ZHWWHGE\DGGLQJVRPHFKHPLFDOV7KLVSDSHULV SUHVHQWLQJRIZHWWDELOLW\DOWHUDWLRQSKHQRPHQRQ LQZKLFKZHWWDELOLW\RIURFNVFDQEHPRGL¿HG EHFRPLQJ PRUH ZDWHU ZHW E\ DGGLQJ VRPH VXUIDFWDQWVROXWLRQWKDWKDVDWKLQ¿OPVSUHDGLQJ PHFKDQLVP 7KHUHIRUH D W\SLFDO VXUIDFWDQW KDYLQJVSHFLDOSURSHUWLHVVKRXOGEHVHOHFWHGLQ RUGHUWRPDWFKZLWKWKHDERYHPHFKDQLVP

(1)

**:,7+7+,1),/0635($',1*0(&+$1,60 )25(25,03/(0(17$7,21**

**(9$/8$6,685)$.7$1'(1*$10(.$6,60(3(1<(%$5$1 /$3,6$17,3,68178.,03/(0(17$6,(25**

6XJLKDUGMR

³/(0,*$6´5 '&HQWUHIRU2LODQG*DV7HFKQRORJ\

-O&LOHGXJ5D\D.DY&LSXOLU.HED\RUDQ/DPD32%R[-.7-DNDUWD6HODWDQ,1'21(6,$

7URPRO3RV.%<%-DNDUWD7HOHSKRQH)D[VLPLOH (PDLOVXJLKDUGMR#OHPLJDVHVGPJRLG

)LUVW5HJLVWHUHGRQ-XQ\^VW5HFHLYHGDIWHU&RUHFWLRQRQ2FWREHU^WK 3XEOLFDWLRQ$SSURYDORQ'HFHPEHU^VW

$%675$.

6LIDW NHEDVDKDQ PHPHJDQJ SHUDQDQ SHQWLQJ SDGD DOLUDQ GXD IDVH GL GDODP PHGLD EHUSRUL (¿VLHQVL SHQGHVDNDQPLQ\DNROHKÀXLGDMXJDGLWHQWXNDQROHKNDUDNWHULVWLNVLIDWNHEDVDKDQGDULEDWXDQUHVHUYRLU7XOLVDQ LQLEHULVLSDSDUDQWHQWDQJPRGL¿NDVLVLIDWNHEDVDKDQUHVHUYRLUGHQJDQLQMHNVLVXUIDNWDQ7)6$Thin Film Spreading AgentXQWXNDSOLNDVL(25PHODOXLNDMLDQODERUDWRULXP7)6$\DQJGLJXQDNDQSDGDSHUFREDDQLQL GLVHEXW&RFRQXW(WKDQRODPLGHGHQJDQWLQJNDW+/%Hydrophilic-Lipophilic BalanceVHNLWDUVDPSDL GLPDQDVDQJDWFRFRNXQWXNWXMXDQ7)6$%HEHUDSDHYDOXDVLODERUDWRULXPWHODKGLODNXNDQXQWXNPHQVHOHNVL VXUIDNWDQLQLGHQJDQWXMXDQXQWXNPHQGDSDWNDQVLIDWVLIDWWHUEDLN\DQJPHPHQXKLNULWHULDLQMHNVLNLPLD (25.HPXGLDQXMLODUXWDQ7)6$WHODKGLNHUMDNDQWHUPDVXNNHFRFRNDQGHQJDQDLUIRUPDVLNHWDKDQDQVXKX NHODNXDQIDVHGDQXMLSHQ\DULQJDQ+DVLOQ\DPHQXQMXNNDQEDKZDVHPXDSDUDPHWHUXMLFRFRNXQWXNLQMHNVL NLPLD3DUDPHWHUODLQQ\D\DQJPHQJXNXULQWHUDNVLÀXLGDGDQEDWXDQFRQWRKQ\DDGVRUSVLVLIDWNHEDVDKDQ LPELELVLSHUPHDELOLWDVUHODWLIGDQSHUFREDDQSHQGHVDNDQEDUXLQWLWHODKGLNHUMDNDQXQWXNPHQGDSDWNDQ ELODQJDQNXDQWLWDWLIXQWXNSHQ\DULQJDQVXUIDNWDQLQL6HPXDKDVLOSHUFREDDQGDSDWGLNDWHJRULNDQVHEDJDL WLQJNDWDQPRGHUDWNHFXDOLDGVRUSVLVDQJDWEDJXV0HVNLSXQKDVLOXMLODERUDWRULXPPHQXQMXNNDQ7)6$LQL YDOLGXQWXNLQMHNVLNLPLDSHUEDLNDQGHQJDQPHQDPEDKEDKDQNLPLDGLVDUDQNDQXQWXNPHQGDSDWNDQIRUPXOD 7)6$\DQJOHELKEDLN

.DWD.XQFL0RGL¿NDVLVLIDWNHEDVDKDQDJHQSHQ\HEDUDQODSLVDQWLSLVLQMHNVLNLPLD

ABSTRACT

Wettability plays an important role of two phase À uids À ow in porous media. The displacement ef¿ ciency of oil by injected À uid is also dictated by wettability characteristic of reservoir rocks. This papers contents a highlight of the reservoir wettability modi¿ cation by injecting TFSA (Thin Film Spreading Agent) surfactant for EOR applications through a laboratory study . TFSA used in this study is called Coconut Ethanolamide with a HLB (Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance) level around 13 to 15 which is very suitable for TFSA purposes.

Several laboratory evaluations have been done to screen this surfactant with the aim of getting the best properties that ful¿ ll the criteria for EOR chemical injection. Then TFSA solution tests have been carried out including compatibility, thermal stability, phase behavior, and ¿ ltration test. The results suggest that all measured parameters are suitable for chemical injection. Others parameters measuring rock À uid interactions for instance: adsorption, wettability, imbibition, relative permeability, and core À ood experiments has been done to ¿ nd the quantitative numbers for screening this surfactant. All experiment results categorize as moderate levels for passing the screening criteria for chemical injection except for the adsorption which is excellent. Even though the results of laboratory tests show this TFSA is valid for chemical injection, improvement by adding some chemicals is still suggested to ¿ nd a better TFSA formula.

Keywords: Wettability modi¿ cation, thin ¿ lm spreading agent, chemical injection

(2)

,,1752'8&7,21

5HODWLYHSHUPHDELOLW\ÀRZKDVEHHQDFNQRZOHGJHG VLJQL¿FDQWO\WRDIIHFWWZRSKDVHÀRZLQDUHVHUYRLU 7KH PDLQ IDFWRU ZKLFK GLFWDWHV WKH UHODWLYH SHUPHDELOLW\ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WZR SKDVH ÀRZ LV WKH URFN ZHWWDELOLW\ :HWWDELOLW\ HIIHFW RQ UHODWLYH SHUPHDELOLW\DQGLWFDQEHWKHPDLQIDFWRUFRQWUROOLQJ SRVLWLRQÀRZLQJDQGWKUHHGLPHQVLRQGLVWULEXWLRQRI ÀXLGRQWKHURFN7KHUHIRUHWKHUHODWLYHSHUPHDELOLW\

FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDXWRPDWLFDOO\ZRXOGFRQWUROWKHÀXLG ÀRZLQWKHUHVHUYRLUDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\GHWHUPLQHWKH PDJQLWXGHRIWKHUHFRYHU\IDFWRURIRLO

:HWWDELOLW\ PHDQV WKDW URFNV UHODWLYHO\ SUHIHU WR EH ZHWWHG E\ D FHUWDLQ SKDVH FRPSDUHG ZLWK WR DQRWKHU 5RFNV FDQ EH RLO ZHW ZDWHU ZHW DQG LQWHUPHGLDWH ZHWV ,Q WKH VWURQJ RLOZHW URFN RLO GLVWULEXWHGLQWKHVPDOOSRUHVRUVSUHDGVRXWWKURXJK WKHVXUIDFHRIURFNLQWKHIRUPRIWKLQ¿OPDQGZDWHU RFFXSLHVWKHFHQWUHSDUWVRIWKHODUJHSRUHV2QWKH RWKHU KDQGV LQ WKH VWURQJ ZDWHUZHW URFN ZDWHU RFFXSLHGWKHVPDOOSRUHVRUVSUHDGRXWWKURXJKWKH URFNVXUIDFHDVWKLQ¿OPDQGRLOLVRQO\¿OOLQJXSWKH ODUJHUSRUHV7KHUHODWLYHSHUPHDELOLW\LQWKHFDVHRI VWURQJO\ZDWHUZHWRURLOZHWV\VWHPXQGHUFHUWDLQ VDWXUDWLRQKLJKYDOXHZKHQWKHÀRZLQJOLTXLGLVLQ WKHQRQZHWWLQJSKDVH

,QRLOZHWURFNLQZKLFKZDWHURFFXSLHVWKHFHQWUDO SDUWVRIWKHODUJHSRUHVWKHQZDWHUÀRRGLQJLQLWLDWHG WKHZDWHULQMHFWLRQZLOOIRUPZDWHUFKDQQHOVWKURXJK WKHODUJHSRUHVDQGOHDGWRZDWHU¿QJHULQJDQGOHDYH WKHRLOXQUHPRYHGLQWKHVXUIDFHRIURFNDQGWKHVPDOO SRUH7KHVHSKHQRPHQDFDQOHDGWRSUHPDWXUHZDWHU EUHDNWKURXJKDQGUHODWLYHO\ORZRLOUHFRYHU\IDFWRU 7RDYRLGWKLVSUREOHPZHWWDELOLW\DOWHUDWLRQXVLQJ VXUIDFWDQWZLWKWKLQ¿OPVSUHDGLQJDJHQWPHFKDQLVP FDQEHSURSRVHG4LQJMLHHWDO

