JURNAL ILMIAH Judul Karya Ilmiah (Artikel) : Community-dr

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LEMBAR HASIL PENILAIAN SEJAWAT SEBIDANG ATAU PEER REVIEW KARYA ILMIAH: JURNAL ILMIAH

Judul Karya Ilmiah (Artikel) : Community-driven material recovery facility (CdMRF) for sustainable economic incentives of waste management: Evidence from Semarang City, Indonesia

Jumlah Penulis : 3 orang

Status Pengusul : Penulis Utama

Penulis Jurnal Ilmiah : Mochamad Arief Budihardjo, Septa Yudha Ardiansyah, Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan

Identifikasi Jurnal Ilmiah : a. Nama Jurnal : Habitat International

b. Volume/Nomor : Volume 119, 2022, Article 102488 c. Edisi (bulan/ tahun) : November 2021

d. Penerbit : Elsevier e. Jumlah halaman : 10 f. Jurnal URL g. Terindeks (jika ada) h. Turnitin similarity

: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2021.102488 : Scopus

: 5%

Kategori Publikasi (beri √ pada kategori yang tepat)

:  Jurnal Ilmiah Internasional Bereputasi

🗆🗆 Jurnal Ilmiah Internasional

🗆🗆 Jurnal Ilmiah Nasional Terakreditasi

🗆🗆 Jurnal Ilmiah Nasional Tidak Terakreditasi DOAJ

🗆🗆 Jurnal Ilmiah Nasional Tidak Terakreditasi Hasil Penilaian Peer Review

Komponen Yang Dinilai

Nilai Reviewer

Nilai Rata-rata Reviewer I Reviewer II

a. Kelengkapan dan kesesuaian unsur isi jurnal (10%) 4,0 3,5 3,75

b. Ruang lingkup dan kedalaman pembahasan (30%) 12,0 11,5 11,75

c. Kecukupan dan kemutahiran data/ informasi dan metodologi (30%)

11,5 11,5 11,5

d. Kelengkapan unsur dan kualitas penerbit (30%) 12,0 12 12

Total = (100%) 39,5 38,5 39

Kontribusi Pengusul (Penulis pertama dari 3 Penulis) = (60% 39) = 23,4

26 November 2021 Reviewer II

Prof. Dr. Hadiyanto, S.T., M.Sc NIP. 197510281999031004

Unit kerja: Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik UNDIP

Reviewer 1

Prof. Dr. Moh. Djaeni, S.T., M.Eng.

NIP. 197102071995121001

Unit kerja: Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik UNDIP

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LEMBAR HASIL PENILAIAN SEJAWAT SEBIDANG ATAU PEER REVIEW KARYA ILMIAH: JURNAL ILMIAH

d. Penerbit : Elsevier e. Jumlah Halaman : 10 f. Jurnal URL g. Terindeks (jika ada) h. Turnitin similarity

: 5 % Kategori Publikasi

(beri √ pada kategori yang tepat)

Nilai Maksimal Jurnal Ilmiah

Nilai Akhir yang diperoleh Internasional

Bereputasi

Internasional Nasional

Terakreditasi Nasional tidak Terakreditasi

(DOAJ)

Nasional Tidak Terakreditasi a. Kelengkapan dan kesesuaian unsur isi

jurnal (10%) 4 4,0

b. Ruang lingkup dan kedalaman

pembahasan (30%) 12 12,0

c. Kecukupan dan kemutahiran data/

informasi dan metodologi (30%) 12 11,5

d. Kelengkapan unsur dan kualitas

penerbit (30%) 12 12,0

Total = (100%) 40 39,5

Kontribusi Pengusul (Penulis pertama dari 3 Penulis) (0,6 x 39.5) = 23,7 Komentar Peer Review

1. Tentang kelengkapan dan kesesuaian unsur:

Tulisan sudah lengkap dan sesuai dengan template jurnal Habitat International yang terdiri dari judul, abstrak, pendahuluan, alat dan metode, hasil dan pembahasan, kesimpulan, pernyataan penulis, ucapan terima kasih, dan referensi. Artikel telah sesuai dengan bidang ilmu pengusul/anggota penulis yaitu tentang pengelolaan lingkungan khususnya persampahan.

