69 Quantifiers with and without 'of (some/some of; some/some of; etc.) Relative clauses and other types of clauses. 96 Giving reasons: if, because, because of, etc.; before and including 97 Goals and results: at, at, etc.
Present simple and present continuous (2) =>
Present simple for the future => IffltXEl Present continuous for the future =
We often prefer to use the simple present rather than the present continuous with verbs that describe states:. When we want to emphasize that something is done repeatedly, we can use the present continuous with words like always, constantly, continually, or forever.
EXERCISES
5.1 Put а У or correct the sentences. (A)
We often use past simple to talk about a completed past event and past continuous to describe a situation that existed at that time. Mario worked in a restaurant while he lived in London, (or ..lived in London.) When we talk about two or more past completed events that follow each other, we use the past simple for both.
Present perfect and past simple = Past perfect and past simple =
We use the present perfect continuous to talk about a situation or activity that started in the past and continued for some time until now. We can use present perfect continuous or present simple (present simple or present continuous) when talking about a situation or activity that started in the past and is still going on.
EXERCISES у
The difference is that the present perfect continuous focuses on the activity or event that may or may not be finished. Use the present perfect in one sentence and the present perfect continuous in the other.
Choose will ('11) or (be) going to, whichever is correct or more likely, and one of these verbs
We use the present continuous and past tense + infinitive (see also Unit 11С) to talk about future activities and events that are already planned or arranged:. Alice is going to university next year, (instead of ..is going to university..).
- Correct these sentences where necessary, or put a S. (C) 1 Business letters had better be brief and to the point
- Here are some things that people often say in Britain. (E)
He was sure that the medical examinations would show that he was healthy. we don't know if he was healthy or not). D The use of have (got) suggests that someone else or external circumstances or authority do something necessary. We use must when the speaker decides that it is necessary.
D Need, needn't, and don't need to / don't have to
Complete the sentences with either needn't have or didn't need to followed by an appropriate verb. (D)
If we want to put extra pressure on someone to give a positive answer, we can use can't or couldn't. To say that someone had general permission to do something in the past, that is, to do it at any time, we can use 'may' or 'might/might'.
Correct these offers and requests, or put a S. (C) offers requests
We add be before a noun when the noun tells us who or what the subject is, but we can often omit it when expressing our opinion about the person or thing in the subject. For example, we use it, not turn or get, when we say that someone becomes deaf, blind, bald, or starts acting crazy or excited; and also in phrases such as spoil/go out/mould (food), perish (telephone), disappear and go wrong.
Have and have got
UNIT 2 7
Choosing between an active and a passive sentence allows us to present the same information in two different orders.. active • The storm damaged the roof. This sentence is about the storm and says what it did.. passive • The roof was damaged by the storm. Rewrite it, putting the verbs into the passive where appropriate and making any other necessary changes.
The verbs in the first group (and onset) have similar meanings in active and passive sentences, but the verbs in the second group do not.
Most of the verbs listed in the box in A can also be used in this pattern, except for agree. When a that-dause begins dat + there .., we can make a passive form there + passive verb + to be. QU there is an auxiliary verb (be, do, have, can, will, etc.) we put it before the subject:.
I have to do to lose weight. recommend) is a good time to arrive. we should go into town for a good meal. advise).
9 From that distance I couldn't see... a ..bananas can be grown straight, b ..what we should do in an emergency. c ..he wanted me to bring a ladder to the party, d ..you want to go. f ..the library books have to be returned. We used to stay here on holiday. gh ..I could improve my teaching methods. Make the verb negative in the reporting clause (as in 1) or the reported clause, whichever is more likely. However, when we report current news, opinions, etc., we can use a present tense for the verb in the reporting clause.
When we report offers, orders, intentions, promises, requests, etc., we can use a to-infinitive clause after the reporting clause.
When there is a modal verb in the original statement, suggestion, etc., sometimes this changes when we report what was said. However, when must is used in the original to infer that something (happened) or that something is true, then we use must, mustn't, in the report (see also Unit 23):. If it shouldn't be used in the original, we can use mustn't in the report, but didn't have to:.
