Indonesian Development Planning: A shift to a
more inclusive planning process
Dr. Paramita Rahayu
Urban and Regional Planning Program Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Sebelas Maret
Presented in SDP-UCL, ,UNS, Kota Kita Collaboration, March 11, 2022
Indonesia: Java vs other major islands
SUMATERA
JAVA
KALIMANTAN
SULAWESI
BALI & NUSA TENGGARA
MALUKU
PAPUA
21.7%
56.1%
5.5%
7.4%
Urban and Regional Planning Program
Indonesia:
Administrative Division
Central
Cities (Kota)
Sub-district (kecamatan)
Sub-district (kecamatan)
Sub-district (kecamatan) Sub-national
government (Province/Provinsi)
Districts (Kabupaten)
Rural village (desa) Urban village
(kelurahan)
Large neighborhood
RW Small
neighbborhood RT
Small neighbborhood
RT
Urban and Regional Planning Program
The core city:
Surakarta, 46 km
2rta (44km2) 1
2
3
4 5
6
Urban and Regional Planning Program UNS
City and District Development Plan
City and District Spatial Plan Provincial
Development Plan
Province Spatial Plan
National development plan National spatial plan
Indonesian Planning System and
Practices:
Spatial Plan and Development Plan (Less spatial-
Social-Economic Focus)
Urban and Regional Planning Program UNS
DEVELOPMENT PLAN SPATIAL PLAN
Development Plan in the New Order (before
1999/2000)
During the New Order Era 1969-1998, Indonesia has REPELITA (five yearly development plan).
REPELITA and all the development programs are composed by National Planning Agency
1969-1974-focus on basic need and agriculture 1974-1979-focus on agriculture development 1979-1984 –focus on distribution of wealth 1984-1989-focus on food self sufficiency and industrialization
1989-1994-focus on- maintaining food self- sufficiency and industrialization
1994-not finished-focus on industrial base economic and agriculture
https://www.tokopedia.com/bukulagi1/rentjana- pembangunan-lima-tahun-1969-70-1973-74-repelita
Urban and Regional Planning Program UNS
Example of ‘a success story program’ of Development Plan in the New Order Era
• The construction of State Primary School in 1970’s
• The program built about 150 thousands state primary schools all over Indonesia (focusing on underdeveloped regions) based on the Presidential Instruction
• The program became part of the research by Ester Duflo and team (Nobel Prize Winners in Economics 2019): “Schooling and Labor Market Consequences of School Construction in Indonesia: Evidence from an Unusual Policy Experiment”-Proved that the massive construction of primary school reduce poverty, increase income of poor population
Urban and Regional Planning Program UNS
Example of ‘a success story program’ of Spatial Plan in the New Order Era: Kampung Improvement Program
((Pictures are taken from publication of Devas, 1981)
Urban and Regional Planning Programs UNS
Development Planning in the Reform Order (since 2000)
• Central Government Regulation of National Development Planning System (SPPN)/UU No 25/2004: It is mandatory to implement bottom-up approach carried out in conjunction with top-down approach for the preparation of development plan
• The approach called ‘MUSRENBANG’ : A FORMAL DISCUSSION FORUM FOR PRIORITIZING DEVELOPMENT PLANNING ACTIVITIES AND BUDGETING
• Conducted at neighborhood level to national level (refer to Indonesian administrative division)
Urban and Regional Planning Programs UNS
Draft of Mid- Term Development Plan (5 years)
Draft of Strategic Development Plan
of Local Gov Agencies (5 year) Elected Head of
Region
Forum of Local Government Agencies
NEIGHBORHOOD Discussion Musrenbang VILLAGE Musrenbang SUB-DISTRICT
Musrenbang
CITY/REGENCY/DISTRICT
PRIORITIZING: LEADING SECTOR AND PROGRAMS AT CITY/REGENCY LEVEL
Final Working Plan LGA Final Government
Working Plan
INTEGRATION TOP DOWN-BOTTOM UP
CRITICAL POINTS
Urban and Regional Planning Programs UNS Draft of Yearly Government Working Plan
(1-2-3-4-5)
Draft of Yearly Working Plan of LGA (1-2-3-
4-5)
Leading sector Bappeda/Planning
Agency
Every Local Government
Agency
Thank you
Urban and Regional Planning Programs UNS
