Learning English in Context

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

RAJAWALI PERS Divisi Buku Perguruan Tinggi

PT RajaGrafindo Persada D E P O K

(5)

Perpustakaan Nasional: Katalog dalam terbitan (KDT) Mai Sri Lena, dkk.

Learning English In Context/Mai Sri Lena, dkk.

—Ed. 1, Cet. 1.—Depok: Rajawali Pers, 2021.

xiv, 162 hlm., 23 cm.

Bibliografi: ada di setiap bab ISBN 978-623-231-942-4

1. Notaris I. Judul

347.016

Hak cipta 2021, pada penulis

Dilarang mengutip sebagian atau seluruh isi buku ini dengan cara apa pun, termasuk dengan cara penggunaan mesin fotokopi, tanpa izin sah dari penerbit 2021.3065 RAJ

Mai Sri Lena, S.Pd., M.Pd.

Megawati, S.E., M.M.

Tin Moh Moh Swe

LEARNING ENGLISH IN CONTEXT Cetakan ke-1, Juli 2021

Hak penerbitan pada PT RajaGrafindo Persada, Depok Copy Editor : Shara Nurachma

Setter : Fazri Ramadhani Desain Cover : Melisa Noviani Dicetak di Rajawali Printing PT RAJAGRAFINDO PERSADA Anggota IKAPI

Kantor Pusat:

Jl. Raya Leuwinanggung, No.112, Kel. Leuwinanggung, Kec. Tapos, Kota Depok 16956 Telepon : (021) 84311162

E-mail : [email protected] http: //www.rajagrafindo.co.id

Perwakilan:

Jakarta-16956 Jl. Raya Leuwinanggung No. 112, Kel. Leuwinanggung, Kec. Tapos, Depok, Telp. (021) 84311162. Bandung-40243, Jl. H. Kurdi Timur No. 8 Komplek Kurdi, Telp. 022-5206202. Yogyakarta-Perum. Pondok Soragan Indah Blok A1, Jl. Soragan, Ngestiharjo, Kasihan, Bantul, Telp. 0274-625093. Surabaya-60118, Jl. Rungkut Harapan Blok A No. 09, Telp. 031-8700819.

Palembang-30137, Jl. Macan Kumbang III No. 10/4459 RT 78 Kel. Demang Lebar Daun, Telp. 0711-445062. Pekanbaru-28294, Perum De' Diandra Land Blok C 1 No. 1, Jl. Kartama Marpoyan Damai, Telp. 0761-65807. Medan-20144, Jl. Eka Rasmi Gg. Eka Rossa No. 3A Blok A Komplek Johor Residence Kec. Medan Johor, Telp. 061-7871546. Makassar-90221, Jl. Sultan Alauddin Komp. Bumi Permata Hijau Bumi 14 Blok A14 No. 3, Telp. 0411-861618. Banjarmasin-70114, Jl. Bali No. 31 Rt 05, Telp. 0511- 3352060. Bali, Jl. Imam Bonjol Gg 100/V No. 2, Denpasar Hp. 081222805496. Bandar Lampung-35115, Perum. Bilabong Jaya Block B8 No. 3 Susunan Baru, Langkapura, Hp. 081299047094.

(6)

This book is about English Learning Agenda with appropriate comprehension and grammatical exercises along with the comprehension paragraphs related to education criteria. The authors are Mai Sri Lena, Megawati, and Tin Moh Moh Swe. The objective of this book is to develop readers potential in learning English and to improve their better-quality English Four Skill with the help of the learning criteria accomplished. We hereby contribute a special gratitude to people who assist to attempt and accomplish this book. May Allah blessed us with endless prosperity.

Authors

Preface

(7)

[HALAMAN INI SENGAJA DIKOSONGKAN]

(8)

Table of Content

Preface v Table of Content vii Unit 1 Effect of ICT on Education 1 A. Discuss the Following Questions with Your Friends! 1

B. Read the Text Carefully! 2

C. Answer the Following Questions! 3 D. Complete the Following Sentences with

Appropriate Words in the Box! 4

E. Simple Present 5

F. Exercise 8

G. Writing 8

References 9 Unit 2 The Influence of Covid-19 on Education at

University Level 11

A. Discuss the Following Questions with Your Friends! 11

E. Present Continuous Tense 14

(9)

F. Exercise 16

G. Writing 17

References 18 Unit 3 Heavy Smokers 19 A. Discuss the Following Questions with Your Friends! 19

E. Simple Future Tense 22

F. Exercise 24

G. Writing 25

References 25 Unit 4 How to Build Character Education of

Early Childhood 27

E. Present Perfect Tense 31

F. Exercise 34

G. Writing 35

References 35 Unit 5 Inclusive Elementary School 37 A. Discuss the Following Questions with Your Friends! 37

C. Please Answer the Following Questions! 38 D. Complete the Following Sentences with

E. Simple Past Tense 40

F. Exercise 42

(10)

G. Writing 42 References 43 Unit 6 Inferior Teens 45 A. Discuss the Following Questions with Your Friends! 45

E. Past Continuous Tense 48

F. Exercise 51

G. Writing 52

References 52 Unit 7 My Learning Experience During Covid-19 Pandemic 55 A. Discuss the Following Questions with Your Friends! 55

Appropriate Words in The Box! 58

E. Past Perfect Tense 59

F. Exercise 61

G. Writing 62

References 62 Unit 8 Productive Activities for Social and Emotional

Development in Early Childhood 65 A. Discuss the Following Questions with Your Friends! 65

E. Article (a, an, and the) 69

F. Exercise 71

(11)

G. Writing 72 References 72 Unit 9 Role of Guidance and Counseling in the

Elementary School 73

Appropriate Words in the Box! 76 E. Conditional Sentence Type 1 77

F. Exercise 78

G. Writing 79

References 79

Unit 10 Roles of Community Learning Activity Center

(CLAC) in Fostering School Dropouts 81 A. Discuss the Following Questions with Your Friends! 81

