™™ƒ”†™‹–Š‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”„‡…‘‡‹‡”…‘ˆŽ‹…–•

ˆ‘”–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•Ǥ‘ˆŽ‹…–•‘……—”„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ’”‘–”ƒ…–‡†’”‘„Ž‡•ƒ†™‹–Š‘—–ƒ…‘ˆŽ‹…–”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘

’‘‹–ǤŠ‡“—‘–‡•…‘–ƒ‹•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ–‡•‹‘ƒ†ƒ™™ƒ”†‡••ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•Ǥ “….For a moment Toyib felt awkward, but seeing the girl move as if signaling to lift the bucket full of water, he decided to convey the purpose of the meeting”

(SSC, p. 11)

Š‡“—‘–‡ƒ„‘˜‡•Š‘™•–Šƒ–‘›‹„ˆ‡‡Ž•‰—‹Ž–›ˆ‘”ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•‘…‘ˆ—•‡†Ǥ‡‹–‡†‡†–‘ƒ‡‹–‹

Žƒ—‰ŠŽ‹‡„‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ„—–‹––—”‡†‘—––Šƒ–Š‹•‡ˆˆ‘”–•™‡”‡‹˜ƒ‹Ǣ‹–‹Œ—•–•‹Ž‡††”›Ž›ǤŠƒ–‹•™Šƒ–

ƒ†‡‘›‹„•—††‡Ž›ˆŽ‹…Š‡†ƒ†ˆ‡Ž–ƒ™™ƒ”†–‘•ƒ›–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡–‹‰Ǥ

Š‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–‹–Š‡“—‘–‡ƒ„‘˜‡ǡƒ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘‡‡’‹‰ƒ†‹•–ƒ…‡„‡–™‡‡‘›‹„ƒ†‹–‹ǡƒŽ•‘ˆ‡‡Ž•

ƒ™™ƒ”†™‹–Š‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ‘›‹„ˆ‡Ž–…‘ˆ—•‡†ƒ„‘—–ˆƒ…‹‰‹–‹ǡ•‘Š‡ˆ‡Ž–ƒ™™ƒ”†™Š‡

•–ƒ†‹‰„‡ˆ‘”‡Š‡”ǤŠ‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘Šƒ•„‡‡‰‘‹‰‘ˆ‘”›‡ƒ”•ǡ•‘‹––ƒ‡•™‘”ˆ‘”

–Š‡–‘‰”‡‡–‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”Ž‹‡–Š‡›—•‡†–‘Ǥ Toyib's anger at his wife

…‘Ž†‹‰ •‘‡‘‡ ‹• ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ …ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ …‘ˆŽ‹…– „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ’‡”•‘ •…‘Ž†‹‰ ƒ† –Š‡

’‡”•‘„‡‹‰•…‘Ž†‡†Ǥ–Šƒ’’‡•„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‘ˆ‘’‹‹‘‘”†‡…‹•‹‘•„‡–™‡‡‘‡

‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ™Š‘ ‹• ‘”‡ ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž ƒ† ƒ‘–Š‡” ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ™Š‘ ‹• ™‡ƒ‡” ‹ ’‘™‡”Ǥ Š‡ ‹’ƒ…– –Šƒ–

‘……—”•™Š‡‹–‹•ˆ‘—†„‡–™‡‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™Š‘•…‘Ž†‘–Š‡”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‹•ƒ’”‘Ž‘‰‡†…‘ˆŽ‹…––Šƒ–

…ƒ—•‡•Š‡ƒ”–ƒ…Š‡ƒ†ƒˆ‡‡Ž‹‰‘ˆ”‡˜‡‰‡ǤŠ‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‹•ƒ“—‘–‡–Šƒ–…‘–ƒ‹•‹–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–

‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ•…‘Ž†‹‰ƒ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”™Š‘‹•™‡ƒ‡”‹’‘™‡”Ǥ

"One morning, his wife asked him why he had to fill in someone else's house.

“Because I have been doing it for years and will do it for years. You don't have to worry about what your husband does!”

“He wanted to slap his wife on the cheek, but then decided to leave the house to feed their goats” (SSC, p. 35).

Š‡“—‘–‡ƒ„‘˜‡‡š’Žƒ‹•–Šƒ–•‹…‡‘›‹„‡™–Šƒ–‹–‹™ƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ””‹‡†–‘ƒƒ‹–Š‡

…‹–›ǡŠ‡ƒ‰”‡‡†–‘ƒ””›–Š‡‰‹”ŽŠ‹•‘–Š‡”…Š‘•‡Ǥ‡†‹†‘–‡˜‡‘™–Š‡‰‹”Ž„‡ˆ‘”‡ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ

‘›‹„‘ˆ–‡–‘‘‘—–Š‹•ƒ‰‡”‘Š‹•™‹ˆ‡ǢŠ‡ˆ‡Ž––Šƒ–‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰Š‹•™‹ˆ‡Šƒ††‘‡™ƒ•™”‘‰ǡ•‘‹–

