THE EFL WRITING PROCESS DURING DISTANCE LEARNING:
PROBLEM AND STRATEGY
SKRIPSI
BY
MUHAMMAD ZUNIZAR ALFIANSYAH NPM 217.0107.3.027
UNIVERSITY OF ISLAM MALANG
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
2021
THE EFL WRITING PROCESS DURING DISTANCE LEARNING:
PROBLEM AND STRATEGY
SKRIPSI
Presented to Faculty of Teacher Training and Education University of Islam Malang
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana in English Education Department
BY
MUHAMMAD ZUNIZAR ALFIANSYAH NPM 217.0107.3.027
UNIVERSITY OF ISLAM MALANG
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
2021
viii ABSTRACT
Alfiansyah, Muhammad Zunizar. 2021, The EFL Writing Process During Distance Learning: Problem and Strategy. Skripsi, English Education Departement Faculty of Teacher Training and Education University of Islam Malang. Advisor I: Eko Suhartoyo, S.Pd., M.Pd.; Advisor II:
Dzurriyyatun Ni’mah, S.S., M.Pd.
Key words: Distance learning; Writing Process; Online Learning; Writing Problems
This study aims to discover problems or learning challenges and also the strategies in writing 4 class during distance learning in the covid19 pandemic era.
The focusing points explored in this research are the challenges or difficulties that the students face in writing 4 class, how the advantages of distance learning and the application of ICT in learning in terms of providing convenience or reducing problems faced by writing 4 class students. The researcher assumes there should be different things because the application of online classes certainly has its own dynamics situation than offline.
This research used qualitative method by describing each result. The questionnaire is the first part of this research. There are 28 questions in the form of statements given along with the Likert scale as a way of answering. Later on, there was an interview session consisting of 11 questions. The 11 questions were addressed to 4 participants who were selected from 50 participants who had previously received a questionnaire.
There are four research variables in this study, all of these variables have been distributed into the instruments used both in the questionnaire and interview. 50 students from various writing 4 classes have been selected as research subjects because they have the task of writing scientific journal articles which is a fairly high level and also complicated. All research activities were carried out through online platform.
The study found that the participants did not have any significant problems with their writing process. This is proven by the mean value of the writing difficulty variable which gets a neutral or medium value. Then, the application of the distance learning pattern followed by the application of online-based learning which tends to individual learning gets a pretty good mean score. At least the value is one step better than the previous variable. However, there are two points that need to be noted. The first, the participants feel very helpful with online learning, but they still could not make distance learning as the main method. Secondly, the use of ICT for the participants is already at a good level, but they still complain about the uneven availability of the internet in all places. So, the flexibility in distance learning is actually not fulfilled. As the conclusion, there are still many aspects that need to be improved for getting better quality in online learning.
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter would deliver the background theory which is as the basic knowledge of this research. In this part also provided objective of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitations and definition of key terms.
1.1 Research Background
In the last month of 2019, the world got negative wave named as COVID19. The first case of corona virus disease was founded in Wuhan China.
This virus has attacked almost all the world. Nowadays, it has been changing many things in the world. It is started from human mobility, business, industry and etc. This phenomenon does not only change entire of human social interaction, but also give massive changing of educational context. In Indonesia, since first founded case was detected at 2020, Indonesian government started to encourage stay at home. Sadly, stay at home command cannot resist the spike of corona virus case. The newest rules containing about human public interaction give changing also in educational process in many stages. In previous time, Indonesian commonly used traditional style generally named as face-to-face method or study in class room. After covid-19 cases raising up, the learning method became online course or distance learning method. Unfortunately, Indonesian also got another problem regarding to the newest educational process.
It was about human readiness toward distance learning or e-learning concept.
Wijayanengtias & Claretta (2020) mentioned that stay at home or in the next
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called as WFH or work from home instruction has converted face to face or convention to the distance learning or E-learning. However, this method was suitable in term of saving public health. Arkorful & Abaidoo (2015) described that distance learning or E-learning means the using of technology and network that could make improvement during learning process. It means that distance learning using E-learning platform is a good deal of future educational process.
