The museum specimen is somewhat larger than the one in the IT University of Iowa, standing over 44 cm. high, with a circumference of 122 cm., and weighs 1)0.27 kg. It is not so high as the Ameri (^nn specimen with 20 cm., has a major diameter 25 cm. less, and a minor diameter 2 cm. less, showing that it is less stretched, but the circumference is 23 cm. . less. jTlie i) photograph sent by Professor (leinitz was taken from the specimen in set-up as mounted on a support in the Dresden Museum. Stem-sized, ellipsoidal, subcylindrical or somewhat barrolshai)cd, more or less laterally compressed, rounded on the crest, with numerous small secondary axes in the form of i)rotularity, reddish brown or pale, line-grained, hard and rather heavy, sometimes weighing nearly 100 kg., 40 to 55 cm. high, 30 to 45 cm. in diameter, and now)re than 1 meler in girth; terminal bud not prominent; organs of the carapace approximately horizontal except near the crest; .. phyllotaxis very disturbed and not traceable; leaf lesions rather small, subrhombic or nearly rhombic, often trapezoidal or very irregular in. form, average distance between the lateral angles 20 mm. and between the verticals 12 mm., none of the angles rounded, all but the small ones at the apex hollow to considerable depth; ramen-shaped interspaces unusually thick, sometimes 2 cm., presenting a smooth, gently undulating surface, the lowest in the middle art rising to the scar forming a sharp edge, producing the general effect of essence. formed in jdasticclay; rei)rodu(;living organs very large, abundant and noticeable, which greatly distorts the arrangement of the leaf lesions as well as their shape, often almost circular in diameter, 4 to 5 cm.
Trunks large (38 cm. high, 4 cm. in diameter, and 130 cm. in girth in the only complete specimen known), ellipsoidal or subspherical, of light ash color and moderately heavy, with numerous large, short branches at and below the middle round, forming cone-shaped leg knobs. .
FOSSIL CYCADS FROM THE BLACK HILLS— WARD. 205
The opposite side reveals Ui large caves or troughs consisting of the inner wall of the Avoody zone. It is larger than any of the others and the second best specimen .. in the Yale collection, weighs 221.35 kg., and therefore ranks third in this re[)ek among tlu^ cyi^adsof the world. I had doubtfully referred to C.colofisdiisjan and under the head had made the following remark: “The .. only other specimen in the collection of the United States National.
57, although not complete, weighs 50.24 kg and was undoubtedly originally very similar to the United States National Museum type. The only copies that certainly belong to this collection are numbers 4 and 5 of the collection ]) purchased from Mr. The description of the internal parts is (; still]) included on No. 5, the smallest of that collection and is cut lengthwise through the axis, one of the halves cut transversely 12 cm. above the base and the surfaces polished.
These sections provide clear views of the armor bodies and the relationships of the armor to the undercarriage. The si)specific identity of the two specimens is based on external characters, which essentially agree. No. 77 of the Yale collection is smaller above than below, and if .. it belongs to C. paynei, this is not a constant character.
They must therefore represent some outgrowths from the receptacle of the spadix, and the only such outgrowths so far found in fossil cycads are the seed-stalks and the interseminal scales or scutum. Its only affinities are with C. . paynci, and the specimen, though smaller, is remarkably similar to No. 5 of the United States National Museum, which was cut on the same plane as this specimen.
FOSSIL CYC ADS FROM THE BLACK HILLS— WARD. 215
No. 11 is a large block, weighing more than 7 kg, showing considerable outer surface which is not very clear. No. 12 is a very small piece, consisting entirely of the fibrous part of the wood, the inner wall of which is scarred of the same character as those of no. 11 of which .. is from a small trunk and weighs 2.27 kg. tall, reaches a height of 130 cm, cylindrical, slightly compressed, H) up to 50 cm in diameter, the circumference reaches over a meter and a half, firmly silicified, inside more or less calcified or oropallized, very hard and heavy, outside light brown or reddish, white or reddish, within a few dozen black; carapace organs horizontal except near apex; the scars on the leaves are arranged in a crossing si)iral.