Appropriate Words in the Box! 83 E. Conditional Sentence Type 2 84

F. Exercise 85

G. Writing 86

References 86 Unit 11 Teachers’ Participation in Doing

Educational Administration 89

C. Answer the Following Questions! 90 D. Complete the Sentences with Appropriate Words in

the Box! 92

E. Compound Sentence 92

(12)

F. Exercise 94

G. Writing 95

References 95 Unit 12 Teaching Local Culture to Children at Early Age 97 A. Discuss the Following Questions with Your Friends! 97

E. Complex Sentence 100

F. Exercise 103

G. Writing 103

References 104

Unit 13 The Importance of Building Character Education

in Early Childhood 105 A. Discuss the Following Questions with Your Friends! 105 B. Read the Text Carefully! 105 C. Answer the Following Questions! 106 D. Complete the Following Sentences with

E. Modal Verb 108

F. Exercise 110

G. Writing 110

References 111

Unit 14 Why is Mental Health Important in Using

of ICT for Millennial Generations? 113 A. Discuss the Following Questions with Your Friends! 113 B. Read the Text Carefully! 113 C. Answer the Following Questions! 114 D. Complete the Following Sentences with

E. Superlative Degree 116

(13)

F. Exercise 117

G. Writing 118

References 118

Unit 15 The Strengths and the Weaknesses of

Online Learning 119

A. Discuss the Following Questions with Your Friends! 119 B. Read the Text Carefully! 120 C. Answer the Following Questions! 120 D. Complete the Following Sentences with

E. Comparative Degree 123

F. Exercise 125

G. Writing 125

References 125

Unit 16 Differences and Abilities of Disabled Children 127 A. Discuss the Following Questions with Your Friends! 127 B. Read the Text Carefully! 127 C. Answer the Following Questions! 129 D. Complete the Following Sentences with

E. Passive Voice 131

F. Exercise 133

G. Writing 134

References 134

Unit 17 Autism 135 A. Discuss the Following Questions with Your Friends! 135 B. Read the Text Carefully! 135 C. Answer the Following Questions! 136 D. Complete the Following Sentences with

E. Future Continuous Tense 138

(14)

F. Exercise 140

G. Writing 140

References 141

Glossary 143 References 145 Key Answer 149 Index 153 About Authors 159

(15)

(16)

A. Discuss the Following Questions with Your Friends!

1. What picture is it?

2. Do you think computer can replace teacher in the classroom?

3. Do you think technology influences the education?

4. What are positive and negative impacts of technology on education?

5. Can technology replace the teacher roles in learning process?

Effect of ICT on Education

Unit 1

(17)

B. Read the Text Carefully!

Effect of ICT on Education

The rapid development of information and communication technology (ICT) cannot be avoided because it influences on education. The worldwide needs strain our global education to ever and invariably set technical development in regards of developing the educational quality, setting the utilization of ICT for education, in regards with the learning process.

The development of ICT has greatly helped our worldwide education, in regards with making the circumstance easier to find data and information related to topics discussed in the learning process.

In addition, the effect of ICT on education can also be seen from the development of cyber teaching or virtual teaching, which is the learning agenda, processed by utilizing the Internet. The other agenda which is progressively popular nowadays is E-learning, namely the learning model utilizing ICT media on the Internet.

ICT in our global education can have positive or negative effects.

The positive impact of ICT on education is 1) communication as an educational scope is processed by utilizing communication media like telephone, computers, internet, e-mail, and so forth; 2) mutual relationship between teachers and students cannot be done through face-to-face interaction, but however they can utilize other types of media such as E-learning. While the negative effects caused by the development of ICT in education are: 1) e-learning leads to reform the role of teachers; 2) cyber crime, for instance, stealing crucial educational assets which is remained secretive with media.

From the description above it can be concluded that information and communication technology have a massive influence on education.

There are many benefits which can be conveyed by the teacher to help in the learning process, but the negative impact of information and communication technology is outweighed. However, teachers can control and supervise students to prevent students from the negative impact of technological development.

(18)

C. Answer the Following Questions!

1. What causes the development of ICT to be so helpful in the field of education?

………

2. What is the positive impact of ICT on education?

………

3. What is the negative impact of ICT on education?

………

4. What is meant by e-learning?

………

5. Current ICT and education are inseparable, give your reasons!

………

6. What is the evidence of the influence of ICT on the development of education in the world?

………

(19)

7. How can the negative impact of ICT on education be avoided?

………

8. What is the effect of ICT on education?

………

9. What are examples of cyber crime in education?

………

10. What communication media can be used as a scope of education?

………

D. Complete the Following Sentences with Appropriate Words in the Box!

Utilize Reform Educational Scope

Agenda Strained

1. Our global education should be ……….…..…. to achieve technological improvement.

2. The learning ……….…. named cyber teaching or virtual teaching is operated by utilizing the Internet.

3. Communication, an ………, is operated by using communication media.

4. Teacher-student interaction cannot be done through face-to-face, but they can ……….…. other types of media such as e-learning.

(20)

5. E-learning media platform supervises to ………. teachers’

roles.

E. Simple Present

Simple present is the sentence pattern used to tell the present time in simple form. We can use the simple present to habitual activity, general truth, future routine activity, reality. Sentence structure:

He / She / It + Verb₁+ 's/es' I / You / We / They + Verb₁

The characteristic of present continuous tense There several characteristics of simple present:

1. The verb should be added s or es for the subject of the third person singular such as: she, he, and it.

Example:

Mary usually does her tasks on weekend.

My brother always wakes up early in the morning.

She eats breakfast at cafetaria every morning.

The student uses their laptop to study.

Technology effects the way how people communicate.

Today, both teachers and students are able to adapt to online technology.

This condition forces us to take advantage of technology.

2. The suffix “es” is used with verbs that have the ending letter “s, ch, sh, x, o”, if the subject is third person singular. Meanwhile, the verb whose letter ends with “y” and is preceded capital letters; y first replaced with “i” then added “ice”.