Liu and Wang (in Arkorful & Abaidoo, 2015) argued that E-learning is the answer for distance and time problem, and it could provide some features such as many material resources, easy sharing and flexibility of time. Thus, distance learning or E-learning is the way that could be used to improve learning process particularly in term of distance and time. According to some statements above, some statements mentioned that e-learning or daring actually is the good and futuristic educational which is pretty nice to be adopted in Indonesian context,
In fact, it is not truly nice changing. In Indonesia, face to face process in learning had become most chosen method for several years. Rahmawati & Sujono (2021) mentioned in their study that some educational expertise prefer to use traditional learning as the best way in teaching and learning process. Commonly, learners should come to school or learning department for getting their learning process. In other words, the factors which influence the implantation of distance learning are covid19 and developing quality of Indonesian educational process. In other side, Wijayanengtias & Claretta (2020) found in their research that their subjects which registered as active students in 10 Indonesian university were perceived enjoy and give good perception about distance learning. However, E-
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learning still has challenging part, and it would be more complicated if it is mixed with L2 acquisition process in Indonesian context. The other research also mentioned that distance learning or learning through online networking in Indonesia named as daring still has obstacles in the process. Rahmawati & Sujono (2021) also argued that there are some technical resistances for online learning such as connection problem, learning platform and device or computerize. They also mentioned that E-learning is still not familiar, learners need synchronizing time. In their research that used Ruangguru members as the subject also mentioned that financial situation is also the barrier for having proper E-learning.
It means, there are two possibilities regarding online class. The first is good means ready and give advantage. The second is bad or give disadvantage.
Learning in second language actually has some steps and also skill proficiency which should be understood as well. Based on the skill in language study, there are four skills which have to be mastered. those are speaking, listening, reading and writing. Aydogan (2014) assumed that reading, listening, speaking and writing are basic language skill or called as primary skills which need to be mastered. In term of L1 learning process, those skills already have the linguistic and non-linguistic problem. Those phenomena normally happened as the resistant of the language acquiring process. Logically, L1 that used every day still has the linguistic problem, and additional problem must be also faced when it was in L2 acquiring context. Thus, L2 adopting process definitely has more complicated difficulties. In detail, learning language is not about changing the word translation to the target language, but it is also about culture and cross
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understanding which should be suitable each other without changing the culture of the language itself. In writing skill context, writer is not only write what they want. Anwar & Ahmed (2016) showed having idea, background knowledge and understanding the purpose are needed for writing process. L2 writing commonly has the significant problem than writing in L1 because in writing process there are many factors that have to be controlled by the writer. The factors are academic background, student or writer interest and linguistic proficiency. Keith et al.
(2018) said that academic background related to the education experience and the level or score. Rahmatunisa (2014) classified that cognitive, linguistic and mindset were the cons Idabel aspect in writing. Based on Anwar & Ahmed (2016) interesting idea as the topic would influence writing process even in L2 or L1.
Gaillard & Tremblay (2016) mentioned about the parts of linguistic proficiency aresyntax, morphology, vocabulary, and pronunciation. Nunan (in Fareed et al., 2016) argued that writing is an extremely difficult cognitive activity which requires the learner to have control over various factors.
In Indonesian context, writing skill becomes the important skill.
Commonly, in the university level students would be asked to write their thesis. It is also applied in the next of educational level for the requirement of graduation.
Thus, mastering writing skill is very crucial for education process. For the language department such as EFLs in Unisma, the students should write in English context. In other word, it is going to be double step of the L2 writing. The first they have to understand their mother tongue context. Normally, L1 is the tool which could deliver L2 to brain. The second, they also need to learn in L2 context.
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In fact, L2 has totally different concept, habit, fundamental and culture, so they should be able to transfer the information to each other language without breaking any language rule itself. As pointed above, every language has the characteristic and the culture. Thus, writing in L2 needs more effort. In L2 writing process, Ahmed (2010) showed in his research that coherent and cohesion aspect in L2 writing process take important part. He explained that coherent related with background knowledge that lead the writer to take the topic. For cohesion aspect, he said that it related with how the writer could linked and synchronized the sentence or the point by point to be one, and it also related with semantic. The next theory, motivation also becomes the considerable point that needs to be had by the writer or the students. Purnama et al. (2019) noted that Motivation is the wrench of success in learning process. Motivation is the reason of some action which is did. In education context, motivation could be the booster for the learner itself. Motivation in study also could be the key of successful. She also argued that motivation is the combination of attempt plus desire which gives the reasons for people's actions, desires, and needs to obtain the objective of learning towards an objective. Related to the writing skill, it is going to be very important to keep student performance in process, but lack of motivation especially in writing could be a disaster and resistant to get the best written outcome.