FOSSIL CYCADS FROM THE BLACK HILLS— WARD. 217
218 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MVSEUM
FOSSIL CYCADS FROM THE BLACK HILLS— WARD. 219
No. 91 has a large end knob, 8 cm. high, elliptical in cross-section and 15 by 20 cm in diameter, studded with polygonal bracts of 5 to 8 mm in diameter, filled with the bases of the bracts or small leaves matted together and visible on the sides of the terminal bud produced by erosion have worn away. Trunks enormous or colossal, elliptical in shape, thickest in the middle part, tapering and more or less rounded at both the base and apex, somewhat elliptical or almost circular in cross section, branched or with a few small minor axes in the form of projections , usually with a dark color, hard consistency and high specific gravity, creating a . maximum height 85 cm, circumference 170 cm. and weight over 300 kg; ..organs of the carapace run slightly downward near the base, horizontally in the middle part, ascending upwards, and erect at the apex, forming a terminal bud consisting of the base of slightly faded leaf-like bracts or scales; leaf scars arranged in two rows running s])irally around the trunk, intersecting each other and each forming a different angle with the axis, the scars running from left to right forming an angle of about 35° to 45°, while those of right to left form an angle of 50° to 00°; scars large, 35 to 50 cm. wide, 20 to 35 cm. high, peculiar in shape, the lateral angles being drawn out in sharp points by the incision of the sides, the vertical consisting only of curves, ranging from this to simple gluttony; leaf bases are always present and often fill the scars excellently, with flat or slightly convex surfaces; vascular bundles in one row, close together and very close to the edge, and an irregular ring in the center enclosing an empty space; window-like interstices thin, 3 to 10 mm, scaled or laminated, recessed below the leaf base and forming grooves on the surface of the trunk, often white in color contrasting with other art; reproductive organs abundant, especially in the upper part of the trunks, very distinct from the leaf base, usually large, elliptical, 5 to G cm. Stems of medium size, short conical, unbranched, dark brown, almost black inside, of average specific weight, about 25 cm. high, almost 30 cm. in diameter and with a circumference of a little less than a. nu'tia"; organs of the carapace, even the lowest, slightly ascending at a uniform angle; leaf scars arranged in two strands of spiral rows, both series making an angle with the axis of about 50°; scars large for the size of the trunk, peculiar in shape, the lateral angles very acute, the vertical very obtuse and rounded, the bounding sides generally bent downwards and upwards to the right and left, causing the scars to laterally corresponding whorls of the petioles are drawn out, the underside being more pronounced than the upper side in such a man. ner that a line defining the lateral angles divides the scar into uneven areas, varying to simply by the absence of the curves described above; distance between lateral corners 25 to 30 mm, that between highest and lowest points 10 to 20 mm; leaf bases always present, usually protruding slightly, sometimes almost 1 cm, clear contours, consistent with the shape of scars, exi) osedends i)evil surfaces exactly equal to the trunk, never convex or concave, smooth but not polished, covered by a diaphragm represents a natural plane of disarticulation, but this layer is sometimes removed. in which case small projecting points are irregularly distributed over the surface of the leaf base; outer row of leaf bundles very close to the edge, faintly visible at the tips, more distinct as streaks on the eroded sides of projecting leaf bases; The walls of the ranientum are thin, 1 to 3 nun., thickened at the corners, sunken under the petioles and usually separated from them by a crack, dull colored, loose in texture and somewhat pitted, with the advantage of ( ; racks built up with mud or foreign matter;. reproductive organs numerous and well marked, occurring at all points.
FOSSIL CYCADS FROM TIUC BLACK HILLS— WARD.. 223but usually an arrangement invertical rows above each other with but turns to an arrangement inverted rows above each other with atrenddifferent from that of one of the rows of leaves ar, i)rq sticking beyond one or the other angle towards the other lip, or the other of the lip. .in diameter , never hollow, usually exhibiting concentrically arranged scars, the circular, central part is enclosed in a tube surrounded by involucral bracts scar occupied by the base of the bracts, which i)rojeed in miniature imitation of the leaf bases, the central part sometimes occupied by 1, cylindrical or small root cylindrical or small root cylindrical or small root cylindrical. or less laterally <;printed, 30 to 40 cm. high, 15 to 25 cm. in diameter, 40 to 70 cm. in circumference, reddish or light-colored outside, cherfcy, ilinty or more or less agatized inside, similar, or with a few small branches in the form of i)roJections or projections, short-conical at the apex, with aluitural depression at the apex, studded with small polygoiuil- scars and a slight swelling in the middle; leaves arranged. Ul) on the whole, this species can be considered one of the best characterized of all that have been based on cycadeau strains alone.-.
Trunks tall, compressed cylindrical (the only known specimen 01 cm high and truncated), with an enlarged base, 112 em. girth at the base, 80 to 00 cm. It is slightly elliptical, the minor axis of the cross-section being only '6\\ cm, but part of this difference is due to erosion of the armor on the wider sides. On the one hand, big. the elliptic area has collapsed and forms a depression that extends to the base of the leaf petioles.
Stems very narrow, symmetrical, short-conical, laterally undercompressed, 12 cm. high, 15 x 17 cm. in diameter, 49 cm. in girth, dark-colored, well silicified, of medium hardness and specific gravity, unbranched, summit not depressed, terminal bud projecting from mapex; .. leaf bases, ascending even the lowest, are arranged in two series of si)iral rows, those from left to right making an angle of SO^ and those from right to left of oO'^ with the axis, very small, subrhombic , on average 10 mm. wide at mm. high, less near top, empty .. to considerable depth; ramentaceous spaces 1 to 3 mm. thick, firm. in texture, usually consisting of three layers, which may be considered a lining to each of the adjacent scars, with a thicker membrane between; reproductive organs few, ill-defined, slightly projecting with irregular markings on their outer surfaces, ]u-obale) for the most parti-mature or unsuccessful; panzer-i to 5 cm. J'ossilFloraofGreatBritaiu,II,pi.cxuii. 228 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.xxi. . that figure, the differences are clear.