™ƒ•‘Ž›ƒ–—”ƒŽ–‘„‡•…‘Ž†‡†Ǥ‘‡•–‹…˜‹‘Ž‡…‡‹•ƒ–ƒ‰‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Šƒ–‘ˆ–‡‘……—”•‹•‘…‹‡–›Ǥ

Š‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ …‘–ƒ‹‡† ‹ –Š‡ “—‘–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‘˜‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ …‘ˆŽ‹…– ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ

ƒ‰‡”‹•…Ž‡ƒ”Ž›‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–ˆ”‘–Š‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡ˆ‘””‡•‘—”…‡•—–‹Ž–Š‡†‡ƒ–Š‘ˆ‹–‹̵•ˆƒ–Š‡”ǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†

„›–Š‡‡™•–Šƒ–‹–‹ƒ””‹‡†ƒƒ‹–Š‡…‹–›…ƒ—•‡†ƒ‰‡”™‹–Š‹‘›‹„–‘•‡‡–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ……——Žƒ–‡†

ƒ†™ƒ•”‡ƒ†›–‘„‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†Ǥ‡˜‡–‡†Š‹•ƒ‰‡”‘Š‹•™‹ˆ‡—–‹Ž•Š‡…Š‘•‡–‘‡†Š‡”Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ––Š‡™‡ŽŽ

™Š‡”‡‘›‹„ƒ†‹–‹‘ˆ–‡‡–Ǥ

“

Conflict of Interest between Groups

‘ˆŽ‹…–•‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–‘……—”†—‡–‘†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–•‹–Š‡‹–‡”‡•–•‘ˆ•‘…‹‡–›ǡ…ƒ—•‹‰Š‘•–‹Ž‹–›ǤŠ‡

…‘ˆŽ‹…–‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–‹–Š‡•Š‘”–•–‘”›——”ǣ–‘”›„›ƒ—”‹ƒ™ƒ‹•ƒ•–”—‰‰Ž‡„‡–™‡‡‘›‹„̵•

ˆƒ–Š‡”ƒ†‹–‹̵•ˆƒ–Š‡”„‡Ž‘™Ǥ

"It was this spring that caused Toyib's father and Siti's father to clash; one took out a machete, and the other took out a machete. One goes to the grave; the other goes to jail. (SSC, p.2-3).

Š‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–‘˜‡”–Š‡™ƒ–‡”•‘—”…‡„‡–™‡‡‘›‹„̵•ˆƒ–Š‡”ƒ†‹–‹̵•ˆƒ–Š‡”ǡ‹™Š‹…Š„‘–ŠŠƒ˜‡

„‡‡„‘—†„›ˆ”‹‡†•Š‹’•‹…‡–Š‡›™‡”‡•ƒŽŽǤ–Š‡“—‘–‡ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ–Š‡–™‘ˆƒ–Š‡”•ƒ”‡ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰‘˜‡”

–Š‡•‘—”…‡‘ˆ–Š‡•’”‹‰‘–Š‡”‹†‰‡ǡƒ•™ƒ’Ǥ‘–Š…Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ––Š‡’‘‘Ž‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”–Šƒ–ˆŽ‘™‡†‹–‘–Š‡

†‹–…Šƒ†–Š‡ˆ‘”‡†‹–™‘„‡Ž‘‰‡†–‘‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‹•’”‘„Ž‡…ƒ—•‡†–Š‡–‘•™‹‰ƒ…Š‡–‡•ƒ†

ƒ…Š‡–‡•ƒ–‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”—–‹Ž‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‡†‘–Š‡•’‘–ǡƒ†–Š‡‘–Š‡””ƒƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡’‘Ž‹…‡Ǥ

‘ˆŽ‹…–•‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–ƒ”‡…”‡ƒ–‡†„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆŠƒ–”‡†ƒ†–Š‡†‡•‹”‡–‘’‘••‡••ǤŠ‡‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘

–Šƒ–…ƒ‡‡”‰‡ˆ”‘–Š‡“—‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘˜‡‹•–Šƒ–‘›‹„̵•ˆƒ–Š‡”ƒ†‹–‹̵•ˆƒ–Š‡”™‡”‡‹…‘ˆŽ‹…–†—‡–‘

ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰‘˜‡”ƒ•’”‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡‹””‡•’‡…–‹˜‡‹–‡”‡•–•ǡ…ƒ—•‹‰‹–‹̵•ˆƒ–Š‡”–‘†‹‡ƒ––Š‡Šƒ†•‘ˆ‘›‹„̵•

ˆƒ–Š‡”Ǥ…‘–”ƒ•–ǡ‘›‹„̵•ˆƒ–Š‡”Šƒ†–‘•’‡†ˆ‘—”›‡ƒ”•ƒ†‡‹‰Š–‘–Š•‹’”‹•‘Ǥƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‹”

ˆƒ‹Ž›”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ƒŽ•‘„‡…ƒ‡–‡—‘—•ǡƒ†‘›‹„̵•ˆ”‹‡†•Š‹’™‹–Š‹–‹‡†‡†‹Šƒ–”‡†ƒ†‰—‹Ž–Ǥ Intimate Relations Conflict between Toyib and Siti