Examples:

I use the university internet facility every day.

Andi searches learning material online.

She always relies on campus internet accessibility.

They go to ICT office to get some data.

(21)

My teacher explains about the effectiveness of information technology on education.

He passes the examination successfully.

Indonesia adopts Information and Communication Technology for education.

He studies information technology in English.

She takes an online examination.

Marry uses Google classroom to give task to her student.

3. The negative sentence denies.

4. After the subject of the sentence, the negative sentence is formed with put the “does not or do not”. The word doesn’t is applied in the third person singular such as he does not, she does not, and it doesn’t, while the word don’t is used for other than the third person singular such as I do not, You do not, We do not, and they don’t.

Examples:

You don’t use appropriate online learning resources.

We don’t access virtual library on Saturday.

I don’t work at the main campus library.

He doesn’t work as a part time IT programmer.

My brother still doesn’t understand how to use an online learning.

The student doesn’t have to go to school.

The teachers don’t work at their office until December.

5. Interrogative.

6. Interrogative sentences are formed by using the word “do/does”

in front of the sentence. For the word “Does” is used for the third person singular (he, she, it), whereas “do” is used for anything other than the third person singular (I, you, we, they). In the interrogative sentence, the word “do/does” has the meaning of

“what” and the verb no longer uses the “s/es” suffix although the subject of the sentence is in the third person singular.

(22)

Examples:

Do you always use the internet for study?

Does she have to use Google meet for conducting the meeting?

Do they just make a phone call to their customer?

Does the student submit their task collectively?

Do you use your laptop or smart-phone when having a class to attend?

7. The suitability of the subject and auxiliary verb in this tense is as follows.

8. DO is used by subject: I, You, We, and They. DOES is used by the subjects: She, He, and It. In the simple present tense, time descriptions that are usually used is: everyday, always, often, seldom, never, sometimes, usually, once a week, once a month, once a year, etc.

When to Use Simple Present Tense

Simple present tense is used to talk (Hughes, 2014 & Lena, 2013):

1. General truths and laws of nature.

2. Habitual action, in the past, present, and future.

3. The activity is happening now.

4. The timetables (trains, planes, etc.) and programmes.

5. The sport commentaries, review, and narration.

Characteristic of Simple Present Tense

Several characteristics of simple present tense are (Lena, 2013):

1. Using the basic form of the verb.

2. For the 3^rd singular person: he, she, it – add the ‘-s’ or ‘-es’.

3. For positive sentences, we do not normally need the auxiliary.

4. For the verb to be, we do not need an auxiliary in questions and negatives.

5. Interrogative sentences are formed by adding do / does for verbal sentences and to be (is, am, are) for non-verbal sentences in front of the subject.

6. Time signal that are often used are adverbs of time and adverb of frequency.

(23)

The Function of Simple Present Continuous Tense

Functions of simple present are to (Dooley, 2013 & Lena, 2013):

1. express habitual action, general truths, repeating actions or unchanged situations, emotions, and wishes.

2. provide directions and instructions.

3. express fixed plans, present or future.

4. state a fact or general truth is permanent.

F. Exercise

Complete the sentences by using verbs in the bracket!

1. My sister ………...playing tennis on Sunday morning.

(to like)

2. Mother always………..….. our breakfast before we go to school. ( to make)

3. Salsa usually……..…..….. swimming on Saturday evening. (to go)

4. I ……….…..at the aircraft factory. (not to work) 5. You ………..….. action movies. (to watch)

6. Bani always ……….. tea in the morning. (to drink) 7. I ………... my clothes every Saturday. (to wash) 8. Vegetarians ………..meat and fish. (not to eat) 9. I ………. my teeth every day. (to brush)

10. Father ………... a train to go to office. (to take)

G. Writing

Please describe your online learning process during the pandemic, you have to write between 100-150 words. Make sure you use simple present tense accurately!

….………..………

………

(24)

Reference

Azar, B. S & Hagen, S. A. 2006. Basic English Grammar. New York: Person Education.

Broukal, M. 2004. Grammar 2 Form Function. New Yourk: Mc Graw Hill.

Hartono, R, et. al. 2016. English Grammar for Indonesian Students (Tata Bahasa Inggris Bagi Pemula). Ciamis: Fastindo.

Lena, M. S. 2013. Academic English. Bandar Lampung, Indonesia:

PUSIKAMLA. ISBN. 978-602-7666-24-5.

Prastyo, H. 2017. Tata Bahasa Inggris: Jilid Pertama. Mojokerto: Lembaga Pendidikan dan Pelatihan International English Institute of Indonesia.

Dooley, J. 2013. Grammarway 4. In Longman (p. 280). http://econtact.

kiev.ua/wpcontent/uploads/2018/09/Grammarway-4.pdf.

Hughes, J. 2014. Simple Present: Part 1. Chicago, Illinois, USA, 1, 78–115.

Martin, H. 2001. Advance Grammar in Use. England: Cambridge.

Sulasbawianti, S. et. al. 2008. Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris. Jakarta:

Universitas Terbuka.

Werner, P. K. & John, P. N. 2007. Interactions 2 Grammar. Singapore: Mc Graw Hill.

Young, A. R. & Ann, O. S. 2006. Nitty-Gritty Grammar. USA: Cambridge University Press.

(25)

(26)

A. Discuss the Following Questions with Your Friends!

1. What do you see in the picture?

2. Do you use WhatsApp in learning process?

3. How do you study during Covid-19 pandemic?

4. What platform do you usually use for online learning?

5. What are the differences online learning and physical class?

The Influence of Covid-19 on Education at University Level

Unit 2

(27)

B. Read the Text Carefully!

The Influence of Covid-19 on Education at University Level

Covid-19 outbreaks that are happening in Indonesia today are very influential on the activities carried out by humans. An example is the impact of Covid-19 at the level of university. Because of this Covid-19 pandemic impact on universities, all teaching, learning, lectures, and other time-consuming activities are accomplished online using the zoom application, e-learning, and WhatsApp group.