7KHPHFKDQLVPRIVXUIDFWDQWLQMHFWLRQWRLPSURYH RLOUHFRYHU\FDQEHXQGHUVWRRGWKURXJKWKHGH¿QLWLRQ RIDGLPHQVLRQOHVVQXPEHUFDOOHG³FDSLOODU\QXPEHU´

1F 7KH LQFUHDVLQJ FDSLOODU\ QXPEHU RI VHYHUDO RUGHUV RI PDJQLWXGH FDQ UHOHDVH WKH UHVLGXDO RLO EHKLQGWKHFDSLOODU\WUDSDQGPDNHLWÀRZLQWRWKH ZHOOERUH7KHLPSRUWDQWPHFKDQLVPRIVXUIDFWDQW LQMHFWLRQ LV DOVR WR FKDQJH FRQWDFW DQJOH WKURXJK ZHWWDELOLW\DOWHUDWLRQ5DRHWDO7KHRUHWLFDOO\

1FHTXDWLRQFDQEHZULWWHQDVIROORZ

:KHUH 1_F FDSLOODU\ QXPEHU YLVFRVLW\ 9 YHORFLW\ıLQWHUIDFLDOWHQVLRQ,)7șFRQWDFWDQJOH

%DVHGRQWKHDERYHHTXDWLRQWKHSDUDPHWHUVWKDW FDQEHFKDQJHGYHU\GUDVWLFDOO\ZLWKRXWDQ\QHJDWLYH HIIHFWVRQUHVHUYRLUSURSHUWLHVDUH,)7DQGFRQWDFW DQJOH ,)7 FRXOG EH UHGXFHG WR WKH RUGHU RI G\QHFP0RUHRYHUFRQWDFWDQJOHFRXOGEHPDQDJHG DSSURDFKLQJGHJUHHDWZKLFKFRVLQHVșDSSURDFKHV ]HURLWPHDQVWKHYDOXH1_FDSSURDFKHVLQ¿QLW\YDOXH

6LQFH ZHWWDELOLW\ VWURQJO\ LQIOXHQFHV WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ DQG ÀRZ RI ÀXLG LQ WKH UHVHUYRLU DQ DFFXUDWHHVWLPDWLRQRILQVLWXUHVHUYRLUZHWWDELOLW\LV LPSRUWDQWIRUVXFFHVVIXOLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRILPSURYHG RLOUHFRYHU\SURFHVVXVLQJFKHPLFDOLQMHFWLRQ

$QLRQLF VXUIDFWDQWV QRUPDOO\ FDQ FKDQJH ZHWWDELOLW\RIFDUERQDWHURFNLQWRLQWHUPHGLDWHZDWHU ZHWFRQGLWLRQ:KLOHFDWLRQLFVXUIDFWDQWVDOVRKDYH EHHQ UHSRUWHG FDSDEOH IRU DOWHULQJ FDUERQDWH URFN ZHWWDELOLW\ LQWR PRUH ZDWHU ZHW 6HHWKHSDOOL HW DO 1RQLRQLFVXUIDFWDQWVKDYHEHHQLQYHVWLJDWHG DV ZHOO IRU DOWHULQJ WKH FDUERQDWH URFN ZHWWDELOLW\

IURPLQLWLDOO\VWURQJO\RLOZHWWRDZHDNO\RLOZHW VWDWH9LMDSXUDSXHWDO0RUH¿QGLQJVUHSRUWHG WKDWQRQLRQLFVXUIDFWDQWDOWHUHGURFNZHWWDELOLW\IURP LQLWLDOO\ ZHDNO\ ZDWHU ZHW WR D PL[HG ZHW VWDWH ZKLOH DQLRQLF VXUIDFWDQW FDQ FKDQJH ZHWWDELOLW\ WR DVWURQJO\RLOZHWVWDWH5DRHWDO$FDWLRQLF VXUIDFWDQW KDV EHHQ UHSRUWHG WKDW LW FDQ FKDQJH D ZDWHUZHWUHVHUYRLUWREHFRPHRLOZHWZKHUHDVDV DQLRQLFVXUIDFWDQWFDQRQO\FDXVHPLQRUFKDQJHRILWV ZHWWDELOLW\/LHWDO$OWHUDWLRQRIZHWWDELOLW\

WRHLWKHUPL[HGRULQWHUPHGLDWHZHWFDQLPSURYHRLO UHFRYHU\IURPHYHQZDWHUZHWUHVHUYRLU)RUJLYHQVHW RIFRQGLWLRQVWKHKLJKHUDSSDUHQWYLVFRVLW\UHTXLUHG IRU PRELOLW\ FRQWURO LQ RLOZHW YHUVXV ZDWHUZHW UHVHUYRLUVPHDQWKDWJUHDWHUTXDQWLWLHVRIFKHPLFDOV ZLOOEHQHHGHGLQRLOZHWV\VWHP.UHPHVHFHWDO ,WLVJHQHUDOO\DFFHSWHGWKDWDGVRUSWLRQRISRODU FRPSRXQGVRQWRURFNVXUIDFHKDVDVLJQL¿FDQWHIIHFW RQWKHZHWWDELOLW\DOWHUDWLRQRIUHVHUYRLUURFNV

([SHULPHQWV FRQGXFWHG WR DFFRXQW IRU WKH ZHWWDELOLW\ FKDQJHV KDYH EHHQ SHUIRUPHG WR XVH VHYHUDOPHWKRGVVXFKDVRLOUHFRYHU\RIFRUHÀRRG H[SHULPHQWV UHODWLYH SHUPHDELOLW\ FRQVWUXFWLRQV DQGFRQWDFWDQJOHPHDVXUHPHQWV6XJLKDUGMR

%XWVRIDUWKHUHDUHQRFRPSUHKHQVLYHFRQFOXVLRQV UHJDUGLQJ WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH W\SH RI VXUIDFWDQW DQG ZHWWDELOLW\ QDWXUH RLO ZHW RU ZDWHU

N

c

ൌ

^ఓᖳ

஢ ୡ୭ୱ ஘

(3)

ZHW7KHLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQUHVHUYRLUÀXLGURFNDQG HYHU\W\SHRIVXUIDFWDQWLVYHU\FRPSOH[DQGGLI¿FXOW WRSUHGLFW7KHUHIRUHGHWDLOHGODERUDWRU\WHVWVVKRXOG EHGRQHWRDQWLFLSDWHWKHZHWWDELOLW\FKDQJHVDWDQ\

VXUIDFWDQWLQMHFWLRQSURSRVDO

,W FDQ EH VXPPDUL]HG WKDW DFWXDOO\ ZHWWDELOLW\

RI URFN FDQ EH FKDQJHG WR EH PRUH ZDWHU RU RLO

ZHWWHGE\DGGLQJVRPHFKHPLFDOV7KLVSDSHULV SUHVHQWLQJRIZHWWDELOLW\DOWHUDWLRQSKHQRPHQRQ LQZKLFKZHWWDELOLW\RIURFNVFDQEHPRGL¿HG EHFRPLQJ PRUH ZDWHU ZHW E\ DGGLQJ VRPH VXUIDFWDQWVROXWLRQWKDWKDVDWKLQ¿OPVSUHDGLQJ PHFKDQLVP 7KHUHIRUH D W\SLFDO VXUIDFWDQW KDYLQJVSHFLDOSURSHUWLHVVKRXOGEHVHOHFWHGLQ RUGHUWRPDWFKZLWKWKHDERYHPHFKDQLVP

6XUIDFWDQW6HOHFWLRQ

%HIRUH ILQGLQJ VXUIDFWDQWV IRU (25 SLORW SUHSDUDWLRQ WKDW ZLOO EH XVHG DV VSUHDGLQJ DJHQWV EDVLFDOO\ WKH VXUIDFWDQW FKDUDFWHULVWLFV VXFK DV VSUHDGLQJ FRHIILFLHQW ZLOO EH HYDOXDWHG 7KLV FRHIILFLHQW LV LQGLFDWLYH RI WKH GLIIHUHQFH LQ WKH DGKHVLYH IRUFHV EHWZHHQ OLTXLG SKDVH VXFK DV ZDWHUDQGVROLGURFNRUOLTXLGWZRRLO7KHUHIRUH QRUPDOO\VSUHDGLQJFRHI¿FLHQWFDQEHZULWWHQGRZQ DVIROORZV

6 :_D:_F

:KHUH:_DLVZRUNRIDGKHVLRQZKLOH:_FLVZRUNRI FRKHVLRQ

6SUHDGLQJ FRHIILFLHQW PD\ KDYH SRVLWLYH RU QHJDWLYH YDOXHV DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH QDWXUH RI URFN VXUIDFHDQGOLTXLGVSUHVHQWLQWKHV\VWHP$SRVLWLYH VSUHDGLQJ FRHIILFLHQW LQGLFDWHG WKDW D WKLQ ILOP EHFRPHVDFRQWLQXRXVSKDVHWKURXJKWKHVXEVWUDWH

