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Until the late Pleistocene, when the group fell on hard times, Camelidae must be considered one of the more successful ungulate families. As in many other herbivorous families, the earliest members of the Camelidae were of small body size. The confusing taxonomic history of the giant camels is such that for each specific identification there are many more references to “camelid, large, gen.
All the genera that make up the Camelini can be called giants, but only two of the Lamini, Camelops and Blancocamelus, reach an extraordinary body size. Aepycamelus is the geologically oldest giant camel, ranging from Barstovian to early Hemphilian and occurring in the southern and western United States (Fig. 2). All species of Aepycamelus are known for their extremely elongated, slender limbs and neck vertebrae.
Macdonald (1966:12) described an associated partial skeleton and jaws from the Camp Creek fauna of Nevada. Patton referred limb elements from the Cold Spring fauna and the Lapara Creek fauna of Texas to Aepycamelus sp. From the Saw Rock fauna in Kansas, Hibbard referred a toe bone to Gigantocamelus cf.
Martin and Harksen (1974:14) referred a partial mandible from the Delmont fauna of South Dakota to Titanotylopus. Megacamelus is currently known only from the late Hemphilian of the southwestern United States (Figure 6). T A B L E 2.—Measurements (cm) of skull and upper dentition of Megacamelus merriami, new combination, from Keams Canyon (O.R. = observed range, X = sample mean, s.d. = standard deviation).
T A B L E 3.-Measurements (cm) of the mandible and lower dentition of Megacamelus merriami, new combination, from Keams Canyon (O.R. = observed range, X = sample mean, s.d = standard deviation). DISCUSSION.—Megacamelus merriami is most closely related to Gigantocamelus spatulus, but differs from it in the presence of the large, dog-like F, smaller size, less shortened limbs, and undercrowned teeth. Additionally, several characters such as the presence of Pi in all specimens, greater degree of hypsodonty, and the greater distance between Ci and P3 preclude the referral of the Keams Canyon camel to Titanotylopus.
Camels migrated from North America via Beringia near the end of the Tertiary, probably during the late Ruskinian.
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T he limbs of Camelops are stout and the metapodials less slender than those of the other layers. T he tendency towards gigantism in camelids is first evident in Aepycamelus in the late Clarendonian and continued through the rest of the Cenozoic (Figure 17). Fossils from the Seymour Formation of Knox and Baylor Counties, Texas, and the influence on the late Kansan climate of the region.
Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of the Chamita Formation stratotype (Mio-Pliocene) of northern and central New Mexico. Handbook of the Field Conference on Late Cenozoic Biostratigraphy of the Texas Panhandle and Adjacent Oklahoma. Manuscripts intended for serial publication undergo substantive review at the originating Smithsonian museums or offices and are submitted to the Smithsonian Institution Press on Form SI-36, which must demonstrate approval by the appropriate authority designated by the sponsoring organizational unit.
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