There are many obstacles in the learning process online because of this impact, for example, quota constrains and unstable signals. These intend that the most prominent pandemic influence on universities are the issues of online lectures. Because some students are outsiders, it means that they live in the countryside with a rural network which is more difficult to access the internet. Besides that, many students do not understand the material delivered online. An example is the subjects that required students to experiment in lab. Because of this Covid-19 pandemic impact, many lecturers provide material online and most students cannot understand the material presented unless the material is done with practical projects.

To summarize this content, this pandemic outbreak impact makes lecture schedules irregular, because most lecturers give assignment not during the lecture hours. So many lecture schedules collide and it is difficult to divide the time. Hopefully, this Covid-19 pandemic will quickly pass and our world would be pandemic-free.

C. Answer the Following Questions!

1. What is the main idea of the text?

………

2. What is the impact of Covid-19 that the text implied?

………

(28)

3. How can Covid-19 Pandemic affect activities at the university level?

………

4. Describe the main idea of the second paragraph?

………

5. What is the most prominent influence that the obstacles intend?

………

6. Which word in the text that has similar meaning with the word

“Villages”?

………

7. Based on the text, what kind of online presented learning material that student can’t understand online?

………

8. Why is unstable signal considered to be an obstacle in learning process?

………

(29)

9. If there are no outsiders’ students, does Covid-19 pandemic still affect the learning activity?

………

10. What is the conclusion of the text?

………

D. Complete the Following Sentences with Appropriate Words in the Box!

Prominent

Rural

Time-consuming Quota

Constrains Collide

1. The zoom application, e-learning, and WhatsApp group are used to accomplish ……..………...… activities.

2. ………..………… and lost signals are obstacles in the learning process online.

3. Issues of online lectures are the most ……….…….……pandemic influence on universities.

4. Outsider students live in the ………...…… network area which leads to network difficulty.

5. Many lecture schedules are being …………..…… which leads to time management difficulty.

E. Present Continuous Tense

Present continuous tense is a tense used to express an action or activity that is ongoing for a certain time and the activity has not ended. Sentence structure:

S + ( is / am / are) + Verb_ing+ ....

(30)

When to Use Present Continuous Tense

The present continuous tense can be used to express activities that are happening right now or at the speaking time, activities that are ongoing at a certain time such as today, this week or this month ( Lena, 2013). The present continuous tense is also used when stating an activity that was carried out in the past, however still ongoing today, and when he wants to reveal a plan that will be carried out in the near future, as well as when stating things that often happen.

The Characteristic of Present Continuous Tense Several characteristics of this tense are:

a. Using the present participle or V-Ing.

b. Move to be in front of the subject when forming an interrogative sentence.

c. There are time expressions such as today, now, this morning, and others.

The Function of Present Continuous Tense

This tense has several functions such as (Azar, 2006 & Lena, 2013):

a. Declare ongoing activities Examples:

I’m driving a car to Yangon now.

People are studying from home now since Covid-19.

The global lockdown of educational institution is affecting major interruption on students’ learning.

The policy makers are discussing about learning process during pandemic situation.

b. State the activities that will be carried out in the near future Examples:

I’m taking my exam next month.

Students are using some application to submit their homework next week.

Learning activities are changing from face-to-face interaction to online platform.

(31)

c. State activities that occurred in the past and are still ongoing today Examples:

I am still working on my computer now.

Covid-19 protocol is protecting people from spreading the disease.

Teaching online is an unprecedented scale.

d. State activities that are often carried out Examples:

Her mother is always misplacing her keys.

Some people are always breaking the rules of social distancing.

e. Declare activities or events that are currently trending Examples:

Shopping online is growing in popularity nowadays.

Nowadays, all learning process is changing into distance learning during Covid-19.

f. Declare ongoing but temporary activities Example:

Riri is crying now, but she will be better soon.

The student is studying from home due to Corona virus.

g. State activities that are ongoing within a certain period of time Examples:

I’m studying English at the Gajah Mada University.

The ministry of health is announcing the new health protocol to prevent the spread of Corona virus at school.

h. Describe a volatile situation Examples:

My father is getting old.

The government is improving the regulation on community health insurance.

F. Exercise

Please complete the sentence in the present continuous tense with the verb in the bracket!

(32)

1. This semester, Ani and I ………….……. ten classes. (to take) 2. Tia ………..…. much time to study for Math Olympic next

month. (to spend)

3. The college student ………. online classes in this semester due to Corona virus. (to take)

4. At 08.30, Mr. Andi ………. about the rules to the late student. (to discuss)

5. I ……….…. English project right now. (to do) 6. They ………. a cooking class now. (to have) 7. Dita ………. her car today. (to repair)

8. My mom ………..………. to go to Bali next week. (to plan) 9. We ………. in Ali’s apartment this night. (to stay) 10. My uncle …………. his last job for the week. (to finish)

G. Writing

Please take a picture of an event and describe what is happening on that picture! Make sure you use simple present continuous tense accurately!

….………..………

………

(33)

References

Atiko. 2018. Express English Mudah dan Cepat Memahami Tenses Bahasa Inggris. Gresik: Gramedia Communication.

Cyssco. D. R. 2008. Mastering Tenses & Daily Conversation. Jakarta: Puspa Swara.

Gumpol, W. Y. 1995. Mastery of Sixteen Tenses.Yogyakarta: Kanisius.

Joshi, M. 2014. Using Tenses In English Past, Present, Future. Series of English Daily Use. United States: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform.

PUSIKAMLA. ISBN. 978-602-7666-24-5.

Shobirin, R. M. 2008. Cara Mudah Belajar Basic English Grammar. Jakarta:

PT.Tangga Pustaka.

https://voxeu.org/article/impact-covid-19-education.

