In the context of decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 70 UNFCCC (Encouraging developing country parties to contribute to mitigation measures in the forest sector): Post-technical assessment of the UNFCCC, Directorate-General for Climate Change. Indonesia accepts the invitation to voluntarily submit proposed Forest National Reference Level (FREL) for deforestation and forest degradation for results-based payments for activities related to REDD+.
Relevance
12/CP.17 provides guidance for developing country parties wishing to implement REDD+ activities to include in their FREL/FRL submission transparent, complete, consistent with the guidance adopted by the COP and accurate information for the purpose of enabling technical assessment data , methodologies and procedures used in the production of FREL/FRL. These include decision-making guidelines and procedures for the technical assessment of the site submission of proposed reference emissions levels for forests and/or
General Approach
The rationales of area, activities, pools and gases covered in the FREL construction are explained in the following chapters.
Historical background
The Objectives of this Submission
Process of FREL establishment
FREL was completed by a team based on Decree no. of the Minister of Environment and Forests. However, given that other methods involved very, very general assumptions about future policies and developments with a relatively high degree of uncertainty, and considering what is currently available. data and spatial information, an empirical model best matches the requirements for FREL development.
Forest
Forest is defined in this document, which refers to the "working definition", as "a land area of more than 6.25 ha with trees taller than 5 meters at maturity and a canopy cover of more than 30 percent". The area team is based on the production of land cover maps through visual interpretation of satellite images at a scale of 1:50,000 where the minimum area for polygon delineation is 0.25 cm2, which is equal to 6.25 ha (minimum mapping unit).
Deforestation
Forest Degradation
Peat land
FREL
This FREL has been developed based on historical forest dynamics and serves as a benchmark for future performance evaluation of REDD+ activities. FREL was established by considering the trends, availability and reliability of historical data, and choosing a reference period length that is sufficient to capture significant policy dynamics and other impacts.
Area Covered
Activities Covered
The Wallace and Weber lines divide Indonesia into three distinctive eco-zones representing different vegetation and fauna characteristics (Kartawinata, 2005; Mayr, 1944). Despite the availability of long time series of activity data at the national level, data on carbon sequestration are very limited and scarce.
Pools and Gases
However, the soil's carbon in mineral soil is not included in the emissions calculation, as the changes in carbon in mineral soil that indicate emissions. We have limited data and information on mineral soil treatment/handling for activity data.
Data
- Land-cover data
- National peat land data
- Emission factors for deforestation and forest degradation
- Peat emission factor
This model was found to perform equally well as local models in the Indonesian tropical forests (Rutishauser et al., 2013; Manuri et al., 2014). Most peatlands are located in the provinces of Central, East and South Kalimantan, Riau and Jambi (Hooijer et al., 2006).
Methodology and Procedures
- Land cover change analysis
- Reference period
- Reference emission calculation
- Emission calculation from deforestation and forest degradation
- Emission calculation from peat decomposition
- Uncertainty calculation
Historical emissions from peat degradation have been calculated for the same base period as deforestation and forest degradation. The average emissions from deforestation and forest degradation over the entire period P (MGEP) were calculated using Equation 5.
Estimates of Deforestation and Forest Degradation Area
Deforestation
As expected, the least forested regions of Maluku, Java and Bali Nusa Tenggara account for only a small proportion of national deforestation and contribute to only 6% of total deforestation in Indonesia (Figure 5). The expansion of industrial timber plantations and the rapid expansion of palm oil were also significant reasons for the second highest rate of deforestation in the period Margono et al. 2012). The low rate of deforestation in the period 2000-2003 was mainly due to the implementation of the Ministry of Forestry's National Strategic Plan, known as the soft landing policy.
Forest degradation
The bars indicate the dynamic degradation rates per associated interval period, and the red line depicts the average annual degradation from. Most of the decline in Sulawesi during the period 2009-2011 was due to forest encroachment mainly for the planting of cocoa. Forest degradation in Papua is mostly caused by subsystem (sub-farming system) local community activities, which are intended to fulfill the community's primary needs (food and housing materials).
Emissions from Deforestation, Forest Degradation, and Peat Decomposition
Emissions from deforestation
Emissions from forest degradation
Emissions from peat decomposition
Uncertainty Analysis
Constructed National Forest Reference Emissions Level
Annual and average annual historical emissions from deforestation, forest degradation and the associated peatland degradation (in MtCO2) in Indonesia from 1990 to 2012. The management of peatland (especially water management) is very important to reduce the rate of peatland degradation. Based on the historical emissions from the emission from deforestation, forest degradation and the associated emission from peatland degradation for 2013 are expected to be 0.57 GtCO2e.
Forest Governance in Indonesia
The Conservation Forest is a forest area which has the main function of preserving the diversity of flora and fauna and the ecosystem. Protection Forest (Hutan Lindung/HL) is a forest area that has the primary function of protecting life support systems to manage water, prevent flooding, control erosion, prevent seawater intrusion, and maintain soil fertility. A productive forest is a forest area that has the main function of producing forest products, especially timber.
Trend of Development in the Land Based Sector
The Ministry of Forestry has allocated approximately 15.2 million ha of national forest area for conversion to other land uses (ALU) whenever necessary for development in the future (see Map of Designated Forest Area from MoFor, 2014). Apart from these forested areas, there are also 7.48 million ha of natural forest (as of 2012) located on APL (other land uses/non-forest land). Consequently, the total area of natural forests that can be converted is 14.72 million ha (Figure 14).
Policy intervention to reduce emissions
With the inclusion of peat in the FREL, Indonesia aims to evaluate the impact of the implementation of the peat management policies in the future. Limitation of the analysis was mostly related to the data in the context of availability, clarity, accuracy, completeness and completeness. Towards further improvement in the future, there have been a number of ongoing initiatives, including for example improvement of activity data, improvement of forest emission factor (carbon stock), and improvement of emission factor of peatland and mangrove ecosystems, in which the results are not not fully used in the FREL construction for this submission.