Another finding showed by Jairos Gonye (2012) that there were some obstacles which made the L2 writing output not good, and resisted the process of L2 writing itself. First is spelling for highest frequently happened case. The second cases which often happened were part of speech, alternative word and
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subject agreement. For more factor which could be the problem, he also mentioned that Punctuation, Prepositions, Word division, Citation sources and referencing, Tenses, Ambiguity and others are commonly happened. For the next research, Pineteh (2013) believed the challenges of his subject when they were writing on second language were finding and developing ideas, grammatical error, background knowledge, language across meaning between L1 and L2 and syntax.
As the background of this paper, there were some researchers who concerned to the writing challenge and factor which could be the weakness and problem of L2 writing in Indonesian learner context. The first, Burhansyah (2019) showed that the most error occurred in Indonesian undergraduate student was intralingual error. In the next, he explained that intralingual problem refers to the failing of the student in transferring the context from L1 to the target language, thus, intralingual in this case made the related problem such as ambiguity and grammatical error. For the next related research, Nasir (2019) mentioned that it was found that understudies got a few syntactic challenges related to issues of meaning complexity, issues of frame complexity, and issues of form-meaning mapping relationship. In detail,
The three issues as depicted in point one was influenced by five components to be specific: information of syntactic constituents, information of semantics, information of pragmatics, past linguistic use instructing and learning, and L1 information. Anwar & Ahmed (2016) clarified that the point of effective composing text isn't as it were creating clear and rectify sentences but moreover to type in precisely and creatively. According to Rahmatunisa (2014) linguistic
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issues, cognitive issues, and mental issues were the most happened part. In detail about linguistic issues, she showed that learner faced issues in linguistic aspect related to the linguistic structure (23.2%), designing words (30.2%), words classes (16.3%), blunder in utilizing words (9.3%), and the utilize of article (21%). She also explained that cognitive issues were related to organizing section, challenges in remaining word classes, getting misplaced the structure, making a conclusion, and putting punctuation mark. The next, she mentioned that mental issues which included sluggishness, pride, terrible disposition, and challenges to begin composing text. Thus, regarding to mentioned results above which could be the background of this research, the author concluded that there are three majors of problem in L2 writing process: linguistic, cognitive and motivation. In linguistic aspect, it refers to grammatical structure, diction choices, and syntax, in cognitive aspect, the problems are topic developing, finding matched data support and matching every part of the whole text. It means the coherent and cohesion. In psychological or mindset aspect, motivation learning, learner interest and learner attitude are the considerable point. Based on all aspect and explanation above, combining e-learning with the problem and writing process with the problem should be considered because it would give random impact to the learning process either good or bad impact. Thus, this research would try to answer those all.
1.2 Research Problems
In this research there are two problems that must be explored. Both are shown below:
1. What are the EFL’s writing problems during distance learning?
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2. What are the EFL’s writing process strategies during distance learning?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
These are the objectives of this study:
This research is designed to investigate the EFL’s writing problems that interfere the EFL students of University of Islam Malang during distance learning (daring), and to explore the students’ writing strategy which is used to solve writing process problem during online writing process at University of Islam Malang.
1.4 Significance of the Study
This research is presented for getting the result that could help student and teacher in writing process. It’s also the part of general writing development for having better outcome and minimize the learning obstacle.
1.4.1 Students
They would able to understand their problem. Thus, they could consider what should do to improve their writing outcome. This research could also help the new student in L2 especially in writing skill who wants to start his/her writing text in English context.
1.4.2 Teacher or Lecturer
The benefit of this research for teachers is that they can be able to improve the learning performance based on existing weaknesses while distance learning is on process. Teachers can get benefit by knowing what students’ encountered
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problems then providing solutions or efforts that might optimize what students do in their learning process.
1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study is focused on the writing development especially during daring or distance learning. This research would be exploring writing resistant that may happened in writing process. The focusing data only explored about EFL writing process specifically on the problem and strategy. The result would show about what should do to improve writing process by minimize the problem on writing process. However, this study only investigates the writing problem without giving treatment. For the next research, it needs some real treatment that would make improving writing skill at the same time. As addition, this research would only use writing journal as the object of research.
The limitation is, this research has very limitation time for collecting data.
On the same time, there is unusual situation which is happened called corona virus disaster. Thus, this research would have very limited time in collecting data with the subject. Last, the type of writing product which become the exploring data is only in writing journal. So, it could be not really proper to apply in other writing type because there are so many types of writing.