(34)

A. Discuss the Following Questions with Your Friends!

2. Why do some people smoke?

3. Do you think the habit of smoking the result of unsuccessful fulfillment of pleasure in his childhood?

4. What are disadvantages of smoking?

5. Who do you think most of the heavy smoker in the worlds?

Heavy Smokers

Unit 3

(35)

B. Read the Text Carefully!

Heavy Smokers

Smoking is an activity to fulfill the need for satisfaction/pleasure.

Although giving pleasure to someone, smoking still has a negative impact, especially for heavy smokers. The main problem is health problems such as lung cancer, oral cancer, and heart attacks. In addition to harmfulness, smoking can harm others. An example is a baby who is feeling miserable or uncomfortable because his father is smoking nearby.

Most of the heavy smokers in the world are men. Even a smoker who is not too active can harm himself or others such as bad breath problem, especially someone who is a heavy smoker, the potential problems that occur can be even worse.

Symptoms of heavy smokers to someone can be caused by unaccomplished or unsuccessful fulfillment of pleasure in his childhood.

According to a psychologist named Sigmund Freud, the development of an individual consists of 5 stages which its point is the fulfillment of pleasure. The development stages are called “Freud Psychosexual Stage”. One of the stages is called “Oral Stage”, which is an early stage in psychosexual. This stage is from the age of 0-12 months. As the name implies, the pleasure center at this stage is in the month. An example is the activity of breastfeed, feel the texture, and so on. Thus, the role of parents, especially the mother is essential at this stage. According to Freud, if the individual fails in this stage, then he will try to seek the pleasure associated with the mouth at some points in the future. One of them is to smoke when they are adult. Even worse, they become heavy smokers.

C. Answer the Following Questions!

1. What is the function of the text?

………

2. What are the problems posed by cigarettes for smokers?

………

(36)

3. What are examples of the negative effects of cigarettes for passive smokers?

………

4. What internal factors cause a person to be a heavy smoker?

………

5. What is the main idea of paragraph one?

………

6. Based on the sexual psycho stage expressed by Freud, there is a sexual oral stage. What is the stage relationship to someone’s desire to smoke?

………

7. Every smoker may realize that smoking is an activity that is very detrimental to the smoker and others, even more negative impacts than the positive impact. How do you think that smokers can realize their awareness in order to stop smoking activities?

………

8. Why are dissatisfied breastfeeding activities in childhood related to an adult smoker?

………

(37)

9. What are the basic ideas of paragraph two?

………

10. What organs most feel the negative impact of cigarettes?

………

D. Complete the Following Sentences with Appropriate Words in the Box!

Fulfillment of pleasure Unaccomplished Associated

Oral Stage Implies

1. Heavy smoker symptoms to someone can be caused by………. pleasure fulfillment in his young age.

2. Sigmund Freud states that the individual development contains 5 stages which contributes the……….

3. An early stage amongst the five stages is the………

in psychosexuality.

4. As the first stage of the five stages………, the pleasure limit at this stage is within 30 days.

5. If the individual fails in the oral stage, the pleasure will be found………..with his mouth in the future.

E. Simple Future Tense

According to Warib (2005), simple future tense is a sentence that states events, incidents, jobs, deeds, activities or news, which has not occurred or will apply/take place in the future. Sentence structure:

S + Shall / Will + be+ ....

S + Shall / Will + Verb₁+ ....

S + ToBe / GoingTo + Verb + ....

(38)

When to Use Simple Future Tense

We use the simple future tense when describing a sentence or word that is intended to be done in the future (will happen). Simple future tense can describe an event that may or may not occur (spontaneously or planned). According to Sangmeister (2019), the better way to understand simple future tense is to imagine time as a line on which the past tense, the present tense, and the future are placed. So that it is easier to understand.

Some conditions for using the simple future tense:

1. Sudden decision without a plan Examples:

Hang on! I will help you.

Stay calm! The paramedic will be here soon.

Stop! Don’t smoke here.

Oh my god! She will take that medicine without any prescription.

2. Predicting an event Examples:

She will be upset if you will not tell her.

Smoking habits will cause disease in the respiratory system.

Covid-19 will make low-resistant people suffer.

Electric cigarette will cause the respiratory track weak.

3. Express plans in mind and are being discussed by others Examples:

I’m going to take English class tomorrow.

He will go to the clinic to take his lab test.

They will plan a smoking-free day socialization on campus.

He will commit to never smoke again.

4. Asking someone to do something Examples:

Will you help me?

Will we go to the doctor tomorrow?

(39)

Shall I tell him not to smoke around us?

Will you promise not to smoke in the office?

5. Forming conditional sentences type 1 Examples:

I will come to your party if you ask me.

If you smoke regularly, you will become a heavy smoker.

You shall go to the doctor if you want your lungs checked.

If the company allows their employees to smoke around the factory, it will cause fire.

The Characteristics of Simple Future Tense

This tense is characterized by the use of the words will, shall, be going to. In addition, there are other characteristics of time expressions such as: tomorrow, later, three days later, and next week.

The Function of Simple Future Tense

As the name implies, its function is to explain an event that will occur (not yet happened). The main purpose of using the simple future tense pattern is to show the simple worthat is planned and the event which will happen. In addition, the simple future pattern can be used to construct conditional sentences.

F. Exercise

Fill the gaps with the verb in simple future tense!

1. Mrs. Spencer ……….………. to my house tonight. (to come) 2. My mother ……….…….. biscuits, because my friend is coming

now. (to make)

3. Her uncle ………. me money as his promise. (to give) 4. I …………..……. there in 2 minutes. (to be)

5. Anna …………..……. when she looks at me. (to be shocked) 6. I ……….……. back when you call me. (to come)

7. He ……….…. me a chance. (not to give)

8. Cassie ………. here for only a moment. (to be)

(40)

9. My cat …………...…..…. poison if i’m not here. (to eat) 10. We ……….…. there tomorrow. (to be)

G. Writing

Please describe your future plan after finishing your studies! Make sure you use simple future tense accurately!

….………..………

………

References

Azar, B. S. & Hagen, S. A. 2006. Basic English Grammar. New York:

Person Education.

