Box 3.5 - Alternative technologies for resource recovery from waste: (1) Materials recovery and sorting facilities, including MBTs. Box 3.7 - Alternative technologies for resource recovery from waste: (3) Fuel and energy recovery from waste streams.
WASTE
MANAGEMENT AS A POLITICAL
CHAPTER
THE CHALLENGE OF SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT
Waste management is one of the essential utility services supporting society in the 21st century, especially in urban areas. Despite this, the public and political profile of waste management is often lower than other utility services.
AND BURNING
MOVING FROM WASTE MANAGEMENT TO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Low- and middle-income countries still face major challenges in ensuring universal access to waste collection services, eliminating uncontrolled disposal and incineration, and moving towards environmentally sound management of all waste. Low- and middle-income countries need to devise and implement innovative and effective policies and practices to promote waste prevention and stem the relentless increase in waste per capita. per capita as economies develop.
WASTE MANAGEMENT AS AN ENTRY POINT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Many developed countries have made great strides in addressing waste management, especially since the environment entered the international agenda in the 1960s, and there are many examples of good practice available for the international community to learn from. Meeting this challenge is made even more difficult by predictions that major cities in lower-income countries are likely to double in population over the next 20 or so years, which is also likely to increase the local political priority that given to waste matters.
Environment and climate change ➠ Environmental Domain
In addition, upstream actions to address the problem at source, such as designing waste, preventing its generation and reusing products, have the potential for much greater carbon savings, as these displace greenhouse gas emissions across a wide range of sectors that would otherwise be incurred to provide the displaced products. So a focus on waste and resource management has the potential to achieve significant short-term mitigation of climate change, equivalent to perhaps 15-20%, across a range of sectors.
Good governance ➠ Social Domain
Similarly, recycling replaces unusual materials at a much lower carbon cost and therefore reduces emissions across the economy.
Enterprise & creating sustainable livelihoods ➠ Economic Domain
Sustainable Development Goals ➠ Integration
- By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services,
- By 2030, reduce the adverse environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention
- By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water, and soil
- By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout
- By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse
- Halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels, and reduce food losses along production
- By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations,
- By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than
- By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of [people] living in poverty
- Take immediate and effective measures to secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour,
- Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant
- Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavour
- By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use
- By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution [and] eliminating dumping and minimizing release of
- By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities,
- By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater
- By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix
By 2030, significantly reduce waste generation through prevention and the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle) and thereby create green jobs. By 2030, halve global food waste per capita at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses in the supply chain.
TOPIC SHEET
WASTE AND CLIMATE
In reducing greenhouse gas emissions, waste management is of particular importance, both because its primary emissions have a much higher GWP than CO2 and because both methane and black carbon are short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs). Therefore, the control of methane from landfills and black carbon from open combustion require urgent attention.
CONTAMINANT LIFETIME GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (GWP) TIME HORIZON 20 years 100 years 500 years
Estimates of global black carbon emissions suggest that 40% come from the open burning of biomass, including forest and grassland fires and the open burning of both urban and agricultural waste, while 60% comes from energy sources including power stations, industry, transport and residential fuel. usage. The mass emissions of black carbon from biomass combustion are an order of magnitude smaller than the methane generated from waste, but the much higher GWP of black carbon in terms of CO2 equivalent makes black carbon potentially a significant contributor, especially over a period of twenty years. horizon.
THE WORLD’S 50
BIGGEST DUMPSITES 1
MILLION TONS OF WASTE
This means that the nearest settlement is, for example, less than 0.5 km away for half of the localities, and further than 0.5 km away for the other half.
BACKGROUND, DEFINITIONS,
CONCEPTS AND
THE GLOBAL WASTE MANAGEMENT OUTLOOK (GWMO)
- Overall aims
- Specific objectives
- Audience and outcome
- GWMO development process
- Future plans
In addition, a Steering Committee was established that would function as the quality assurance body of the GWMO. Several Member States have already requested the development of the Waste Management Outlook for their specific region.
DEFINING THE SCOPE AND COVERAGE OF THE GWMO
- What does the GWMO mean by waste?
- Waste as a resource
- Geograhical scope
So GWMO is about waste and resource management, looking upstream at waste prevention and all components of a circular economy, and downstream at managing waste after it has been discarded (Figure 2.1 ). The 'feedback curves' shown in Figure 2.1 show that recycling and recovery are also firmly within the scope of GWMO.
Receiving environmental
GWMO focuses primarily on policy planning at the national level, but for this it considers waste management at the local (city), regional and national levels. Internationally, GWMO aims to be relevant to all countries, regardless of income level, in all major world regions and in the context of different climates and local geographies.
Waste as a
Responsibility for waste
Properties of
Specific types of
Formal and
Geographical
- DRIVERS FOR WASTE AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
- Historical drivers in developed countries
- Current drivers around the world
- AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE GWMO
- Integrated sustainable waste management (ISWM)
- Life-cycle analysis (LCA) and other assessment tools
- WASTE RELATED DATA AND INDICATORS
- Introduction
- Quality and availability of waste-related data
- Waste management indicators
- Resource management indicators
The hierarchy also leaves out some of the early steps in the waste management chain, including waste storage and collection. The GWMO therefore does make use of the waste management hierarchy, but at the same time recognizes its limitations.