$UDXMRHWDO,QWKHFDVHRIDZDWHURLOURFN V\VWHP WKH ZDWHU SKDVH LV DEOH WR VSUHDG RQ WKH ZDWHUWKHYDOXHRI6PXVWEHSRVLWLYHWRJHWDEHWWHU VSUHDGLQJDELOLW\

$QRWKHU VXUIDFWDQW FKDUDFWHULVWLF LV FDOOHG +

/%7KH+/%ZLOOGHWHUPLQHWKHGHJUHHWRZKLFK DVXUIDFWDQWZLOOEHVROXEOHLQRLORULQZDWHU7KH ORZHUWKH+/%RIVXUIDFWDQWLVPRUHOLSRSKLOLFRLO VROXEOHZKLOHWKHKLJKWKH+/%RIVXUIDFWDQWLVPRUH K\GURSKLOLFZDWHUVROXEOH$UELWUDU\VFDOHRIWKH +/%LVIURPWR%DVHGRQWKH+/%DQGDJHQW WHQGHQF\VXUIDFWDQWVFDQEHFODVVL¿HGDVIROORZV

$QWLIRDPLQJDJHQW+/%

(PXOVLI\LQJDJHQW+/%

:HWWLQJ6SUHDGLQJDJHQW+/%

'HWHUJHQW+/%

6ROXELOLVLQJDJHQW+/%

)ROORZLQJ WKH DERYH +/% FKDUDFWHULVWLFV VXUIDFWDQWZLWK+/%YDOXHVKRXOGEHVHOHFWHG WR ¿QG DQ DSSURSULDWH VXUIDFWDQW KDYLQJ ZHWWLQJ VSUHDGLQJDJHQWSURSHUWLHVIRU63VXUIDFWDQWSRO\PHU PL[WXUH(25SURMHFWV$JHQHUDOWHUPIRUWKLVNLQG RIVXUIDFWDQWLV7)6$ZKLFKLVQRUPDOO\DGGHGWR WKHLQMHFWLQJÀXLGLQ(25SURMHFWWRFUHDWHWKLQ¿OP LQ WKH VXUIDFH RI URFN DQG SURPRWLQJ ZHWWDELOLW\

DOWHUDWLRQ IURP RULJLQDOO\ RLO ZHW URFN EHFRPLQJ PRUHZDWHUZHW

,Q WKLV H[SHULPHQW WKLV NLQG RI VXUIDFWDQW QDPHO\ &RFRQXW (WKDQRODPLGH KDV EHHQ VHOHFWHG ZLWK D +/% YDOXH DURXQG WR ZKLFK LV YHU\

VXLWDEOHIRU7)6$SXUSRVHV7KHFKHPLFDOIRUPXODLV 5&21$+&+2+ZKLFKLVQRQLRQLFVXUIDFWDQW ZLWKH[FHOOHQWZHWWLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLF7KLVVXUIDFWDQW FRQWDLQV DFWLYH VXUIDFWDQW +RZHYHU XVLQJ WKLVVXUIDFWDQWIRU(25SURSRVDOIXUWKHUODERUDWRU\

HYDOXDWLRQVKRXOGEHGRQHWRGHWHUPLQHPRUHGHWDLO WKH VXUIDFWDQW SURSHUWLHV IROORZLQJ WKH ODERUDWRU\

VFUHHQLQJFULWHULDWKDWKDGEHHQIRUPXODWHGLQPDQ\

UHIHUHQFHV6XJLKDUGMR ,,0(7+2'2/2*<

0HWKRGRORJ\XVHGLQWKLVODERUDWRU\H[DPLQDWLRQ ZLOO EH GLYLGHG LQWR WKUHH VWHSV WR VFUHHQ WKLV VXUIDFWDQW WR IXO¿OO WKH (25 FKHPLFDO VFUHHQLQJ FULWHULD7KHVHSURFHVVHVDUHWRUHGXFHWKHULVNVRI PLVWDNHQDQGWRDVVXUHRIDVXFFHVVIXOSLORWSURMHFW RIFKHPLFDO(257KRVHWKUHHVWHSVDUHDVIROORZV 6DPSOHFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ

6ROXWLRQ(YDOXDWLRQ 5RFNÀXLGLQWHUDFWLRQ

$6DPSOH&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ

)RUWKHSXUSRVHRI(25VFUHHQLQJVRPH¿HOG VDPSOHVVKRXOGEHWDNHQWKRVHDUHURFNVDPSOHIURP WKHWDUJHWOD\HUIRUPDWLRQZDWHUDQGRLO

7KHEHVWVDPSOHIRUURFNLVSUHVHUYHGFRUHWRNHHS WKHZHWWDELOLW\DWWKHRULJLQDOFRQGLWLRQDQGLWKDV QRWWREHH[SRVHGWRWKHDWPRVSKHUH7KHURFNZLOO EH DQDO\]HG IRU WKHLU FRPSRVLWLRQ XVLQJ ;5D\

(4)

GLIIUDFWLRQDQDO\VLV7KHQLWZLOOEHSOXJJHGZLWK WKH GLPHQVLRQ RI LQFKHV ORQJ DQG LQFKHV GLDPHWHU7KHEDVLFGDWDLQFOXGLQJSRURVLW\DQG SHUPHDELOLW\RIHDFKSOXJLVPHDVXUHGWRVHOHFWWKH EHVWFRUHSOXJSURSHUWLHVIRUIXUWKHUH[SHULPHQWV )RUPDWLRQZDWHUVKRXOGEHWDNHQDWWKHVHSDUDWRU

WHVW ZLWK QR FRQWDPLQDWLRQ IURP RWKHU VRXUFHV RI ZDWHU ,W LV EURXJKW WR ODERUDWRU\ VRRQ DIWHU WDNHQDQGGLUHFWO\GHWHUPLQHFDWLRQVDQGDQLRQV FRQVWLWXHQW7KHUHIRUHLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRXQGHUVWDQG WKHOHYHORIKDUGQHVVDQGPXOWLYDOHQWLRQVFRQWHQW LQ RUGHU WR DQWLFLSDWH SUHFLSLWDWLRQV IRUPDWLRQ GXULQJVROXWLRQPL[LQJ

7KHRLOVDPSOHYLVFRVLW\LVPHDVXUHGWRDFFRXQWWKH YDOXHRIYLVFRVLW\RISRO\PHUWKDWFDQLPSURYHWKH IUDFWLRQDOÀRZGLVSODFHPHQWDWWKHFRUHÀRRGLQJ H[SHULPHQW

%7)6$6ROXWLRQ(YDOXDWLRQ

7KH FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI VXUIDFWDQW VROXWLRQ LV HYDOXDWHGUHJDUGLQJWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHVROXWLRQDQG DOVRWKHLPSRUWDQWSURSHUWLHVWRDVVXUDQFHVXFFHVVIXO (25SURMHFW6XJLKDUGMR7KRVHHYDOXDWLRQV ZLOOLQFOXGHWKHIROORZLQJ

&RPSDWLELOLW\RILQMHFWLRQZDWHUZLWKVXUIDFWDQW ZKLFKLVEDVLFDOO\IRUPDWLRQZDWHUPD\FRQWDLQ D KLJK VDOLQLW\ DQG KLJK KDUGQHVV7KLV NLQG RI ZDWHUFRXOGZHDNHQWKHVXUIDFWDQWSURSHUWLHVDQG FUHDWHSUHFLSLWDWLRQ7KHFRPSDWLELOLW\WHVWVKRXOG SURGXFHDVROXWLRQZLWKRXWDQ\SUHFLSLWDWLRQDQG FRDJXODWLRQ

,)7PHDVXUHPHQWWKLVSDUDPHWHULVQRWDFWXDOO\

YHU\LPSRUWDQWDQGGRHVQRWQHHGWREHG\QH FPEXWLWDOVRVKRXOGQRWEHYHU\KLJK

3KDVHEHKDYLRURIVXUIDFWDQWVROXWLRQPL[HGZLWK WKHUHVHUYRLURLODJDLQWKLVSDUDPHWHUDOVRVKRXOG QRWFUHDWH:LQVRUW\SHRUPLGGOHPLFURHPXOVLRQ EXWDWOHDVW:LQVRUW\SHRUZDWHUSKDVHPLFUR HPXOVLRQLVVXI¿FLHQW

7KHUPDOVWDELOLW\WKHVXUIDFWDQWVROXWLRQVKRXOG KDYH D FDSDELOLW\ WR ZLWKVWDQG VWD\LQJ LQ WKH UHVHUYRLUDWKLJKSUHVVXUHDQGWHPSHUDWXUHDWVWDEOH FRQGLWLRQIRUDSHULRGRIWLPHDWOHDVWPRQWKRU PRUHGHSHQGLQJUHTXLUHGWRHQVXUHWKHUHVLGHQFH WLPHIURPLQMHFWLRQWRSURGXFWLRQZHOOV