2. Ruang lingkup artikel ini secara komprehensif membahas potensi pengembangan dan penyusunan strategi untuk meningkatkan kinerja CdMRF (bank sampah) di Kota Semarang. Artikel ini membahas tentang kontribusi CdMRF dalam pengelolaan persampahan di Kota Semarang. Analisis spasial CdMRF disajikan untuk menunjukkan cakupan area layanan CdMRF. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa eksistensi CdMRF Tentang ruang lingkup dan kedalaman pembahasan:

terbukti dapat meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat walaupun tidak secara signifikan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan jumlah dan sosialisasi CdMRF di Kota Semarang serta penegakkan peraturan terkait daur ulang merupakan langkah yang perlu diterapkan untuk mewujudkan keberlanjutan pengelolaan sampah berbasis masyarakat. Data yang disajikan sudah lengkap dan cukup detail yang meliputi semua CdMRF (bank sampah) di Kota Semarang termasuk cakupan area layanannya.

Jumlah sample yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini sangat cukup yang meliputi semua CdMRF di Kota Semarang. Pembahasan dilakukan secara mendalam yang didukung dengan hasil FDG yang melibatkan para stakeholder dalam pengelolaan CdMRF.

3. Metode Kecukupan dan kemutakhiran data serta metodologi:

penelitian yang dilakukan sudah jelas dan mudah dipahami. Artikel ini memiliki nilai kebaharuan yang sangat baik. Walalupun artikel CdMRF ini spesifik kajian di Kota Semarang namun, pembahasannya didukung dengan referensi internasional baru yang memadai. Sebanyak 34 dari 37 referensi berasal dari publikasi yang up to date (kurang dari 10 tahun). Metode yang digunakan meliputi survey lapangan dan FGD serta kuesioner untuk menjaring pendapat para stakeholder CdMRF. Originalitas artikel cukup baik yang ditunjukkan oleh turnitin similarity index = 5 %.

4. Kelengkapan unsur kualitas penerbit:

Jurnal ini tergolong jurnal Internasional bereputasi dengan penerbit Elsevier BV (Terindeks SCOPUS); dengan ISSN 0197- 3975, H lndeks 78 dengan kualifikasi Q1, SJR 2020: 1,54.

Semarang, 26 November 2021 Reviewer I

Nama : Prof. Dr. Moh. Djaeni, S.T., M.Eng.

NIP : 197102071995121001

Jabatan Fungsional : Guru Besar

Unit kerja : Departemen Teknik Kimia UNDIP

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LEMBAR HASIL PENILAIAN SEJAWAT SEBIDANG ATAU PEER REVIEW KARYA ILMIAH: JURNAL ILMIAH

d. Penerbit : Elsevier e. Jumlah Halaman : 10 f. Jurnal URL g. Terindeks (jika ada) h. Turnitin similarity

: 5%

Kategori Publikasi (beri √ pada kategori yang tepat)

Nilai Maksimal Jurnal Ilmiah

Nilai Akhir yang diperoleh Internasional

Bereputasi

Internasional Nasional

Terakreditasi Nasional tidak Terakreditasi

(DOAJ)

Nasional Tidak Terakreditasi a. Kelengkapan dan kesesuaian unsur isi

jurnal (10%) 4 3,5

b. Ruang lingkup dan kedalaman

pembahasan (30%) 12 11,5

c. Kecukupan dan kemutahiran data/

informasi dan metodologi (30%) 12 11,5

d. Kelengkapan unsur dan kualitas

penerbit (30%) 12 12

Total = (100%) 40 38,5

Kontribusi Pengusul (Penulis pertama dari 3 Penulis) (0,6 x 38,5) = 23,1 Komentar Peer Review

1. Tentang kelengkapan dan kesesuaian unsur:

Artikel yang disusun telah sesuai dengan template jurnal Habitat International. Bidang ilmu pengusul/anggota penulis sesuai dengan artikel yang dibahas.