Use the appropriate modal verb in 49.1 Report what was said using a sentence with a that clause.
4 When she was found, her face was bruised and her clothes were torn. 5 {The public has a right to know how the money will be spent. A singular or plural verb can be used with any of, each of, either of, none of, or none of and plural nouns. With a/the most of, a number of, a lot of, plenty of, all (of) or some (of) and a plural noun, we use a plural verb.
With everyone, everyone, everything (and similar words starting with any-, some- and no-) we use a singular verb.
Agreement (1) = Determi ners and quantifi ers =
11 Researchers have reported that none of the so-called 'environmentally friendly' fuels are less harmful than petrol or diesel. The noun that follows a possessive form can be omitted when we are talking about someone's house or about certain shops and services (e.g. the newsagent, the pharmacy, the hairdresser):. The beauty of Ireland or • the beauty of Ireland .. the company's policy or • the company's policy.
6 The responsibility of the company that built the houses is the responsibility of the company that built the houses.
ONE OF EUROPES GREATEST FLAMENCO
At the supermarket I found out that I had brought the shopping list from last week's shopping list with me.
GUITARISTS
8 The police waited for the thieves.. and was happy to get away from his parents, b The children have a secret. the bottom of the garden. What do you think of the table? the table we are looking at). the sauce here on my plate). 7 a The world price of has reached a record high. b we got from the Brazilian cafe last week was excellent.
Not many children enjoy opera, (instead of ..enjoy the opera.) The and a/an = Zero article;.
All and all of
Everyone: All and every = All (of) and both (of)
Is it right for politicians to make important decisions without consulting the public to whom they are responsible? no ..the public to whom they are responsible.). Arnold tried to estimate the speed at which they were traveling, (not .. the speed at which they were traveling.). A great amount of oil was spilled, the effects of which are still being felt, (or ..the effects of which are still being felt.).
The school she is the head of closes down, (or The school she is the head of..) if can come after a preposition in a relative clause.
The weapon used in the murder has now been found, (or the weapon that was used..). The man that Tim meets for lunch is from Taiwan, (not ..the man Tim meets..). when the event or action referred to in the defining relative clause comes before the event or action spoken of in the rest of the sentence, except when the second event or action is the result of the first. The snow that fell overnight has caused traffic chaos, (or The snow that fell overnight has caused traffic chaos.). when we are talking about a single completed action in the defining relative clause, rather than a continuous action.
The boys who are chosen for the team are under 9. or The boys who are chosen..) Sometimes, however, we cannot use a participle or being + participle.
Defi ning relative cl auses = Participle cl auses with adverbial meani ng =Participle adjectives =
Instead of using a/an after personal pronouns (my, your, her, etc.) we prefer my, your, her, etc. 4 'Niki says she's coming to our party.' 'I decided to invite him.' 5 'The legs on this chair are of different lengths.'. We can use will do instead of verbs that describe actions (dynamic verbs), such as vote and confess.
They could have been delayed by the snow.” 'Yes, that would be possible.' (or ..could be). D If there is no auxiliary verb in the previous sentence or sentence, or if the auxiliary verb is a form of do,.
However, these words can . sometimes used between an adverb and a noun, e.g. 'a terminally ill patient'.). Some of these 'a-' adjectives have related adjectives that can be used either before a noun or after a linking verb. Gradable adjectives can be used with adverbs such as very or extremely to say that a thing or person has more or less of a certain quality.
To help you learn this order, it may be helpful to remember that gradable Q adjectives (which describe opinion, size, quality, shape, and age) usually come before non-gradable adjectives. participial adjective and adjectives describing origin, substance, type and purpose).
UNIT 8 3
This usage is similar to defining relative clauses (see Units 70 and 74): .. A cheer went up from the watching crowds, {or ..the crowds that were watching.). None of the candidates who applied were accepted, {but not ..the applying candidates..) k • My watch was among the things taken, {but not ..the things taken. I don't have nails big enough for this job. my nails are not big enough) and.
Beyond the houses lay open fields, (rather than ..open fields lay.) .. Through the town square the gang marched, [rather than ..the gang marched.).
95 UNIT