)LOWUDWLRQ WHVW LV WR JXDUDQWHH WKDW VXUIDFWDQW VROXWLRQFRXOGSDVVWKURXJKWKHVDQGIDFHHDVLO\

ZLWKRXW DQ\ UHVWULFWLRQ 7KH WHVW LV GRQH E\

¿OWUDWLRQPHWKRGXVLQJPLFURQ¿OWHUSDSHU 7KHÀRZRIVROXWLRQVKRXOGEHJHQWO\ZLWKRXWDQ\

SOXJJLQJ

&5RFN)OXLG,QWHUDFWLRQ

7KHUHDUHVHYHUDOSDUDPHWHUVXVHGWRLQGLFDWHWKH LQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQ7)6$VROXWLRQZLWKWKHUHVHUYRLU URFN LQFOXGLQJ G\QDPLF DQG VWDWLF SDUDPHWHUV IRU LQVWDQFH$GVRUSWLRQZHWWDELOLW\FKDQJHLPELELWLRQ UHODWLYHSHUPHDELOLW\DQGFRUHÀRRGLQJH[SHULPHQWV 6XUIDFWDQWVROXWLRQKDVRQO\DFDSDELOLW\WRGHYHORS PLFURVFRSLF GLVSODFHPHQW GXULQJ ÀRRGLQJ$IWHU WKDWWKHDFFXPXODWLRQRIGLVSODFHGRLOZLOOIRUPDQ RLOEDQNDWZKLFKDSRO\PHUVROXWLRQPXVWEHDGGHG WR LPSURYH PDFURVFRSLF GLVSODFHPHQW HI¿FLHQF\

7KHUHIRUH D SRO\PHU VROXWLRQ LV DOVR SUHSDUHG LQ WKLV H[SHULPHQW WR VXSSRUW WKH7)6$ VXUIDFWDQW LQ WKHFRUHÀRRGLQJ

$GVRUSWLRQWHVWWKLVWHVWLVWRNQRZWKHDGVRUSWLRQ OHYHO RI VXUIDFWDQW RQWR WKH VXUIDFH RI WKH URFN QRUPDOO\FDQEHGRQHXVLQJPHWKRGRORJLHVVXFK DVVWDWLFDQGG\QDPLFDGVRUSWLRQVDQGWKHOHYHO RIDGVRUSWLRQLVQRUPDOO\LQEHWZHHQRIWKHWZR PHWKRGV 6WDWLF DGVRUSWLRQ FDUULHG RXW DW VWDWLF FRQGLWLRQ RU ZLWKRXW DQ\ ÀXLG ÀRZ WKURXJK WKH URFN 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG G\QDPLF DGVRUSWLRQ LV SHUIRUPHGE\LQMHFWLQJVXUIDFWDQWVROXWLRQLQWRWKH URFN7KLVWHVWVLVDLPHGWRNQRZWKHDGVRUSWLRQ OHYHO RI VXUIDFWDQW RQWR WKH VXUIDFH RI WKH URFN 7KHORZHUWKHDGVRUSWLRQLVWKHEHWWHUVROXWLRQIRU (25WKDWZLOOEHPRUHHFRQRPLFDO

:HWWDELOLW\ PHDVXUHPHQW LV LPSRUWDQW IDFWRU WR YHULI\WKHVXUIDFWDQWZKLFKLVFODVVL¿HGDV7)6$

W\SHRIVXUIDFWDQW7KLVVXUIDFWDQWVKRXOGFUHDWH ZHWWDELOLW\ FKDQJH IURP LQLWLDOO\ PRUH RLO ZHW WR EHFRPH PRUH ZDWHU UHIHUHQW 6XJLKDUGMR

$SUHVHUYHGFRUHZDV¿UVWO\PHDVXUHGLWV ZHWWDELOLW\XVLQJ$0277PHWKRGDQGWKHQDJHG FRUHE\WKLVVXUIDFWDQWVROXWLRQZDVDOVRPHDVXUHG LWV ZHWWDELOLW\ XVLQJ FRQWDFW DQJOH PHWKRG 7KHQ FRPSDUH ERWK RI WKRVH WZR ZHWWDELOLW\

FKDUDFWHULVWLFVLIWKHUHZDVDQ\FKDQJHWREHPRUH ZDWHUZHW

,PELELWLRQWHVWVDUHFDUULHGRXWXVLQJPHWKRGV WKRVH DUH VSRQWDQHRXV LPELELWLRQ 6XJLKDUGMR DQG IRUFHG LPELELWLRQ 7KH ¿UVW PHWKRG

(5)

LVEDVLFDOO\WRPHDVXUHWKHFDSDELOLW\RIZHWWLQJ FKDUDFWHULVWLFWRLPELEHWKHZHWWLQJSKDVHLQWRWKH FRUHWKDWZDVSUHYLRXVO\¿OOHGZLWKQRQZHWWLQJ SKDVHZLWKRXWDQ\DGGLWLRQDOIRUFHV7KHQWKHRLO YROXPHGLVSODFHGE\ZDWHULVUHFRUGHG

7KHVHFRQGPHWKRGLVSHUIRUPHGE\DGGLWLRQDO IRUFH LQWR WKH FRUH DQG WKHQ WKH DFFXPXODWLRQ RLO FRPLQJRXWIURPWKHFRUHLVUHFRUGHG$W¿UVWWKH VDPSOHVZHUHVDWXUDWHGZLWKIRUPDWLRQEULQH WKHQRLOZDVLQMHFWHGLQWRWKHVDPSOHXQWLOQRPRUH GLVSODFHGEULQHZDVUHFRUGHG$IWHUWKDW6XUIDFWDQW 7)6$ ZDV XVHG WR GLVSODFH RLO WKH VHOHFWHG VDWXUDWLQJSUHVVXUHOHYHOVZHUHDSSOLHGLQVWHSVXS WRWKHPD[LPXPOHYHORISVL7KHSUHVVXUHLV PDLQWDLQHGXQWLOHTXLOLEULXPLVUHDFKHGDQGWKHÀRZ RIWKHRLOKDVFHDVHG7KHSUHVVXUHDQGWKHFKDQJH LQ VDWXUDWLRQ LV UHFRUGHG DQG WKHQ WKH SUHVVXUH LV FKDQJHGLQRUGHUWRGHWHUPLQHWKHQH[WHTXLOLEULXP SRLQW 5HVXOWV RI WKH FRPSOHWH FDSLOODU\ SUHVVXUH FXUYHWHVWDUHWDEXODWHGDQGDOVRVKRZQJUDSKLFDOO\

5HODWLYHSHUPHDELOLW\LVFRPSDUHGEHWZHHQUHODWLYH SHUPHDELOLW\RIRLOZDWHUDQGRLOVXUIDFWDQW7KH PHDVXUHPHQW RI UHODWLYH SHUPHDELOLW\ LV YHU\

VWDQGDUGXVLQJLPELELWLRQGLVSODFHPHQWSURFHVVHV &RUH ÀRRGLQJ LV WKH NH\ SDUDPHWHU WR TXDQWLI\

WKH UHFRYHU\ RI RLO DQG DOVR WR YHULI\ WKH VXLWDELOLW\RIWKHFKHPLFDOVIRU(25DSSOLFDWLRQ ,Q WKLV H[SHULPHQW VRPH SRO\PHU LV DGGHG WR 7)6$ VROXWLRQ WR LQFUHDVH WKH YLVFRVLW\ RI WKH GLVSODFHPHQWÀXLG7KHQLWLVIROORZHGE\SRO\PHU VROXWLRQRQO\$VSHFWVUHODWHGWRSRO\PHUDUHQRW H[SODLQHGLQGHWDLOLQWKLVSDSHU7KHSURFHGXUHRI FRUHÀRRGLQJLVDVIROORZV

)LUVWO\WKHFRUHLVVHWXSDWWKHLQLWLDOUHVHUYRLU FRQGLWLRQZLWK6RLDQG6ZLFRQWDLQLQJWKHSRUH YROXPH

7KHQ ZDWHU IORRG LV LQLWLDWHG WR FUHDWH 6RU FRQGLWLRQ

$IWHUWKDWFKHPLFDOLVLQMHFWHGWRLPSURYHRLO UHFRYHU\

,,,5(68/76$1'',6&866,216

$6DPSOH3UHSDUDWLRQ 7)6$6XUIDFWDQWVDPSOH

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

5RFN6DPSOH

6DPSOHRIURFNKDVEHHQFXWIURPWKHGRZQ KROH ZHOO DQG GLUHFWO\ SUHVHUYHG WR NHHS WKH RULJLQDOZHWWDELOLW\FRQGLWLRQ

;5'DQDO\VLVKDV EHHQGRQHWRGHWHUPLQHWKHFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHURFNV WKHGHWDLOHGUHVXOWVDUHSUHVHQWHGDW7DEOH7KH¿UVW URFNLVFDUERQDWHURFN/6ZKLFKFRQVLVWVRIWRWDOO\

FDOFLWHDQGRQO\WUDFHRITXDUW]PLQHUDOV

7KHLQMHFWLRQRIFKHPLFDOLQWRWKLVNLQGRIURFN VKRXOGEHGRQHFDUHIXOO\1RUPDOO\UHDFWLRQEHWZHHQ FKHPLFDOV DQG WKH URFN DUH YHU\ FRPSOH[ DQG FDXVHG YHU\ KLJK DGVRUSWLRQ7KHUHIRUH ODERUDWRU\

H[DPLQDWLRQ VKRXOG EH XVHG DV WKH VWULFW JXLGDQFH GXULQJ ILHOG LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ DQG PRQLWRULQJ VFKHGXOHVVKRXOGEHPDGHPRUHIUHTXHQWO\