2. Tentang ruang lingkup dan kedalaman pembahasan:

Artikel ini membahas tentang eksistensi CdMRF (bank sampah) di Kota Semarang dengan ruang lingkup yang relevan.

Penyusunan artikel didukung oleh data yang lengkap terkait aktivitas 37 CdMRF di Kota Semarang, yang menjadi salah satu keunggulan artikel ini. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa keberadaan CdMRF masih belum dapat mendukung efektivitas pengelolaan sampah berbasis masyarakat yang berkelanjutan di Kota Semarang karena servis area yang terbatas serta kurangnya partisipasi dari berbagai pihak terkait. Namun, disisi lain penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa keberadaan CdMRF telah memberikan kontribusi terhadap peningkatan kesejahteraan anggotanya. Hasil studi menunjukkan perlunya kebijakan dan regulasi khusus yang mengatur bank sampah. Kajian yang mendalam juga ditunjukkan dengan adanya kajian spasial terkait existensi CdMRF di Kota Semarang.

3. Kecukupan dan kemutakhiran data serta metodologi:

Metode penelitian yang dipilih pada artikel ini meliputi survey, wawancara dan pengamatan di CdMRF (bank sampah) yang ada di Kota Semarang. Metode yang digunakan cukup komprehensive dan dapat menjawab permasalahan yang ditemukan terkait CdMRF di Kota Semarang. FGD juga digunakan untuk menggali secara mendalam masukan dan pendapat dari para stakeholder CdMRF. Walaupun eksistensi CdMRF lebih banyak dikenal di Indonesia, namun referensi yang digunakan untuk pembahasan CdMRF merupakan referensi yang baru. Referensi yang digunakan pada artikel ini sudah mutakhir yang

ditunjukkan dengan penggunaan referensi yang up to date (34 dari 37 referensi adalah < 10 tahun) dengan angka Turnitin similarity index = 5%.

4. Kelengkapan unsur kualitas penerbit:

Jurnal ini merupakan jurnal internasional dengan penerbit Elsevier BV (Terindeks SCOPUS); dengan ISSN 0197-3975, H lndeks 78 dengan kualifikasi Q1, SJR 2020: 1,54.

Semarang, 26 November 2021 Reviewer II

Nama : Prof. Dr. Hadiyanto, S.T., M.Sc

NIP : 197510281999031004

Jabatan Fungsional : Guru Besar

Unit kerja : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik UNDIP

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Community-driven material recovery facility (CdMRF) for sustainable economic incentives of waste management: Evidence from Semarang City, Indonesia

Budihardjo M.A. , Ardiansyah S.Y. , Ramadan B.S.

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a b a

Environmental Sustainability Research Group, Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia

Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia

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This study of community-driven material recovery facilities (CdMRFs) in Semarang City, Indonesia, was performed with the involvement of all stakeholders. Descriptive analysis was employed to describe the existing conditions of CdMRFs. Stakeholders and spatial analyses were conducted to explore the potential development of CdMRFs and formulate the best strategic framework for improving their performance and sustainability. The results indicate that CdMRFs have strengths and weaknesses that must be considered when operating at the neighbourhood level. Although CdMRF practices have

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1 of 4 04/12/2021, 11:00

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survey in Anhui Province

Zening Xu, Jie Shen, Xiaolu Gao, Maocheng Zhen Article 102475

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Housing prices, migration, and self-selection of migrants in China Jiantao Zhou, Eddie Chi-Man Hui

Article 102479

Spatializing inequality across residential built-up types: A relational geography of urban density in São Paulo, Brazil.