Broukal, M. 2004. Grammar 2 Form Function. New York: Mc Graw Hill.

PUSIKAMLA. ISBN. 978-602-7666-24-5.

Sangmeister, L. 2009. Past Tense in English: From OE to PDE. GRIN Verlag. p. 11. ISBN 978-3-640-27602-8.

Warib, S. 2005. English Grammar and Conversation. Jakarta: Sandro Jaya.

(41)

(42)

A. Discuss the Following Questions with Your Friends!

2. Do you think children in the picture have good character?

3. What level of education is the children in the picture?

4. What are they doing in that picture?

5. Do you think children at this age can be responsible to do something? why?

How to Build Character Education of Early Childhood

Unit 4

(43)

B. Read the Text Carefully!

How to Build Character Education of Early Childhood

Character education is utmost essential in the early childhood agenda because it increases children’s awareness of good behavior. Parents have the responsibility to form children’s positive character, attitude, and aptitude since parents are the major priority amongst the family. This intends that parents require realizing that their children have the best potentiality since birth. Here are the facts that parents can rely on in order to build character education for their young.

The reason that parents should teach character education to children is because during the time period, the development of a child progress is rapid. And it is the right thing to tutor character education at the right time in order to organize the basis of character education according to its development. So, parents require consuming utmost effort in order to tutor their children in any facets of development, thus increase their roles as tutors amongst the family.

Some character values given by parents to children in the family include: 1) self-discipline, will affect hard work, commitment to goals, and train support yourself to be independent; 2) perseverance will indirectly train the patience of children and dare to try new things; 3) responsibility-children are contributed freedom in processing their roles, trustworthiness, being consistent in their words and deeds, and can be trusted when given duties; 4) humility- do not brag about self-harm; 5) manners- children are taught to be able to differentiate between good and bad actions; 6) honesty- children are accustomed to be honest since childhood, for example, returning things which are not theirs; 7) admire God- parents should encourage their young ones to worship the God.

To summarize the context, the responsibilities of parents in structuring character education of early childhood are far more crucial because parents are the first priority tutors for children.

(44)

C. Answer the Following Questions!

1. In general, children have a very unstable mood. How do parents deal with this in teaching discipline?

………

2. What characters are most important and should be taught to children from an early age?

………

3. What basic knowledge and skills should parents have to teach their children about attitudes and behavior?

………

4. The psychology of children is different, So that parents must understand early childhood psychology. How do parents understand about their child’s psychology?

………

5. What is the objective of early childhood education?

………

6. What learning methods can be taught to early childhood?

………

(45)

7. The development of a child progress is rapid. Is there any difficulty in teaching children during rapid development of children?

………

8. Are there any challenges in providing early childhood education?

………

9. What processes do children have to go through to get a role?

………

10. How to teach responsibility and consistency to early childhood?

………

D. Complete the Following Sentences with Appropriate Words in the Box!

Potentiality Aptitude Accustomed

Facets Perseverance

1. Children’s positive character, attitude, and ………….…..…. should be formed since parents are the major priority amongst the family.

2. Children have the best ………. since birth which is the fact that parents have to recognize.

3. Children should be taught in any ………. of development to increase parents’ roles.

(46)

4. The patience of children will be trained indirectly by ……….……..

5. Honesty is ………. to be trained for children since their young ages.

E. Present Perfect Tense

The present perfect tense is used to talk an activity or situation which has begun in the past and is still continuing till now or has been completed at a certain point in time in the past but the effect is still continuing. The timing of the action or event is prior to the present, but not specific, and we are often more focused in the result or effect than the action itself.

Sentence structure:

He / She / It + Has + Verb₃+ ....

I / You / We / They + Have + Verb₃+ ....

Time indicators: Just now, already, recently, today, yet, this week, these last few months, sevaral times this year, etc.

When to Use Present Perfect Tense

The present perfect tense describes an activity that has started in the past and is still continuing till now or has been completed at a certain point in time in the past but the effect is still continuing. In short, this tense is used as a link between the past and the present. So time information such as yesterday, last year, and others, are not needed here.

1. Actions or situations that began in the past and are still present today.

Examples:

The school policy hasn’t applied more than 2 years.

He has worked in the school library for seven years.

The ministry of education has had the same regulation for ten years.

Have the government provided the specific training for lecturer since it was needed to serve special student?

Teachers haven’t received practical training to teach people with special needs.

(47)

She has become a teacher of student with special needs for five years.

2. Actions performed during a period of time that have not yet ended or ended.

Examples:

They have implemented the policy this month.

Teacher has become the main important role on giving a good example to student.

We haven’t finished the children character building class today.

3. The action repeated over an indefinite period between the past and the present.

Examples:

They have followed formal education on character education for the second times.

It has happened many times already.

She has created different role playing game frequently.

Children have shown their good responds on social experiment many times.

4. Actions that have just finished or ended, are stated by simply.

Examples:

Have you just finished reading the book?

I have just learned the topic about school as an agent of education.

Has he just explained the implication of the character education?

5. Actions where timing matters.

Examples:

Someone has taken political decision in critical condition!

Have you seen the book with the title “Characters in Early Childhood?”

She has studied how to form a good character on children.

The Characteristics of Present Perfect Tense

Several characteristics of Present Perfect Tense are as following:

1. The predicate sentences in this tense always consist of: Have/Has + Past Participle.

(48)

Example:

I have read the book of early childhood character building.

She has shown her capability on how to deal with children.

Has she understood on how becoming a good early childhood teacher?

2. For subjects consisting of a single third person, for example:

Victoria, Andy, She, He, It, etc., always use the auxiliary verb has, while the subject which consists of i, you, they, we, with the auxiliary verb have.

Examples:

We have gone to the main library.

She has become a school teacher.

3. An interrogative sentence is formed by moving the auxiliary verb Has / Have in front of the subject or subject of the sentence, while the negative is by adding the word not after Has / Have or placing it after the subject.

Examples:

Have not (haven’t) you felt that you really care about children?

Have you not felt that you really care about children?