7KH FRUH WKHQ ZDV SOXJJHG IRU VHYHUDO SOXJV IRUWKHODERUDWRU\WHVWV)LUVWO\WKHEDVLFGDWDVXFK DV SRURVLW\ DQG SHUPHDELOLW\ ZHUH PHDVXUHG )XUWKHUPRUHWKHFRUHSOXJVZHUHXVHGIRUWKHRWKHUV WHVWV LH ZHWWDELOLW\ UHODWLYH SHUPHDELOLW\ IRUFHG FDSLOODU\ LPELELWLRQ VSRQWDQHRXV LPELELWLRQ DQG FRUH ÀRRGLQJ H[SHULPHQW7DEOH VKRZV WKH FRUH SOXJVSUHSDUDWLRQDQGWKHEDVLFGDWD

No. Rock Type Illite Chlorite Calcite Quartz K-dsFel Plagioclase

1 Limestone - - 100 trace - -

7DEOH

;5D\GLIIUDFWLRQDQDO\VLVUHVXOWV

(6)

)RUPDWLRQ:DWHU6DPSOH

6DPSOHV RI ZDWHU KDYH EHHQ WDNHQ FDUHIXOO\

IURPWKH¿HOGDQGDQDO\]HGIRULWVDQLRQDQGFDWLRQ FRQWHQW7KHIRUPDWLRQZDWHUFRQWHQWVDSSUR[LPDWHO\

PJ/ HTXLYDOHQW 1D&O 7KH GHWDLOHG UHVXOWRIZDWHUDQDO\VLVLVVKRZQDW7DEOHZKLFKLV FODVVL¿HGDVKLJKVDOLQLW\DQGKLJKKDUGQHVV

,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHOHYHORIKDUGQHVV DQGPXOWLYDOHQWLRQVFRQWHQWLQRUGHUWRDQWLFLSDWH SUHFLSLWDWLRQV IRUPDWLRQ GXULQJ VROXWLRQ PL[LQJ 6RPH FKHPLFDO FDQQRW ZLWKVWDQG LQ WKLV NLQG RI IRUPDWLRQ ZDWHU 7KHUHIRUH LW LV QRUPDO WR XVH VRIWHQHGZDWHUZKHUHPXOWLYDOHQWLRQVDUHWDNHQRXW IURPWKHZDWHU%XWIRU7)6$6XUIDFWDQWFDVHLWFDQ SURGXFHVXUIDFWDQWVROXWLRQZLWKRXWDQ\DGGLWLRQDO ZDWHUWUHDWPHQW7KLVZLOOEHGLVFXVVHGPRUHGHWDLO LQWKHIROORZLQJSDUDJUDSKV

2LO6DPSOH

7KHFUXGHRLOVDPSOHXVHGZDV¿UVWDQDO\]HGIRU LWVSK\VLFDODQGFKHPLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV9LVFRVLW\

LVWKHLPSRUWDQWSDUDPHWHUWREHPHDVXUHGDOORZLQJ DSURSHUSRO\PHUVROXWLRQYLVFRVLW\WREHSUHSDUHG WRFUHDWHSLVWRQOLNHGLVSODFHPHQW6RPHDGGLWLRQDO FKHPLFDOVSURSHUWLHVDOVRKDYHEHHQPHDVXUHG7DEOH VKRZVWKHFKHPLFDOSURSHUWLHV:D[FRQWHQWLVYHU\

KLJKDWWKHOHYHORI,QWKHFRQWUDU\WKHDFLG QXPEHULVYHU\ORZDWWKHOHYHORIPJ.2+J

Core Depth Permeability Porosity Grain Density

Remarks Plug No. (Feet) (mD) (%) (gr/cc)

1 2868 44.02 33.20 2.70 Wettability measurement

2 2918 3.79 16.90 2.70 Wettability measurement

3 2868 97.56 28.32 2.70 Capillary imbibitions (surf TFSA 0.1%-oil) 4 2918 228.80 26.84 2.70 Capillary imbibitions (surf TFSA 0.1%-oil) 5 2868 44.02 33.20 2.70 Spontaneous Imbibition (Surf TFSA 0.3%-Oil) 6 2918 3.79 16.90 2.70 Spontaneous Imbibition (Surf TFSA 0.1%-Oil)

7 2851.2 50.77 28.94 2.71 Kro-Krw (oil-water)

8 2920.2 207.00 28.36 2.70 Kro-Krw (oil-TSFA 0.1%)

9 2899 115.50 28.31 2.70 Stacked core flooding

10 2925.5 248.50 28.64 2.71 Stacked core flooding

13 2885 58.80 28.15 2.70 Dynamic adsorption

14 Core Chips Static adsorption

15 Core Slices Wettability measurement by contact angle

7DEOH

&RUHSOXJEDVLFGDWD

Constituents meq/L mg/L

Sodium 267.49 6,151.50

Calcium 25.45 510.1

Magnesium 5.13 62.4

Iron 0.08 2.3

Barium 0 0

Total Cations (excl. Fe) 6,724.00

Chloride 281.4 9,977.60

Bicarbonate 9.52 580.8

Sulphate 7.15 343.6

Carbonate 0 0

Hydroxide 0 0

Total Anions 10,902.00

Total Equiv. NaCl Conc. 17,067.10

pH 7.45

7DEOH 5HVXOWRIZDWHUDQDO\VLV

Analysis Result/Units

Acid Number 0.085 mgKOH/g

Pour Point 78 ^oF

Asphaltene Content 0.82 %

Resin Content 3.04 %

Wax Content 25.46 %

Viscosity 2.04 Cp at 83^oC

7DEOH 2LOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV

(7)

DVXQGHUVWRRGWKDWWKLVQXPEHULVJHQHUDOO\UHODWHGWR VXUIDFWDQWLQVLWXJHQHUDWLRQGXULQJDONDOLQHLQMHFWLRQ 7KHUHIRUHDFLGQXPEHUOHYHOPD\KDYHPXFKPRUH LPSDFWWRWKHZHWWDELOLW\DOWHUDWLRQSURFHVVHVLQVXFK NLQGRIH[SHULPHQW

%7)6$6ROXWLRQ(YDOXDWLRQ

&RPSDWLELOLW\ RI ,QMHFWLRQ :DWHU ZLWK 7)6$

6XUIDFWDQW

7)6$ VROXWLRQ ZDV PDGH IRU FRQFHQWUDWLRQ YDULDWLRQ ZLWK LQMHFWLRQ ZDWHU RI DQG 7KH VROXWLRQV ZHUH HYDOXDWHG WKHLU FRPSDWLELOLW\ ZLWK WKH ZDWHU IRU GD\V LQ URRP FRQGLWLRQ7DEOHVKRZVWKHFRPSDWLELOLW\DQDO\VLV 7KH\ ORRN FOHDU IRU DOO FRQFHQWUDWLRQV LQ LQMHFWLRQ ZDWHUVDQGQRSUHFLSLWDWLRQDQGFRDJXODWLRQ

,WPHDQVWKDW7)6$VXUIDFWDQWLVFRPSDWLEOHZLWK WKHIRUPDWLRQZDWHU7KHUHIRUHIXUWKHUVWXG\FRXOGEH DFFRPSOLVKHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHVXLWDELOLW\RI7)6$

VXUIDFWDQWIRU(25SURMHFWV ,)70HDVXUHPHQW

,QWHUIDFLDOWHQVLRQVKDYHEHHQPHDVXUHGEHWZHHQ WKH RLO DQG VROXWLRQ RI VHYHUDO YDULDWLRQ RI 7)6$

FRQFHQWUDWLRQ7KH,)7LVLQWKHUDQJHDQG G\QHFPVHH7DEOH7KRVHQXPEHUVDUHWKHFULWHULD IRU(25ZLWK7)6$PHFKDQLVPV,)WKHWDUJHWLVWR UHGXFH,)7WKHOHYHORI,)7QHHGWREHUHGXFHGWR G\QHFP7KH UDQJH EHWZHHQ G\QHFP WR G\QHFPLVDSSURSULDWHQXPEHUIRU(25ZLWK 7)6$PHFKDQLVPV

3KDVHEHKDYLRU6WXG\

,Q (25 SURFHVVHV WKH PLGGOH SKDVH HPXOVLRQ QRUPDOO\JLYHVWKHEHVWSKDVHEHKDYLRUWRFUHDWHWKH ORZHVWLQWHUIDFLDOWHQVLRQDQGLWPD\FRQWULEXWHWRWKH PD[LPXPUHFRYHU\IDFWRU%XW/RZHUSKDVHDOVRFDQ EHXVHGLQ(25SURFHVVHVDVIDUDVORZLQWHUIDFLDO WHQVLRQRFFXUVEHWZHHQVXUIDFWDQWVROXWLRQDQGRLO

)RU7)6$ZHZLOOQRWQHHGDPLGGOHPLFURHPXOVLRQ EXWORZHUSKDVHPLFURHPXOWLRQZLOOEHHQRXJK

6HULHVRIH[SHULPHQWVKDYHEHHQGRQHIRUSKDVH EHKDYLRU VWXG\ 9DULHW\ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI 7)6$

EHWZHHQDQGZHUHGLOXWHGLQWKHLQMHFWLRQ ZDWHU7KHVHVROXWLRQVZHUHVWXGLHGIRUWKHLUSKDVH EHKDYLRUPL[LQJZLWKWKHRLODWWKHVLPLODUYROXPH LHFFVHDOERWKHQGVDQGWKHQSXWWKHPLQWKHRYHQ DW UHVHUYRLU WHPSHUDWXUH RI ^R&$OO WKH PL[WXUHV LQGLFDWH:LQVRUW\SH,RUZDWHUSKDVHPLFURHPXOVLRQ 7KHGHWDLOHGUHVXOWVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH

3KDVHEHKDYLRUVWXG\DOVRKDYHEHHQSHUIRUPHG WR PDNH VXUH WKDW WKH VROXWLRQ GLG QRW SURGXFH SUHFLSLWDWLRQ RU :LQVRU SKDVH PLFURHPXOVLRQ ERWKRIZKLFKVKRXOGEHDYRLGHGLQWKHVXUIDFWDQW SUHSDUDWLRQIRU(25

Concentration Observation Result

1^st day 5^thday 12^thday 19^thday 27^thday 60^th day 0.10%

Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear

0.20%

0.30%

7DEOH

&RPSDWLELOLW\DQDO\VLVRI7)6$VROXWLRQLQLQMHFWLRQZDWHU

TFSA Concentration (%)

IFT (dyne/cm)

0.10 5.43E-02

0.20 2.74E-01

0.30 1.23E-01

TFSA Concentration (%)

Winsor Type Micro-emulsion

0.10 1

0.20 1

0.30 1

0.40 1

0.50 1

7DEOH

,)7PHDVXUHPHQWRI7)6$2,/

7DEOH 3KDVH%HKDYLRU5HVXOWV

(8)

7KHUPDOVWDELOLW\WHVW

7KLVWHVWLVDOPRVWVLPLODUWRFRPSDWLELOLW\WHVW WKHRQO\GLIIHUHQWLVWKDWWKHHYDOXDWLRQZDVGRQHDW HOHYDWHGWHPSHUDWXUHVXFKDVUHVHUYRLUWHPSHUDWXUH RI^R&7)6$VROXWLRQZLWKYDULRXVFRQFHQWUDWLRQ DUHSXWLQWKHRYHQDQGWKHVROXWLRQZDVLQYHVWLJDWHG DWLQWHUYDORIWLPHXQWLOGD\V7KHLQYHVWLJDWLRQ UHVXOWV DUH SUHVHQWHG DW 7DEOH VKRZV WKDW WKH VROXWLRQVWLOOFOHDUDQGQRSUHFLSLWDWLRQDIWHUGD\V DWHOHYDWHGWHPSHUDWXUH

$JDLQ DIWHU SXWWLQJ LQ WKH RYHQ DW HOHYDWHG WHPSHUDWXUHIRUORQJWLPHGD\VWKHVROXWLRQLV VWLOO RQH SKDVH ZLWK QR SUHFLSLWDWLRQ DQG ,)7 VWLOO DWWKHOHYHOWRG\QHFPLQGLFDWHGWKDWWKH VXUIDFWDQWVROXWLRQFDQZLWKVWDQGZLWKRXWDQ\GDPDJH DW HOHYDWHG WHPSHUDWXUHV IRU DW OHDVW GD\ 7KLV QXPEHUKDVEHHQFRQVLGHUHGDVWKHUHVLGHQWWLPHRI WKHVROXWLRQÀRZLQJLQWKHUHVHUYRLUEHWZHHQLQMHFWLRQ DQGSURGXFWLRQZHOOV

)LOWUDWLRQ)ORZWHVW

7)6$ZLWKDQGFRQFHQWUDWLRQ KDYH EHHQ WHVWHG IRU ¿OWUDWLRQ DW EDUV SUHVVXUH DQGXVLQJP¿OWHUSDSHU9ROXPHYHUVXVWLPH ZDV UHDG UHJXODUO\ GXULQJ ÀXLG ÀRZ WKURXJK WKH

¿OWHUSDSHU:KLOHFKDUWRIYROXPHYHUVXVWLPHZDV GHYHORSHG)LJXUHLVWKH¿OWUDWLRQUHVXOWVKRZLQJ VWUDLJKWOLQHLQGLFDWHGQRSUHFLSLWDWLRQ7KHYDOXHRI

¿OWUDWLRQUDWLRLVDURXQGWR7KHVHQXPEHUV SDVVHV WKH OLPLW RI VFUHHQLQJ FULWHULD RI )LOWUDWLRQ 5DWLR)5RI

)LOWUDWLRQUDWLRVKRXOGEHEHORZWRJXDUDQWHH WKDWWKHVROXWLRQFDQÀRZWKURXJKWKHSRURXVPHGLD HDVLO\ ZLWKRXW DQ\ UHVWULFWLRQ DQG LW ZLOO QRW EH VFUHHQHG LQ WKH VDQG IDFH DQG WKHQ ZLOO UHGXFH WKH TXDOLW\ RI WKH VXUIDFWDQW VROXWLRQ ,Q WXUQ WKH VXUIDFWDQW KDV QR VXUIDFWDQW SURSHUWLHV QHHGHG IRU LPSURYLQJGLVSODFHPHQWHI¿FLHQF\

%DVHG RQ WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH VXUIDFWDQW VROXWLRQ HYDOXDWLRQVLWLVVXJJHVWHGWKDWWKLVVXUIDFWDQWKDV IXO¿OOHGWKHFULWHULDIRUVXUIDFWDQWVROXWLRQIRU(25 7KHUHIRUHIXUWKHUVWXG\FDQEHDFFRPSOLVKHGIRUWKH QH[WODERUDWRU\WHVWV

TFSA Concentration

(%)

IFT ( Dyne / cm ) and Observation

1st day 14th day 30th day 60th day

0.10%

5.431E-02 4.247E-01 4.206E-01 8.271E-02

Transparent Brownish

0.20%

2.739E-01 2.767E-01 3.532E-01 1.418E-01

0.30%

1.453E-01 2.783E-01 2.784E-01 9.524E-02

Transparent Brownish 7DEOH

7KHUPDO6WDELOLW\7HVW

P 0

20 40 60 80 100 120

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Volume (ml)

Time (s) TFSA Filtration Test

TFSA _0.1%

TFSA _0.2%

TFSA_0.3%

)LJXUH )LOWUDWLRQWHVWUHVXOWV

(9)

&5RFNÀXLGLQWHUDFWLRQ

$GVRUSWLRQ7HVWV

$GVRUSWLRQ WHVW LV DOVR DQ LPSRUWDQW WHVW WR FDOFXODWHKRZPXFKVXUIDFWDQWVROXWLRQZLOOEHORVW LQWKHUHVHUYRLUGXHWRDGVRUSWLRQRQWRURFNVXUIDFH 7KHUH DUH WZR W\SHV RI DGVRUSWLRQ WHVW VWDWLF DQG G\QDPLFDGVRUSWLRQ7KHDGVRUSWLRQQXPEHUDFWXDOO\

LVFDWHJRUL]HGDVQRUPDO&DUERQDWHURFNEDVLFDOO\

KDVDGVRUSWLRQOHYHOKLJKHUFRPSDUHGWRVDQGVWRQH

7KLVDGVRUSWLRQOHYHOZKLFKLVYHU\LPSRUWDQW IURP HFRQRPLF SRLQW RI YLHZ7KRVH QXPEHUV FRUUHODWHWRWKHVXUIDFWDQWYROXPHZLOOEHORVW LQWRWKHUHVHUYRLUV7KHDYHUDJHQXPEHURIWKH DGVRUSWLRQLVDSSUR[LPDWHO\

P

JUJURIURFN 6RWKHYDOXHVLQ7DEOHDUHJRRGQXPEHUVIRU (25

:HWWDELOLW\PHDVXUHPHQW

7KHRULJLQDOZHWWDELOLW\RIURFNKDVEHHQPHDVXUHG XVLQJSUHVHUYHGFRUHVDQGDSSO\LQJ$0277PHWKRG 7KHUHVXOWVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH

$Q,QGH[RILQGLFDWHVDVWURQJO\QRQZHWWLQJ ÀXLGDQGDQLQGH[RILQGLFDWHVDVWURQJO\ZHWWLQJ ÀXLG7KRVH QXPEHUV RI ZHWWDELOLW\ LQGH[ LQGLFDWH WKDWVRPHSDUWRIWKHUHVHUYRLUDUHPRUHRLOZHWDQG WKHRWKHUSDUWPD\EHPRUHZDWHUSUHIHUHQFH7KLV FRQGLWLRQ VRPHWLPH LV FDOOHG PL[HG ZHW %DVHG RQ WKHVH UHVXOWV LQMHFWLRQ RI 7)6$ VXUIDFWDQW LV UHFRPPHQGHG WR FKDQJH WKH RULJLQDOO\ PL[HG ZHW UHVHUYRLUWREHFRPHPRUHZDWHUZHW

)XUWKHUPRUH VHYHUDO FRUH VOLFHV ZHUH DOVR PHDVXUHG WKHLU ZHWWDELOLW\ DIWHU DJHG LQ WKH7)6$

VXUIDFWDQWVROXWLRQIRUVHYHUDOGD\V7KHPHDVXUHPHQW ZDV SHUIRUPHG XVLQJ FRQWDFW DQJOH PHWKRG 7KH UHVXOW LV VKRZQ LQ 7DEOH 7)6$ VROXWLRQ ZDV H[DPLQHGIRUZHHNVWRLPPHUVHWKHFRUHVOLFHV 7KH ZHWWDELOLW\ RI WKH URFNV ZDV PHDVXUHG E\

GURSSLQJDQRLORUZDWHUEXEEOH7KHUHVXOWVUHYHDO WKDWZHWWDELOLW\RIURFNVH[SHULHQFHGDOLWWOHFKDQJH LQ ZHWWDELOLW\ WKH URFNV WHQG WR GHFUHDVH WKH RLO SUHIHUHQFHVZLWKWLPHIURPDURXQGGHJUHHVDIWHU ZHHNWRDURXQGGHJUHHVDIWHUZHHNV,WLVFOHDU

Sample Depth, Air Permeability Porosity Wettability Index

No. meter mD % Water wet index Oil wet index

1 2868.00 44.020 33.201 0.0108 0.6762

2 2918.00 3.794 16.896 0.0636 0.0000

No.