Alejandro de Castro Mazarro, Sujit Kumar Sikder, Alexandra Aguiar Pedro Article 102472

Download PDF Article preview

Research article Open access

Spatio-temporal patterns of domestic water distribution, consumption and suﬃciency:

Neighbourhood inequalities in Nairobi, Kenya Nyamai Mutono, Jim Wright, Henry Mutembei, S.M. Thumbi Article 102476

Community-driven material recovery facility (CdMRF) for sustainable economic incentives of waste management: Evidence from Semarang City, Indonesia Mochamad Arief Budihardjo, Septa Yudha Ardiansyah, Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan

Article 102488

2 of 4 04/12/2021, 11:00

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Top-down spatial developments and bottom-up consumption of space: Merits at the micro-scale in China's shrinking cities

Wenshi Yang Article 102487

The impacts of urban vitality and urban density on innovation: Evidence from China's Greater Bay Area

Ziyu Chen, Binzizi Dong, Qing Pei, Zhonghao Zhang Article 102490

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The paradox of solid waste management: A regulatory discourse from Sub-Saharan Africa

Florence Muheirwe, Wilbard Kombe, Jacob M. Kihila Article 102491

What constrains impoverished rural regions: A case study of Henan Province in central China

Wenhao Wu, Yuheng Li, Yansui Liu Article 102477

Nostalgia for the lost built environment of a socialist city: An empirical study in post- socialist Tirana

Edmond Manahasa, Odeta Manahasa Article 102493

3 of 4 04/12/2021, 11:00

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How the combined use of non-negotiable and negotiable developer obligations aﬀects land value capture: Evidence from market-oriented urban redevelopment in China Yang Chen, K.W. Chau, Linchuan Yang

Article 102494

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Habitat International 119 (2022) 102488

Available online 24 November 2021

Community-driven material recovery facility (CdMRF) for sustainable economic incentives of waste management: Evidence from Semarang City, Indonesia

Mochamad Arief Budihardjo^a^,^*, Septa Yudha Ardiansyah^b, Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan^a

aEnvironmental Sustainability Research Group, Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia

bDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia

A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords:

CBSWM CdMRF Circular economy Recycling Sustainability Waste minimisation

A B S T R A C T

This study of community-driven material recovery facilities (CdMRFs) in Semarang City, Indonesia, was performed with the involvement of all stakeholders. Descriptive analysis was employed to describe the existing conditions of CdMRFs. Stakeholders and spatial analyses were conducted to explore the potential development of CdMRFs and formulate the best strategic framework for improving their performance and sustainability. The results indicate that CdMRFs have strengths and weaknesses that must be considered when operating at the neighbourhood level. Although CdMRF practices have economic potential for recovering the value of recyclable waste material, according to the perspectives of CdMRF managers, some community members do not trust CdMRFs to recycle their waste because most CdMRFs are initiated by individuals, apart from official local community activities. Therefore, local policies to support waste recycling at neighbourhood associations, the promotion of CdMRFs, and engagement with all stakeholders are necessary to recruit additional members and increase waste recovery rates. Rapid, versatile transaction recording that improves pick-up and collection services may significantly improve CdMRF operation.

1. Introduction

Successful recycling in industrialised and developed countries is often supported by strict government regulations and a high level of public awareness (Pires et al., 2011). Governments play a significant role in providing high-quality waste management services by estab- lishing and implementing policies, laws, and regulations that govern all aspects of waste management, for example, community participation (Marques et al., 2018). Managing solid waste is more complicated in developing countries than developed countries because of limited recycling practices and solid waste management policies (Marshall &

Farahbahksh, 2013).

In developing countries, informal sectors have played an important role in managing solid waste because they collect and recycle used goods that have economic value (Wilson et al., 2009). This informal sector of urban waste management often consists of individuals who are part of independently financed and organised waste management services in

urban areas that operate apart from local governmental authorities (Guibrunet, 2019). The informal waste management sector comprise household waste collectors, scavengers and waste pickers, informal street sweepers, scrap collectors or itinerant waste buyers, and dealers or traders either funded by non-governmental organisations or independently managed (Ezeah et al., 2013). Non-government organisations (NGOs) and community-based organisations (CBOs) also improve the waste management system because they can encourage proper waste handling (Ahsan et al., 2012). A community-based organisation that promotes a recycling programme has been established in developing countries namely the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Vietnam, which benefitted individuals and communities (Kubota et al., 2020).