Improvement of Activity Data
A national land cover/land use standard for land cover mapping has been developed through the One Map Policy. Therefore, the potential for annual wall-to-wall land cover mapping for future monitoring periods will be great. It is expected that in the future, improvements using a hybrid approach involving manual and digital classification can be used to generate annual land cover maps for Indonesia (e.g. Margono et al., 2014).
Improvement of Forest Emission Factors (Carbon Stock)
The historical land cover data used for this FREL submission was generated using visual interpretation, which is time consuming and requires trained operators (Margono et al., 2015). The method has been exercised by the ICRAF ALLREDDI project (Ekadinata et al., 2011) and GIZ FORCLIME (Navratil et al., 2013) for land cover mapping with detailed classification. As such, errors can be identified more quickly, and are easier to correct or check in the field.
Improvement of Peatland Emission Factors
Estimating Peatland Fire Emissions
Due to the high uncertainty of the relationship between the hot spot and the burn scar area, the calculation of peat fire emissions is excluded in this paper. The opportunity to improve this approach is mainly to provide annual (wall-by-wall) data on burn wound maps. In addition to identifying the area of the burn scar, it is also important to accurately estimate the depth of burned peat for calculating emissions from peat fires.
Inclusion of other REDD+ Activities
Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Group, Wageningen, The Netherlands, p. 75. 2010) Second National Communication of Indonesia under the United National Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): Ministry of Environment, Republic of Indonesia. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation in Indonesia, Consolidation Report, FORDA: Ministry of Forestry, Republic of Indonesia. Indonesia's National Carbon Accounting System: National Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals in Indonesia's Forests and Peatlands.
Documentation and specification of the land-cover data
The product comparison of Margono et al. 2014) in the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry data on primary forests (intact and degraded forms) for the year 2000 (start date) and 2012 (end date) of the analysis. Comparison of LCCA LAPAN output product (referring to tree cover) with Indonesian Ministry of Forestry forest data in 2000 (start date) and 2012 (end date of analysis). Agreement of the MF land cover data used in this analysis with two other independent studies (Margono and LAPAN/LCCA-LAPAN).
Documentation and specification of the peat land data
A combination of remote sensing techniques and physiographic/relief analysis (supported by topographic and geological data) was used to increase accuracy. Detailed documentation of the peatland map in Indonesia can be found in the document entitled "Peta Lahan Gambut Indonesia Skala 1:250,000 Edisi December 2011" (in Indonesian "Indonesian Peatland Map Scale 1:250,000 Edition December 2011") published by the Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Ministry of Agriculture Indonesia.
Documentation and specification of the forest carbon stock data
The purpose of the plots created by the NFI project was to assess forest resources on a national scale. Most of the clusters are located in the area with an altitude of less than 1000 m above sea level (ASL). All individual trees in the plot were examined and the plot information was checked for each plot to ensure correct information, as part of the quality assurance process.
Measuring emissions from peat fires
It was found that the annual estimated burned areas of peat varied greatly between 2001 and 2012 (Figure in Appendix 4.2). The results of the calculation of emissions from burnt peat are shown in Figure Annex 4.3. Analyzes of the relationship between focal parameters (fire intensity, frequency, etc.) and the depth of burned peat should be performed in order to better estimate the depth of burned peat on a burned peatland and thus estimate the actual emissions from peat fires. 2009) used airborne LIDAR to estimate the depth of burnt peat with an accuracy of less than 20 cm. 2016) found that carbon loss varied greatly between repeated fires in desiccated tropical peatlands.
Detailed Activity Data for calculation of emissions from deforestation, forest degradation and the associated
Emission Factor Matrix for peat decomposition calculation
The emission factors for each land cover type (diagonal; for land that remains the same land cover) and each land cover undergoing a transition to another land cover (off-diagonal) are shown in Table Appendix 6.1. The top or bottom cells (white cells) of the diagonal cells represent emission factors for the areas that change to that land cover during a change period. Assuming that a change takes place gradually, the associated emission factors are calculated as the average of the peat emission factor of the soil cover before (T0) and after (T1) the change.
The estimates of AGB stocks and emission factors in each forest type in Indonesia (by main Islands)
Estimates of AGB stocks and emission factors in each forest type in Indonesia (by major islands).
Uncertainty analysis
Sustainable forest management
Introduction and summary A. Overview
The TA took place (as a centralized activity) from 17 to 18 March 2016 in Bonn, Germany and was coordinated by the secretariat.2 The meeting was led by two experts in land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) from List of UNFCCC3 experts (hereafter referred to as the assessment team (TA)): Mr. TA of FREL submitted by Indonesia was undertaken in accordance with the guidelines and procedures for TA of submissions by Parties to the proposed FREL and FRL as are contained in the annex to decision 13/CP.19. Data, methodologies and procedures used in the construction of the proposed forest reference emission level.
Data, methodologies and procedures used in the construction of the proposed forest reference emission level
Emission factors used in the FREL for deforestation and forest degradation are based on data from Indonesia's NFI. The AT noted that although the emission factors of the Wetlands Supplement are intended to be applied only to "drained organic soils", the FREL does not distinguish between areas with and without drainage. The AT commends Indonesia for including an explanation of the forest definition in the amended FREL submission.
Conclusions
AT acknowledges that Indonesia included in FREL the emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, which are the two main REDD-plus activities in Indonesia. AT commends Indonesia for the information on its ongoing work in developing FREL and improving the accuracy and coverage of the estimates. AT agrees with Indonesia's assessment and commends Indonesia for the ongoing work in the following areas for improvement:.