The Functions of Present Perfect Tense

The use of the present perfect tense in a sentence can serve to, among others:

1. Declare an event, event or deed that occurred and is still related to the present time.

Examples:

You have read the early educational book for a month.

She has sent the invitation to student parents this week.

2. Declare an event or action that has been done repeatedly.

Examples:

We have held international conference three times this year.

3. Declare an event or action that has occurred in the past and is still ongoing today.

(49)

Examples:

I have studied Children Character Building for a month.

We have implemented the regulation since 1997.

4. Declare an event, work or repeat action at an indefinite time before now and words that are often used in this case such as: never, ever, yet, already, before.

Example:

She has already met the ministry of education representatives.

5. Declare an event, deed or incident that has been done but has not expired.

Example:

I have received a lot of good news these days.

6. Declare an event, action or incident that is completed in a short time and words that are often used in this case such as: finally, recently, at last, just.

Examples:

I have just spoken the word in English to him.

He has met the teacher recently.

F. Exercise

Put the verbs from the brackets into gaps using present perfect form!

1. He ……….……Padang since last week. (to go)

2. I………..…… for you at your house a week ago. (to wait) 3. I ………..…all your mistakes since yesterday. (to forgive) 4. My father …….…………..sad news from his family since one hour.

(to hear)

5. At last My brother …………..….…math. (to understand)

6. He ……...……all my necessities of life for the past year. (to buy) 7. The police ………a criminal in the past 2 weeks. (catch) 8. Gita ……….…for two weeks. (to be sick)

9. ………..…you ………..…… breakfast this morning? (to get) 10. Ana and Mila ….……..…………..…each other for several months.

(not to see)

(50)

G. Writing

Please write ten sentences in present perfect tense!

….………..………

………

References

Azar, B. S., & Hagen, S. A. 2009. Understanding and Using English Grammar.

White Plains, NY: Pearson Longman.

Lena, M. S. 2013. Academic English. Bandar Lampung, Indonesia:

PUSIKAMLA. ISBN. 978-602-7666-24-5.

Lester, M. 2012. Practice Makes Perfect English Verb Tenses Up Close. New York: McGraw Hill.

Sulasbawianti, S., et. al. 2008. Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris. Jakarta:

Universitas Terbuka.

(51)

(52)

A. Discuss the Following Questions with Your Friends!

1. What do you know about inclusive elementary school?

2. What type of students who go to inclusive elementary school?

3. Do you know any disabled children? What does they look like?

4. What are differences between regular and inclusive elementary school?

5. Do you think teachers in inclusive school will treat students differently? Why?

B. Read the Text Carefully!

Inclusive Elementary School

The inclusive schools in Indonesia are advanced by children’s rights to acquire education. Normal students can access their education in regular schools, while disabled students go to special needs schools. Not all disabled students can access their education well in special needs schools, so the government is attempting to acquire their education at the school nearby their place of residence specifically programmed and called an inclusive elementary school.

Inclusive elementary schools provide educational services for disabled children irrespective of their physical, intelligence, social

Inclusive Elementary School

Unit 5

(53)

emotionality, and other conditions to learn together with normal children who attend regular schools. The existence of inclusive schools is an attempt to erase the boundaries that have emerged in the society, namely disabled children should attend special needs educational institutions as well. With the inclusive school, disabled children can attend a regular school like children who are not disabled.

Inclusive schools are considered to be able to provide a variety of benefits both for the general public and for disabled children. The community will begin to convey the existent of disabled children. This has an impact on the psychological needs of disabled children, namely catering opportunities for the self-confidence development in disabled children.

It can be concluded that inclusive school is a regular school in which there are students with special needs and normal students. Inclusive school contributes accessibility to disabled children to study in regular school in accordance with their requirements and thus they can interact with other normal students.

C. Please Answer the Following Questions!

1. What is the text above about?

………

2. What is the inclusive school?

………

3. What are the advantages of inclusive school?

………

(54)

4. Who can study in inclusive school?

………

5. What do you think the differences between inclusive school and public school?

………

6. Why can’t all disabled students access their education in special needs school?

………

7. What are the benefits of inclusive schools for disabled children?

………

8. How do inclusive schools erase the boundaries between disabled and non–disabled students in the society?

………

9. On what purpose do the inclusive schools exist?

………

(55)

10. If you are a teacher in the inclusive school, what will you do to help disabled students?

………

D. Complete the Following Sentences with Appropriate Words in the Box!

Acquire Accessibility Emotionality

Convey Inclusive schools

1. Children’s rights advance the inclusive schools in Indonesia to

……….………... education.

2. Educational services are provided by inclusive elementary schools for disabled children with regards of their physical, intelligence, social ……….………., and more.

3. Disabled children should attend special needs educational institutions as well because of the existence of ………..

4. The community will begin to ……….….. the existent of disabled children.

5. ………..……. is contributed by inclusive schools to disabled children to study in regular school in order to interact with other normal students.

E. Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense is used to talk about finished activities and often use with an adverb or adverbial phrase that specifies a time form the past (Lena, 2013). This tense is known as the past simple because, like the present simple tense, it does not need any auxiliary verbs to complete the meaning. The simple past tense only uses the auxiliary verb did when it is used in a question or becomes negative with time indicators such as: the day before yesterday, last year, three days ago, last month.

(56)

Here is the sentence structure:

S + Verb₂+ ....

When to Use Simple Past Tense

a. Simple past tense is used when the situation was done before speaking or writing time.

Example:

Yesterday, I had a class.

b. The backshift past is used in indirect speech or thought in a backshift from the present tense.

Example:

One of regular teachers in elementary school said when student was grouping, they can work together.

c. The attitudinal past is used as a more polite alternative to the present with thinking or wishing verbs.

Examples:

‘May I help you sir?’ She said.

‘I wanted to know. Is the all training program running well?’.

d. The hypothetical past is used in hypothetical conditions in present or future time, those that deliver belief in the non of accomplishment of the condition.