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
Writing skill means the process that is done by writer to produce their expression using text written. Raimes (1983) stated that writing is an activity which use the part of language in physical form or text for express the idea of the
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writer. Thus, writing is one of the communicative tools in language communication.
Writing outcome is the product of writing process. It is always in written text. In addition, based on my experience, there are some type of writing outcome that I had found when I study in University of Islam Malang such as essay, journal and thesis.
EFL writing students mean the learners who registered in writing class, and actively producing or joining the writing project. Or the student of EFL Unisma who had passed from writing class, and truly finished their writing project.
Background knowledge refers to the experience of educational process which has been done by the learner. It also related with the knowledge level. In addition, in would influence the writing performance.
Learning strategy is a way of learning that formulated and used as a guide in going through the learning process. Each lesson must have its own strategy.
The right learning strategy will also help students to get quality learning outcomes.
Online learning is a type of learning that utilizes technologiy as a learning tool. In general, this type of learning heavily relies on digital information technology and the internet in its implementation. Online learning also has many advantages. The most striking is the efficiency of time and place. At the mention, many Indonesians call online learning as pembelajaran daring. pembelajaran
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daring has meaning that the learning is oriented to the use of the internet as a teaching and learning platform.
64 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
the analyst may conclude that the larger part of the members in this ponder who were anticipated to be agent of the by and large part of composing understudies in 4th semester did not have critical issues or deterrents in their learning handle, particularly within the composing lesson in 4th semester. The current condition was at medium or halfway up to great or solid. It was measured utilizing a few pointers: specialized availability, non-technical status and phonetic capability in composing reason included the level of linguistic use, component in composing and the level of understanding or cognitive capacity. All of the scenarios were carried out in composing 4 where it was the final level of essential composing learning. Also, the subject moreover had an awesome position in term of technology utilization. It was exceptionally basic in remote learning which was exceptionally near to internet and computer-based learning.
In addition, there were a few focuses that required to be considered with respect to the usage of separate learning. Satisfactory and standardized dissemination of systems must be displayed in all range of this nation. It was exceptionally vital since the adaptability perspective which is the most advantage in separate learning may be satisfied. A few respondents moreover said that they did have a great web association, but they might not be beyond any doubt on the off chance that they were in another put. This requires back from numerous
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parties, particularly from the government which is dependable for the condition of web accessibility and quality in Indonesia.
the analyst concluded that the members tended to do learning independently instead of in bunches or in collaboration. One of the greatest components that made this conceivable was the usage of remove learning strategies amid the widespread. The analyst too expected that the learning strategy utilized within the 4th semester composing course was likely to work independently than in bunches. Besides, they had been able to require advantage of ICT within the shape of optimizing the utilization of computer program and websites where it was a way or procedure that might be utilized in their composing handle or assignments. The utilizing of offices or highlights based on the web or innovation can be happened since the larger part of the members in this ponder have availability in both of equipment and program or learning stages. All of them were broadly accessible in today's cutting edge time. It ought to be underlined, indeed in spite of the fact that they were in fact prepared, a few of them still felt that there was a small obstruction around the accessibility of the association. It was not game changing issue since the association here was related to solidness or quality, not almost need of arrange accessibility.
5.2 Suggestion 5.2.1 Instructure
The suggestion that the researcher recommends to the instructors or class lecturers in writing class 4 is about giving more pressure and be able to control students’ discipline even through media or internet-based tools that are
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often used for distance learning. The reason why the researcher recommend as like above since the finding of the research particularly in interview section showed that most of the subjects felt less control and pressure which could lead to be orderly in learning activities. The result also showed that there were possibility to join online class with unfocused condition. Meanwhile, for general instructors, the researcher recommends to apply the self-assessment method in the learning process. It is very needed for having good individual learning environment.
5.2.2 Students
For students, the researcher strongly recommends to develop the potential obtained from distance learning methods, namely optimizing learning by using the latest technology. In the future, students are expected not only to be able to study independently, but students should also be able to collaborate and even having competition in global area, such as attending various classes or exercises held by other institutions in around the world. The hope is students will get more experience and training in order to become highly competent graduates.
5.2.3 The Next Researcher
For future researchers who may be interested in exploring the same topic, the researcher highly recommends conducting research with early semester students or even the junior and senior high school students. Then, the researcher also suggests to take measurements through an objective assessment of the original results of the participants, and the result combined with the participants’
self-assessment.
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