Sample

Immersion Fluid

Immersion

Time Droplet Contact Angle

Degrees Wettability

1 Formation Water 8 Weeks Oil 13.20 Oil Wet

2 TFSA - 0.01% 2 Weeks Oil 28.56 Oil Wet

7DEOH

:HWWDELOLW\E\&RQWDFW$QJOHPHWKRG 7DEOH

:HWWDELOLW\LQGH[E\$0277PHWKRG TFSA

Concentration %

Adsorption Method

Adsorption P Pgr/gr

0.1 Static 400.07

0.3 dynamic 364.74

7DEOH

$GVRUSWLRQWHVW

(10)

WKDWLWQHHGPRUHWLPHWRFKDQJHWKHZHWWDELOLW\IURP RULJLQDOO\RLOZHWWREHFRPHPRUHZDWHUZHW ,PELELWLRQ7HVWV

7ZRW\SHVRILPELELWLRQWHVWKDYHEHHQFRQGXFWHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ LQFOXGHG VSRQWDQHRXV LPELELWLRQ DQG IRUFHGLPELELWLRQ7KHUHVXOWRIWKH¿UVWLPELELWLRQV LVH[KLELWHGLQ7DEOHZKLOHWKHVHFRQGLPELELWLRQ LVLQ7DEOH

6SRQWDQHRXV LPELELWLRQ LQGLFDWHV WKDW 7)6$

VROXWLRQV FRXOG SURGXFH RLO VSRQWDQHRXVO\ IURP WKHFRUHWKHUHFRYHU\IDFWRURIRLOE\VSRQWDQHRXV LPELELWLRQ LV DSSUR[LPDWHO\ LQ KLJK SHUPHDELOLW\ UHVHUYRLU ZKLOH RQO\ LQ ORZ SHUPHDELOLW\6SRQWDQHRXVLPELELWLRQVLVDEVROXWHO\

WLPH GHSHQGHQW 6R WR SURGXFH RLO TXLFNHU IRUFHG LPELELWLRQVKRXOGEHLQWURGXFHGLQWRWKHUHVHUYRLU

)RUFHG LPELELWLRQ UHVXOWV UHYHDO WKDW DUH YHU\

KLJKUHFRYHU\IDFWRUVRIRLOIRUERWKLQORZDQGKLJK SHUPHDELOLW\FRUHV7KH\DUHPRUHWKDQ7KHVH UHVXOWVLVYHU\SURPLVLQJWRXVHWKLV7)6$IRU(25 SLORWSURMHFWV

5HODWLYH3HUPHDELOLW\0HDVXUHPHQW

7KH UHODWLYH SHUPHDELOLW\ ZDV PHDVXUHG ERWK IRUZDWHURLODQG7)6$RLO7KHUHVXOWFDQEHVHHQ LQ)LJXUH%RWKUHODWLYHSHUPHDELOLW\JUDSKVORRN VLPLODUDQGDOVRLUUHVLGXDOZDWHUVDWXUDWLRQVKDYHWKH

VDPH YDOXHV 7KHVH SKHQRPHQD FDQ EH H[SODLQHG WKDWWKHUHVLGHQWWLPHRI7)6$VROXWLRQZDVQRWORQJ HQRXJKWRFKDQJHWKHZHWWDELOLW\RIWKHFRUHGXULQJ GLVSODFHPHQW H[SHULPHQW 7KH PHDVXUHPHQW RQO\

WDNHVWLPHDGD\RUOHVV7KHUHIRUH7)6$VROXWLRQ ZLOOQRWZRUNSURSHUO\DWVKRUWUHVLGHQWWLPH

&RUH)ORRGLQJ([SHULPHQW

&RUH IORRG ZDV SHUIRUPHG XVLQJ VWDFNHG FRUHSOXJVWKDWKDVEHHQPHQWLRQHGLQ7DEOH,Q WKLVH[SHULPHQWQHHGSRO\PHUVROXWLRQWRLPSURYH PRELOLW\UDWLR3RO\PHUSURGXFWVDUHHDVLHUWR¿QGLQ WKHPDUNHWDQGWKHSURSHUWLHVDUHHDVLHUWRPHDVXUH FRPSDUHG WR VXUIDFWDQW 7KHUHIRUH WKH SURSHUWLHV RISRO\PHULVQRWH[SODLQHGLQGHWDLOLQWKLVSDSHU 7KH LPSRUWDQW SDUDPHWHU IRU SRO\PHU LV YLVFRVLW\

WKDW VKRXOG EH KLJKHU WKDQ RLO YLVFRVLW\7KH ÀXLG LQMHFWLRQGHVLJQLVSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH$WUHVLGXDO RLOFRQGLWLRQDIWHUZDWHUÀRRGLQJFKHPLFDOLQMHFWLRQ ZDV LQLWLDWHG DQG WKH UHFRYHU\ IDFWRU LV GLVSOD\HG JUDSKLFDOO\LQ)LJXUH

7KH UHFRYHU\ IDFWRU RI RLO DIWHU ZDWHU ÀRRG LV DERXW 22,3 DQG ZKHQ FKHPLFDO LQMHFWLRQ EHJLQDGGLWLRQDORLOUHFRYHU\IDFWRULVDURXQG 7KLVUHVXOWLQGLFDWHVWKDWFKHPLFDOLQMHFWLRQZRUNV SURSHUO\ +RZHYHU WKH OHYHO RI LPSURYHPHQW RLO UHFRYHU\LVFDWHJRUL]HGDVPRGHUDWHLPSURYHPHQW

Core Number

TFSA (%)

K (mD)

POR (%)

Pore Volume (cc)

Imbibition (cc)

RF (%)

5 0.1 601.40 30.92 18.44 3.90 21.15

6 0.1 62.62 20.43 11.23 0.60 5.34

IMBIBITION OF 0.1 % TFSA SATURATION AT VARIOUS PRESSURE

Pressure, PSI 1 5 10 42 35 50 100 500 1000 2000

Core Number

Oil Production (% OOIP)

3 0.19 0.29 0.43 0.48 0.76 1.14 45.27 59.82 61.06 61.06 4 0.49 0.78 23.30 35.80 31.60 38.10 47.40 61.00 62.10 62.20

7DEOH )RUFHGLPELELWLRQ

7DEOH 6SRQWDQHRXVLPELELWLRQV

(11)

0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Relative Permeability, fraction

Water Saturation, Per Cent Pore Space Relative Permeability vs Water Saturation

krw -oil/TFSA

kro-oil/TFSA

Sample No. : 110 Air Perm. (mD) : 207.0 Porosity, % : 28.36 TFSA vs. Oil Sample No. : 72 Air Perm. (mD) : 50.77 Porosity, % : 28.94 Water vs. Oil

krw -oil/water

kro-oil/water

)LJXUH 5HODWLYHSHUPHDELOLW\

Composition Concentration Viscosity @ 83^oC

Injection Volume

(PV) pH

Main Slug

TFSA 0.10% 6.05 0.3 8.06

Polymer-X 0.18%

Polymer Protective Slug

4.46 0.2 8.42

Polymer -X 0.08%

&KDQFH IRU LPSURYHPHQW LV YHU\ FKDOOHQJLQJ WR PRGLI\RUWRDGGVRPHVROYHQWRUFKHPLFDOLQRUGHU WRJHWDEHWWHU7)6$IRUPXODWLRQWKDWFDQFKDQJHWKH

ZHWWDELOLW\HIIHFWLYHO\ZLWKVKRUWHUUHVLGHQWWLPH7KH UHFRYHU\RIRLOFDQEHH[SHFWHGPRUHWKDWDQG WKDWLVFDWHJRUL]HGDVYHU\JRRG

7DEOH ,QMHFWLRQ)OXLG'HVLJQ

(12)

Test Parameters Results Category

Compatibility Clear excellent

IFT 10^-1to 10^-2 dyne/cm excellent

Pahse Behaviour Winsor Type-1 Good

Thernal stability 60 days Good

Filtration Test 1.2 excellent

Adsorption 364.74 to 400.07 Pgr/gr excellent

Wettability Do not change not good (need a longer resident time) Spontaneous Imbibition 5.34 to 21.15 %OOIP Good

Forced Imbibition 61.06 to 62.20 %OOIP Good

Relative Permeability Do not change not good (need a longer resident time)

Core Flooding 13.50% OOIP Good

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

Oil Recovery (%)

Pore Volume Injected Core Flood Result of Stacked-Core

TFSA Injection

Chemical Injection Begin Water Flood

)LJXUH

5HFRYHU\IDFWRURI7)6$LQMHFWLRQ

7DEOH 6XPPDU\RIWHVWUHVXOWV

(13)