–‹ƒ–‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’…‘ˆŽ‹…–•‘……—”„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡’ƒ”–‹‡•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡–‹‡•‘”…Ž‘•‡‡••ƒ†

ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”‹–›ǤŠ‡‹–‹ƒ–‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’…‘ˆŽ‹…–•…‘–ƒ‹‡†‹–Š‡——”ǣ–‘”›•Š‘”–•–‘”›ƒ”‡–‡•‡‘”

ƒ™™ƒ”†ǡ ™‹–Š ƒ •ƒŽŽ “—ƒ–‹–› ‘ˆ ‡”˜‘—•‡•• ƒ† …Ž—•‹‡••ǡ ƒ‰‡”ǡ ƒ† –Š”‡ƒ–•Ǥ Š‡ “—‘–ƒ–‹‘•

…‘–ƒ‹‹‰‹–‹ƒ–‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’…‘ˆŽ‹…–ƒ”‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†„‡Ž‘™Ǥ Toyib feels tense and awkward.

‘…‹ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–•–Šƒ–Ž‡ƒ†–‘–‡•‹‘‘”ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰ƒ™™ƒ”†™‹–Š‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”„‡…‘‡‹‡”…‘ˆŽ‹…–•

ˆ‘”–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•Ǥ‘ˆŽ‹…–•‘……—”„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ’”‘–”ƒ…–‡†’”‘„Ž‡•ƒ†™‹–Š‘—–ƒ…‘ˆŽ‹…–”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘

’‘‹–ǡƒ•–Š‡“—‘–‡•–Šƒ–…‘–ƒ‹•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–‹–‡•‹‘ƒ†ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰ƒ™™ƒ”†ƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•Ǥ “…He wanted to hug her, wanted to shoulder her and take her home. He

almost did, but the girl took a step away and looked away. Toyib still managed to see Siti's tearful face. The boy tried to get close and grab him, but Siti had already run up the hill without saying a word, without turning around." (SSC, p. 13-15).

Š‡‹–‹ƒ–‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’…‘ˆŽ‹…–‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ–‡•‹‘ǡƒ™™ƒ”†‡••ǡ‡”˜‘—•‡••ǡƒ†ƒŽ‹––Ž‡

…Ž—•‹‡•• ™ƒ• ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡† „› ‘›‹„ ‹ –Š‡ “—‘–‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ™Š‡ Š‡ •’‘–ƒ‡‘—•Ž› Š‡Ž’‡† ‹–‹ǡ ™Š‘

•Ž‹’’‡†Ǥ ‡ ™ƒ–‡† –‘ Š—‰ ‹–‹ •‘ Š‡ ™‘—Ž† ‘– …”› ‹ ’ƒ‹ǡ „—– ƒ ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ™™ƒ”†‡•• ƒ†

‡”˜‘—•‡••‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‘›‹„ƒ†‹–‹ǡ™Š‘‡’–Š‡”†‹•–ƒ…‡ˆ”‘‘›‹„„›”—‹‰ƒ™ƒ›ƒ†Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰

‘›‹„™‹–Š‘—–•ƒ›‹‰ƒ™‘”†Ǥ

‘›‹„̵•ƒ…–‹‘•™‡”‡ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ–‡•‹‘ǡ…ƒ—•‹‰ƒ™™ƒ”†‡••ǡ‡”˜‘—•‡••ǡƒ†ƒ™™ƒ”†‡••

™Š‡†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š‹–‹ǤŠ‡–‡•‹‘‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†„›‘›‹„‘……—””‡†„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ’”‘–”ƒ…–‡†Š‘•–‹Ž‹–‹‡•

™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›•‡––Ž‡‡–’‘‹–ˆ”‘–Š‡–™‘’ƒ”–‹‡•…‘…‡”‡†Ǥ Toyib's Anger and Threats to His Wife

…‘Ž†‹‰•‘‡‘‡‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›–Š‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ…‘ˆŽ‹…–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡’‡”•‘•…‘Ž†‹‰ƒ†–Š‡’‡”•‘

„‡‹‰•…‘Ž†‡†Ǥ–Šƒ’’‡•„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‘ˆ‘’‹‹‘‘”†‡…‹•‹‘•„‡–™‡‡‘‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ

™Š‘‹•‘”‡’‘™‡”ˆ—Žƒ†ƒ‘–Š‡”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ™Š‘‹•™‡ƒ‡”‹’‘™‡”ǤŠ‡‹’ƒ…––Šƒ–‘……—”•™Š‡‹–

‹•ˆ‘—†„‡–™‡‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™Š‘•…‘Ž†‘–Š‡”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‹•ƒ’”‘Ž‘‰‡†…‘ˆŽ‹…––Šƒ–…ƒ—•‡•Š‡ƒ”–ƒ…Š‡

ƒ†ƒˆ‡‡Ž‹‰‘ˆ”‡˜‡‰‡ǤŠ‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‹•ƒ“—‘–‡–Šƒ–…‘–ƒ‹•‹–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ

•…‘Ž†‹‰ƒ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”™Š‘‹•™‡ƒ‡”‹’‘™‡”Ǥ