Example:

I wish an integrated school program started now.

e. The emphatic past tense. This form places special emphasis on the fact that something happened in the past, which usually used as an explanation or to assure someone or something.

Example:

But I’m telling you, I did enroll the school program when you asked me to!

The Characteristics of Simple Past Tense

Some characteristics of this tense are as follow:

a. Used adverbs or adverbial phrases of time in past which can be positioned at the beginning or end of the sentence, for example,

(57)

b. Used verb 2 (the past tense form of the verb) such as went, cooked, came, taught, thought, ate, etc.

The Functions of Simple Past Tense

Some functions of this tense are as follow:

a. To explain an act that has happened in the past and is finished at some point in time.

b. Describing repeated actions or events in the past and present does not happen again.

F. Exercise

Complete the gaps with past form of the verbs from brackets!

1. She ……..………… her university studies at the age of twenty. (to finish)

2. Our big family ……..…….… us in the eid al fitr last year. (to visit) 3. I often ……….…… him letter last month. (to send)

4. Rani ………..…..…… home very late last night. (to come) 5. My parents ………me to the Mecca last year. (to take) 6. My brother …………..…… to the dormitory two weeks ago. (to

go)

7. I ……… a deputy of dormitory two years ago. (to be) 8. My friend …………..…… on her 19^thbirthday last year. (to marry) 9. Dodi ……….……… an accident yesterday. (to get)

10. I ………… meat curry and spicy soup yesterday. (to cook)

G. Writing

Please describe your unforgettable experience, make sure you use simple past tense accurately!

….………..………

………

(58)

References

Azar, B. S., & Hagen, S. A. 2009. Understanding and Using English Grammar.

White Plains, NY: Pearson Longman.

Greenbaum, S. 1996. The Oxford English Grammar. New York: Oxford University Press.

Herring, P. 2016. Complete English Grammar Rules. Ireland: FARLEX International.

Lena, M. S. 2013. Academic English. Bandar Lampung, Indonesia:

PUSIKAMLA. ISBN. 978-602-7666-24-5.

Lester, M. 2012. Practice Makes Perfect English Verb Tenses Up Close. New York: McGraw Hill.

(59)

(60)

A. Discuss the Following Questions with Your Friends!

1. What is an inferior teen?

2. What are characteristics of inferior person?

3. What makes someone become inferior?

4. Do you have any interaction with inferior person?

5. Do you think inferior teens can be healed?

B. Read the Text Carefully!

Inferior Teens

Adolescence is the one who is between the age of 11 to 20 years old.

This is a transition process of a person from childhood to adulthood. At this time, an individual tends to experience stress and have problems.

One of the problems that often occurs in adolescents is inferiority or low self-esteem. Inferior in adolescence marked by negative response by teenagers against themselves, such as lack of confidence, feeling worthless, excessive guilt. The low self-esteem or inferiority might make teems tend to be introvert, reserved, lack of sociaization with their peers, and so forth.

Many factors make adolescents become inferior people. One of them is that the failure in childhood before adolescence. According to

Inferior Teens

Unit 6

(61)

Erik H. Erikson, a psychologist, there are eight individual development stages during his lifetime; it is called “Psychosocial” phase. One of those stages is the stage of “Industry vs. Inferiority”, this phase lasts from age 6 to 11 years. This stage can also be called by the end of childhood.

It is a period in which children begin busy with developing themselves and socializing with friends.

The role of parents is also essential at this stage. If a child does not get support and motivation from parents and the environment, then the child will fail at this stage and become an inferior person. For example, a child has a hobby of drawing, but his parents do not support his hobby even mocking and demeaning him by saying that his hobby is not attractive and will not be useful in the future. This is certainly not only affecting the child in childhood but also after becoming a teenager, he will be inferior or have low self-esteem. Parents should give a good contribution to the children in the stage of Industry vs. Inferiority. The success of a child at this stage would have a good impact for him, showed by self-confidence and feeling valued and appreciated. Failure in this stage will harm children, showed by inferiority. Success or failure of that stage would affect the next steps, including the adolescent stage.

C. Answer the Following Questions!

1. One of the stages described by Erick. H Erick about the stages of individual development during his life is the stage of “Industry vs. Inferiority “, at this stage the role of parents is very important.

What do you think if a child, who does not have parents, is that child sure to fail at this stage and become an inferior person?

………

2. What can we do as parents to prevent inferiority in children?

………

(62)

3. For the success of the industrial vs inferiority stage, support from parents and the environment is needed. What if one of the two components is not there will this stage be successful?

………

4. If a teenager already feels inferior or inferior, what solutions can we do to get rid of the inferiority of an inferiority teenager?

………

5. What are the factors that can make children inferiority?

………

6. What is the right way for parents who want to convey their desires, direct their children without making the child feel that their parents do not support their hobby, feel humiliated which causes the child to become inferior?

………

7. What impact will happen in the future if a child is affected by inferiority?

………

8. Will a child who has low self-esteem succeed in his life or vice verse? Give your opinion!

………

(63)

9. What are the factors that make adolescents feel inferior?

………

10. Does adolescence lie in the age range?

………

D. Complete the Following Sentences with Appropriate Words in the Box!

Motivation Inferiority Demeaning

Introvert Worthless

1. ……….. or low self-esteem is one of the problems that tends to happen in adults.

2. Negative response marks the adolescence inferiority such as lack of confidence, feeling ……….…., excessive guilt.

3. Teenagers tend to be ……….…., reserved, lack of socialization with their peers, and so forth because of inferiority.

4. If parents do not contribute support and ………. for their child, then the child will proclaim a failure at “Industry vs.

Inferiority” stage and become an inferior person.

5. Parents do not support the child’s hobby and even mocking and

…………..…… him. This example leads to excess inferiority.

E. Past Continuous Tense

Past continuous tense is a tense form used to express that an action is taking place for a certain time in the past (past). This form indicates that the action occurred before (happened before), during (was in progress during), and may continue after (continued after) time or other actions that occurred in the past.