SUSTAINABLE 3
CONSUMPTION
AND PRODUCTION 1
Businesses, as one of the key actors in the system with direct influence on consumption patterns, have a major role to play in facilitating and promoting sustainable consumption and production. 10 More detailed information can be found in the 2010 UNEP/Wuppertal Institute document cited in Annex A, Chapter 2, section SCP.
WASTE PREVENTION 1
In discussions about waste management priorities, concern for waste prevention can be dismissed as a 'luxury'. However, taking waste prevention seriously is at least as important – if not more so – in countries with developing economies, due to the large amounts of waste that must be handled daily in their cities.
Waste Prevention
SIDS probably know this better than other nations – faced with constant imports of goods to their populations and influx of tourists (on whom they depend for their income), and the limited space for waste disposal, they face unique waste management challenges.8 Waste prevention is therefore of crucial importance to limit ever-increasing quantities of waste. Furthermore, these countries often know more about waste prevention than high-income countries and have more and better waste prevention skills and systems (eg for repair and recycling) in place.
SOLID WASTE 5
MANAGEMENT IN SMALL ISLANDS DEVELOPING
STATES (SIDS) 1
For example, in the Pacific, the sustainable management of waste is guided by a Regional Solid Waste Management Strategy implemented by the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program (SPREP). A critical component of the strategy is the Japanese government-sponsored J-PRISM program that provides practical technical support to improve solid waste management in the region.
Transfer Stations
A gradual increase in collection was established until the total coverage of the island was reached; and public awareness activities were undertaken on solid waste management. Dookee, Principal Project Officer, Solid Waste Management Division, Ministry of Environment, Sustainable Development, Disaster and Beach Management.
MANAGEMENT
GLOBAL
- SUMMARY OF THE CHAPTER – KEY MESSAGES ON THE GLOBAL STATUS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT 1
- OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL WASTE GENERATION
- OVERVIEW OF MSW GENERATION
- MSW generation
- MSW Composition and Properties
A best 'order of magnitude' estimate of total global municipal solid waste (MSW) emissions is approximately 2 billion tonnes per year. Organic fractions constitute a larger percentage of municipal waste generated in low-income countries (where organic waste typically accounts for 50 to 70% of all municipal waste) than in high-income countries (where organics typically account for 20 to 40%). .
INCOME
Trends in MSW generation
Future projections of population and waste per capita data are needed to project these figures into the future and predict future changes in MSW generation. As shown in Figure 3.2, there is a clear relationship between waste per capita and income level; so unless specific waste prevention.
CURRENT STATUS OF MSW MANAGEMENT: PROTECTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT
- Collection coverage
Notes: The figure shows the collection coverage versus gross national income (GNI) per population on a logarithmic scale. The blue vertical bar represents an apparent 'collection coverage threshold' (GNI of US$2000–3000 per capita) as first discussed in Wilson et al.
Scale of operation SMALLER-SCALE
RESOURCE RECOVERY
- Collection for recycling
- Technologies for resource recovery
Recycling rates depend both on the degree of mixing and on the concentration of the target material or element. Such materials may be able to meet an end-of-waste protocol.59 This is the reason for the use of the term 'compost-like output' (CLO) when mixed waste is used as feedstock (such as from an MBT plant).
High potential, particularly in developing countries with a high organic fraction in MSW
- GLOBAL SECONDARY MATERIALS INDUSTRY
- The globalization of secondary materials markets
- Ferrous metals
- Non-ferrous metals
- Plastics
- Paper
- Textiles
- OTHER WASTE STREAMS AND EMERGING ISSUES
All the countries mentioned in Table 3.3 consume more than 1 million tonnes per year of recycled paper in their national paper industry. Quality is likely to be the key to the future of the global market for recycled paper.
CONSTRUCTION 6
AND DEMOLITION (C&D) WASTE
In the Gulf region, where major infrastructure projects are on the rise, but baseline recycling levels are low – only 4% in Qatar in 201215 – several C&D waste recycling projects have been developed using the public-private partnership model ( PPP). 16 http://www.theclimategroup.org/what-we-do/news-and-blogs/construction-waste-recycling-in-china-the-climate-group-releases-new-report/. Rebuilding C&D Waste Recycling Efforts in India.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
- WASTE
- waste 97
- waste legislation and management
- waste management and support for decision making through partnerships
All hazardous waste must be separated at source and managed in an environmentally sound manner. 12 A training resource package (TRP) for the management of hazardous waste in emerging economies was first published in 2002 by ISWA, UNEP and the Basel Convention.
CASE STUDY
NETWORK FOR E-WASTE 1
RECYCLING IN KENYA AND OTHER AFRICAN
In addition, members of the E-Waste Solutions Alliance for Africa10 have helped raise funding for the EACR. Local awareness of the dangers of e-waste and the necessary steps for proper e-waste management is extremely low.
MARINE LITTER 1
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is one such collection of marine debris in the North Pacific Ocean. Evidence has also accumulated for the uptake of hydrophobic chemical pollutants present in water, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs), into marine plastics.