Community-based solid waste management (CBSWM) is an approach based on community participation and involvement in waste management and recycling practices (Dhokhikah et al., 2015). CBSWM aims to reduce waste at the source, recover recyclable materials, and reduce the amount of solid waste sent to landfills (Sukholthaman & Sharp, 2016).

* Corresponding author. Environmental Sustainability Research Group, Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Dipone- goro, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia.

E-mail addresses: [email protected] (M.A. Budihardjo), [email protected] (S.Y. Ardiansyah), [email protected] (B.S. Ramadan).

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Habitat International

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/habitatint

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2021.102488

Received 5 March 2021; Received in revised form 17 November 2021; Accepted 18 November 2021

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Migration and household arrangements of rural families in China: Evidence from a survey in Anhui Province

Zening Xu^a^,^b, Jie Shen^c^,^*, Xiaolu Gao^d^,^e, Maocheng Zhen^f

aChina Institute for Urban Governance, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China

bSchool of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China

cSchool of Social Development and Public Policy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China

dInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China

eCollege of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

fBeijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100035, China

Household splitting Rural families Rural-urban migration Rural China

A B S T R A C T

The existing literature on household arrangement in rural-urban migration mostly focuses on floating families in cities. Given that circularity is an important feature of China’s rural-urban migration, it is important to under- stand household arrangements from the perspective of rural families. Based on a household survey conducted in Anhui Province, this study develops a multidimensional typology of household arrangement and identifies the differences among these forms. Using a separation-circulation framework, six household types were identified as Rural-intact, Low-labour-outflow, High-labour-outflow, Trailing-and-circular, Trailing-and-alienated and Split-for-ed- ucation. Rural families’ household choices were found to be determined by not only economic benefits, but also family interdependence and obligations. Meanwhile, while the urban hukou remains the most important factor in pulling people out from villages, stable and high-paying jobs in hometown could encourage rural families to remain intact. The study highlights the importance of considering household splitting as a strategy of circular migration and its impacts on the development of rural areas.

1. Introduction

Over the last four decades, China has witnessed rapid urbanization following the implementation of government-led programs of economic reform and opening-up. The level of urbanization was only 18% in 1978, but had reached 60.6% by 2019 (National Bureau of Statistics, 2020a).

This has been largely attributed to massive rural-urban migration. Ac- cording to official data, in 2019, the total number of rural-to-urban migrants was 290.77 million (National Bureau of Statistics, 2020b). As a result of migration, split households have become common nation- wide. A split-household family refers to a family whose members - under

‘normal’ circumstances - would be living in one place but are now living in separate places (Glenn, 1983). The dominant form of split households, however, has evolved and shifted across each decade. Sole migration dominated the 1980s, couple migration the 1990s, and nuclear family migration has held sway since the 2000s (Fan & Li, 2019). Nevertheless, permanent settlement of rural migrant families in cities remains rela- tively uncommon in China (Fan & Li, 2020). Migrants remain highly

mobile, circulating between their urban work locations and rural villages.

Split households are not uncommon in the rural–urban migration of less developed economies (Chant, 1991; Nelson, 1976), international labour migration (Reyes, 2004, pp. 299–321; Silvey, 2006), and trans- national high-skilled migrants (Kobayashi & Preston, 2007; Waters, 2002). In the case of China, household splitting tends to be a temporary strategy that affords a degree of flexibility, rather than a transitional step toward permanent settlement (Fan et al., 2011). This is because circularity is a fundamental attribute of rural-urban migration (Chen & Fan, 2018). Circularity refers to the repetitive and iterative movement of a migrant between an original home and multiple host areas. Although the familisation of migration has increased over recent years, rural migrants have been unwilling to give up rural land and rural hukou, and therefore remain cautious about settling in cities (Yang et al., 2016; Zhou et al., 2021). Therefore, rural-urban circularity and split-household arrangements will likely persist into the near future (Chen et al., 2020).