7KH UHVXOWV RI DOO ODERUDWRU\ WHVWV FDQ EH VXPPDUL]HGLQ7DEOHGHWHUPLQHWKHWHVWSDUDPHWHUV UHVXOWV DQG WKH FDWHJRU\ RI WKH UHVXOWV 6RPH WHVW SDUDPHWHUV LQGLFDWH WKDW WKH\ GR QRW FDWHJRU\ DV JRRG RU H[FHOOHQW VXFK DV ZHWWDELOLW\ DQG UHODWLYH SHUPHDELOLW\WHVWV7KH\ORRNWKDWWKRVHWHVWVQHHG D ORQJHU UHVLGHQW WLPH %XW DW WKH HQG DOO WHVWHG SDUDPHWHUVKDYHEHHQFRPELQHGWKHLUFRQWULEXWLRQ IRULPSURYLQJRLOUHFRYHU\LQWKHFRUHÀRRGLQJWHVW 7KHUHVXOWRIFRUHÀRRGLQJLVFRQVLGHUHGDVJRRG

&

RFRQXW(WKDQRODPLGHZLWKD+/%YDOXHDURXQG WRQRUPDOO\KDVVLJQL¿FDQWZHWWLQJVSUHDGLQJ SURSHUWLHVWKDWLVYHU\VXLWDEOHIRU7)6$DQGFKDQJH WKHZHWWDELOLW\FKDUDFWHULVWLFRIURFNV%DVHGRQWKH HTXDWLRQRIFDSLOODU\QXPEHUWKHYDOXH RIVKRXOGDSSURDFKGHJUHHWRJHWWKHYDOXHRIFRV DSSURDFKHV ]HUR DQG WKH YDOXH RI 1F DSSURDFKHV LQ¿QLW\VRWKDW6RUZLOODSSURDFK]HURWRR

,WPHDQVWKDWWKHZHWWDELOLW\VKRXOGEHLQEHWZHHQ ZDWHUDQGRLO6RWKHGHVLJQRIWKHZHWWDELOLW\FKDQJH PXVWEHGHYHORSHGFDUHIXOO\LQRUGHUWRDUUDQJHWKH ZHWWDELOLW\ WR EH FORVH WR GHJUHH :HWWDELOLW\

FKDQJH WR WRWDOO\ ZDWHU SUHIHUHQFH LV EH\RQG WKH DSSURSULDWH WDUJHW$GGHG VRPH FKHPLFDOV ZLWK SURSHUYROXPHLVYHU\LPSRUWDQWWRFUHDWHZHWWDELOLW\

FORVHWRGHJUHH,QWHUDFWLRQRIÀXLGDQGURFNE\

FRQVLGHULQJSRVLWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHLRQFKDUJHVLVDOVR LPSRUWDQWWREHFRQVLGHUHG

&KDQFHIRULPSURYHPHQWLVVWLOOZLGHO\RSHQDQG YHU\FKDOOHQJLQJWRPRGLI\RUWRDGGVRPHVROYHQWRU FKHPLFDOVLQRUGHUWRJHWDEHWWHU7)6$IRUPXODWLRQ WKDW FDQ FKDQJH WKH ZHWWDELOLW\ HIIHFWLYHO\ ZLWK VKRUWHUUHVLGHQWWLPH$WWKHHQGWKLVQHZIRUPXODWLRQ FDQLPSURYHVLJQL¿FDQWO\WKHRLOUHFRYHU\RIROGRLO

¿HOGV

,9&21&/86,21

3UHSDUDWLRQ RI FRUH RLO IRUPDWLRQ ZDWHU DQG FKHPLFDO KDV EHHQ GRQH SURSHUO\ ZLWK WKH EDVLF SDUDPHWHUV ZKLFK KDYH EHHQ PHDVXUHG DFFRUGLQJ WKH UHTXLUHPHQW IRU (25 LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ 7)6$

VROXWLRQHYDOXDWLRQLQFOXGHVFRPSDWLELOLW\WKHUPDO VWDELOLW\SKDVHEHKDYLRUDQG¿OWUDWLRQWHVWIXO¿OOVWKH REMHFWLYHRIWKHVWXG\WRSUHSDUHFKHPLFDOIRU(25 5RFNÀXLGLQWHUDFWLRQHYDOXDWLRQVXFKDVDGVRUSWLRQ ZHWWDELOLW\ LPELELWLRQV UHODWLYH SHUPHDELOLW\

DQG FRUH ÀRRG H[SHULPHQWV KDV EHHQ GRQH WR ¿QG TXDQWLWDWLYHQXPEHUVWKDWFDQEHXVHGDVWKHEDVLF

FRQVLGHUDWLRQV IRU GHFLVLRQ PDNHUV WR LPSOHPHQW (25 DV D SLORW SURMHFW$OO SDUDPHWHUV FRXOG EH FODVVL¿HGDVJRRGDQGH[FHOOHQWH[FHSWWKHZHWWDELOLW\

DQGUHODWLYHSHUPHDELOLW\WHVWVFODVVL¿HGDVQRWJRRG

%XWDOOWHVWHGSDUDPHWHUVKDYHEHHQFRPELQHGWKHLU FRQWULEXWLRQIRULPSURYLQJRLOUHFRYHU\LQWKHFRUH ÀRRGLQJWHVW7KHUHVXOWRIFRUHÀRRGLQJLVFRQVLGHUHG DVJRRG

5()(5(1&(6

$UDXMR<&$UDXMR0*X]PDQ+0R\D*

³(IIHFW RI WKH 6SUHDGLQJ &RHI¿FLHQW RQ 7ZR3KDVH 5HODWLYH3HUPHDELOLW\´3UHVHQWHGLQSPE International Symposium on Oil¿ eld Chemistry )HEUXDU\

+RXVWRQ7H[DV

KWWS&ROORLGVWI[FDFKHPSUHVHQWDWLRQVVXUIDFH WHQVLRQSSW

K W W S X T X H G X V D I L O H V I L O H V 685)$&7$176/HFB

.UHPHVHF9-7UHLEHU/(³(IIHFWRI6\VWHP :HWWDELOLW\RQ2LO'LVSODFHPHQW%\0LFHOODU)ORRGLQJ´

SPE 6001, Journal of Petroleum Technology,9ROXPH ,VVXH3DJHV±3XEOLFDWLRQ'DWH /L - :DQJ : *X< ³'\QDPLF ,QWHUIDFLDO

7HQVLRQ 3KHQRPHQRQ DQG :HWWDELOLW\$OWHUDWLRQ RI &UXGH 2LO5RFN$ONDOLQH6XUIDFWDQW 6ROXWLRQ 6\VWHPV´ 63( SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,6HSWHPEHU+RXVWRQ 7H[DV3XEOLFDWLRQ'DWH

4LQJMLH / +RQJ]KXDQJ : 3LQJFDQJ :

³,PSURYHPHQW RI )ORZ 3HUIRUPDQFH WKURXJK :HWWDELOLW\0RGL¿FDWLRQIRU([WUD/RZ3HUPHDELOLW\

5HVHUYRLUV´SPE 131895 presented at the CPS/SPE International oil & Gas Conference and ExhibitionLQ

&KLQDKHOGLQ%HLMLQJ&KLQD-XQH

5DR'1$\LUDOD6&$EH$$;X:³,PSDFW RI /RZ&RVW 'LOXWH 6XUIDFWDQWV RQ :HWWDELOLW\ DQG 5HODWLYH 3HUPHDELOLW\´SPE 99609, SPE/DOE Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery$SULO 7XOVD2NODKRPD86$3XEOLFDWLRQ'DWH

6HHWKHSDOOL$$GLEKDWLD % 0RKDQW\ ..

³:HWWDELOLW\$OWHUDWLRQ 'XULQJ 6XUIDFWDQW )ORRGLQJ RI &DUERQDWH 5HVHUYRLU´SPE 89423, SPE/DOE Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery,$SULO 7XOVD2NODKRPD3XEOLFDWLRQ'DWH

6XJLKDUGMR$ 6WXG\ RI 6SRQWDQHRXV ,PELELWLRQ 5HFRYHU\0HFKDQLVPRI6XUIDFWDQW)RUPXODWHG)URP 0HWK\O(VWHU6XOIRQDWHVScienti¿ c Contributions Oil

& Gas9ROXPH1XPEHU$XJXVW

6XJLKDUGMR 6XUIDFWDQW,QGXFHG :HWWDELOLW\

$OWHUDWLRQLEMIGAS Scientific Contributions to

1Fൌ ^ఓ௏

஢ ୡ୭ୱ ஘

(14)

Petroleum Science & Technology,9ROXPH1XPEHU

$SULO,661±

6XJLKDUGMR6XUIDFWDQW3URSHUWLHV(YDOXDWLRQIRU

&KHPLFDO)ORRGLQJLEMIGAS Scienti¿ c Contributions to Petroleum Science & Technology, 9ROXPH 1XPEHU$SULO,661±

9LMDSXUDSX &6 5DR '1 ³HIIHFW RI %ULQH 'LOXWLRQDQG6XUIDFWDQW&RQFHQWUDWLRQRQ6SUHDGLQJ DQG:HWWDELOLW\´63(,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXP RQ2LO¿HOG&KHPLVWU\)HEUXDU\+RXVWRQ7H[DV 3XEOLFDWLRQ'DWH