DISASTER WASTE 1
During the recovery phase, the disaster waste management program will continue to develop, including monitoring and assessing the situation and implementing specific waste management projects. 7 The waste management emergency plan can be developed as a stand-alone initial plan, to be later coordinated with a wider disaster preparedness or emergency response plan, or directly as part of wider plans.
DISASTER WASTE 2
MANAGEMENT FOLLOWING TYPHOON HAIYAN,
First, debris clearance has adopted a cash-for-work system that involves labor-intensive debris collection by typhoon victims. The evaluations led to draft recommendations to the Philippine government to update the Organic Solid Waste Management Act RA9003.
FOOD WASTE
It is therefore no surprise that UN agencies, governments and civil society are currently taking steps to prevent food waste through awareness campaigns, regulatory interventions, community events and the exchange of ideas and experiences around the world. As one of the six overall 'work lines' in the comprehensive programme, the City's Food Bank was established in 2003 to help prevent food waste and at the same time deliver healthy food to those in need.
LOVE FOOD HATE WASTE: 3
CHANGING BEHAVIOUR AND REDUCING FOOD WASTE
In 2014 we developed a new training pack, Save More, which can be delivered independently of WRAP and Love Food Hate Waste and is free to download for anyone in the UK. I have been working on the Love Food Hate Waste campaign since 2007 and we have had many challenges along the way, but also many successes.
Love Food Hate Waste
Those households that reported seeing the Love Food Hate Waste campaign and doing something different as a result reduced their avoidable food waste by 43% (as measured by waste composition analysis). The reduction in food waste overall could have saved around GBP 1.3 million (over a 12 month period) in disposal costs (including gate fees and landfill tax).
MILAN – THE FIRST 4
METROPOLIS IN EUROPE WITH INTENSIVE SOURCE
SEPARATION OF FOOD WASTE 1
SUMMARY OF THE CHAPTER – KEY MESSAGES ON WASTE GOVERNANCE
Make sure those who are critical to the success of the system are included. Good governance requires consistency in decision-making at all levels and in all dimensions of the system.
INTRODUCTION
- Introduction to waste governance
These laws and regulations are both a response to the rising costs of waste management and the value of the resources obtained. Therefore, the term governance is used here to refer to the institutions and processes, both formal and informal, that ensure the state's interaction with a range of other actors or stakeholders affected by government activities.
Drivers
Aware that this is a normative statement, GWMO consistently maintains that good governance is inclusive. Consequently, waste governance is as much about the role of government and policy instruments as it is about the interests and roles of a range of other actors in the system, and how these roles and interests are represented (Figure 4.2).
Waste strategies
WASTE GOVERNANCE
Policy instruments
Implementation with monitoring
DIRECT REGULATION
- Introductory remarks
- Legal definitions and classifications
- Public health legislation
- Environmental legislation
32 See Chapter 5, in particular section 5.2.2 on the costs of inaction and Section 5.3.6 on the economic dimension of waste crime. Topic sheet 12, found after section 4.3.5, shows how the end of waste can be put into practice for composting.
SPECIFICATION (FEATURES) OPTION 2. FUNCTION (PERFORMANCE)
- Legislation for resource recovery 46
In the 1980s, its two landfills were closed, leaving the city with an acute waste disposal problem. Zero waste goals, source separation and composting of yard and food waste have been embraced by various groups in the city.
END-OF-WASTE CRITERIA, 12
ILLUSTRATED FOR
COMPOST IN EUROPE 1
- Legislation on waste prevention and sustainable consumption and production (SCP)
- Regulation on waste handlers
- Voluntary agreements (self-regulation and co-regulation)
- IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT
- ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS
- Economic (market-based) instruments
- Extended producer responsibility (EPR)
In 2013, approximately 30% of compost sold on the Italian market had been awarded the CIC quality label. This has resulted in the publication of the 'Quality Protocol for the production and use of quality compost.
EPR INITIATIVES FROM 13
COUNTRIES OUTSIDE THE ‘USUAL’ OECD
SOCIAL INSTRUMENTS
- Social instruments for behavioural change
- Information-based instruments
Social instruments are based on interaction and communication between stakeholders, with or without direct government participation. The prerequisite for any attempt to change behavior related to a particular topic is that you are aware of the topic and its implications – simply put, that you know about it in the first place.
INCLUDING STAKEHOLDERS
- The range of stakeholders and their roles
- User inclusivity
- Provider inclusivity
Waste generators are also users of waste management services and thus have a dual role in the system, which belongs to two different phases in the life cycle of a product - the consumption phase and the end-of-use phase. Such processes may include negotiations for community compensation as well as more substantive discussions about the need for the waste facility in the first place.
INFORMAL WASTE SECTOR 1
GOVERNMENT AS A STAKEHOLDER
- Possible roles of governmental institutions
- Institutional coherence
- Institutional capacity development
The passage in the Philippines in 2000 of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act, commonly known as Republic Act No. This has proven to be beneficial for timely responses to the situation in the field, while encouraging a proactive attitude by the local officials in charge of waste.