Although the existing literature has done much to capture the

* Corresponding author.

E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Shen).

Habitat International

Received 31 March 2021; Received in revised form 14 October 2021; Accepted 5 November 2021

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Spatializing inequality across residential built-up types: A relational geography of urban density in S ˜ ao Paulo, Brazil.

Alejandro de Castro Mazarro^a^,^*, Sujit Kumar Sikder^a, Alexandra Aguiar Pedro^b

aLeibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development. Weberplatz 1, 01217, Dresden, Germany

bMunicipal Housing Secretary, Sao Paulo City Hall, S˜ ˜ao Paulo, Brazil

Spatial inequality Uneven urban development Redistributive justice Relational geography Open data Slum upgrading

A B S T R A C T

Overcrowding in informal housing is a core problem in international development debates, whereby slum upgrading is viewed as a dominant policy to integrate formal and informal areas. Conceptually, challenges to socio-spatial integration are associated with unbalanced development processes of urban de- and re-densification beyond the housing level. However, a lack of empirical understanding of these processes limits the case for redistributive land use policies to complement slum upgrading. To address this gap, our study adopts an exploratory approach, applying GIS-based techniques to population census and open data on land use in S˜ao Paulo, Brazil, in order to analyze the distribution of population densities across residential built-up types in informal and informal areas, although there are constrains related to small-scale spatial data sources on urban density. This shows that informal settlements are indeed the densest residential built-up type in the city while revealing the underlying spatial inequality between informal settlements and low-rise, high-standard residential areas. We suggest that more emphasis be placed on the design and implementation of redistributive policies to avoid spatialized forms of inequality associated with uneven urban development. This will ensure the spatial and social integration of urban areas.

1. Introduction

The UN’s Sustainable Development Goal 11 aims to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable (United Nations, 2015). The first target towards achieving this goal proposes slum upgrading as a spatial and social policy option to redress urban poverty in cities with large housing deficits. Broadly understood, slum upgrading entails a bundle of policies such as tenure regularization as well as the renovation of housing and physical infrastructure upgrading.

Compared with large-scale resettlement housing schemes, slum upgrading is a cost-efficient investment which can reduce the social disruption caused by relocations/evictions and avoid the economic fallout when informal dwellers are removed from their places of employment (Patel, 2013; UN-Habitat, 2003; van Horen, 2000). Addi- tionally, slum upgrading has environmental benefits associated with climate change adaptation and mitigation (Nú˜nez Collado & Wang, 2020; Satterthwaite et al., 2020).

In general, the goal of slum upgrading is to address the problem of insanitary and overcrowded housing. Since the 1970s, examples of slum upgrading in the context of international development have focused on

building and connecting basic physical infrastructure to dwellings through renowned programs such as the Jakarta’s Kampung Improve- ment Program (Devas, 1981), the Slum Networking in Indore (Dewan Verma, 2000), or the Favela-Bairro program in Rio de Janeiro (Handzic, 2010). The focus on household-level targets has been progressively sharpened at the dawn of the 21st century, accompanied by the drafting of the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals and its opera- tional definition of slums. Specifically, the UN conceives the provision of physical infrastructure and land regularization within slum upgrading as a counterpoint to informal settlements, which are defined as areas that lack basic physical infrastructure (clean water, sewage and electricity) and where substandard and overcrowding housing or insecure housing tenure are prevalent (UN-Habitat, 2003, p. 11). This housing-centered view has been up-scaled from piecemeal project-based improvements to a citywide approach to slum upgrading (CWSU), thereby increasing the scale, synergies, comprehensiveness and responsiveness of slum upgrading (UN-Habitat, 2015). In CSWU, the focus on housing improvements or relocation is broadened to basic infrastructure provision, the removal of environmental hazards, the construction of community facilities, and the creation of incentives to community management or

* Corresponding author.

E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A. de Castro Mazarro), [email protected] (S.K. Sikder), [email protected] (A.A. Pedro).

Habitat International

Received 31 January 2021; Received in revised form 27 October 2021; Accepted 29 October 2021