Alhamdulillahirobbil 'alamiin, all praise be to Allah, who blessed, guided and kept the writer well while doing this thesis. There were many people who contributed to finish this thesis, therefore the author acknowledges those people. Especially to her friends Greatest’17 and Bismillah jadi for the togetherness that passed the writer in Bosowa University.
INTRODUCTION
- Background
- Reason for Choosing the Title
- Problem of the Research
- Research Question
- Scope of the Research
- Significance of the Research 1. Theoretical Benefit
According to Rose and Karper, politeness is one of the sciences of linguistics whose theory is pragmatic. Politeness is not only seen from the expression of the spoken language, but also includes attitudes and other aspects that are followed when conveying information and communication. The reason for choosing the title about politeness is that politeness becomes an important aspect in society; it is used to recognize social culture of a community in a region.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature
So, literary works are not only valued as works of art that contain the values of imagination and emotion wrapped in appreciation of the author. You can say that literature is the basic expression and thinking that people have. Through the series of events and conflicts that the characters experience, the reader has in effect entered the lives of the characters in the novel.
Linguistics Study
- Pragmatic Scale
According to Horn and Ward, pragmatics defined as a study of contextual, meaningful aspects, systematically extracted from construction content or logical forms. In addition, Bublitz in Schauer (2009: 6) defines pragmatics as the study of the principles of communication that people follow naturally and effectively in a social environment. The study is more about analyzing the meaning of what people say than about words or phrases that the words themselves may imply.
The study involves explaining what people mean in a given context and how the context affects what is said. Pragmatics is the study of receiving more communication than is said in other matters of seeking invisible meaning. Pragmatics is the study of the point of view on the meaning of words and unspoken words related to relative expression.
Pragmatics is the study of the relationship or utterance meaning in language interaction between speaker and hearer. The cost-benefit scale is a scale that focuses on the costs and benefits to the speaker or listener. Optionally, scale assessment of the illocutionary is done at the level of choice that the speaker allows the listener.
The indirect scale measures the amount of work the listener does in interpreting the illocutionary utterance of what the speaker is saying.
Politeness Theories
- Robin T Lakoff
- H. P Grice
17 The theory of politeness was first presented in 1978 by Brown and Stephen Levinson, they explained that the theory of politeness was a face concept proposed by Goffman in 1967. The purpose of politeness includes language politeness is to make interaction pleasant, non-threatening and effective. The intonation of the call itself can be further defined as the intonation of orders, invitations, requests and appeals.
Because politeness theory has been a consistent subject of study for many researchers, it has also been requested by several scholars. Called "the mother of modern politeness theory" by Eelen, Lakoff began the modern study of politeness from a pragmatic point of view in Lakoff (1973), taking a broad Gricean perspective and proposing three rules of politeness: "Don't impose." “Give options” and “Give a good feeling, be kind.”. This story was not elaborated in detail, but it got people thinking about the pragmatic impact of politeness on language behavior and conventions.
In order to have an effective conversation, the participants consist of the speakers and the listener must keep in mind some of the aspects of communication. Brown and Levinson developed, as mentioned above, a more clearly articulated model, which, although built on a Gricean basis, took into account a broader picture of social behavior, especially by developing the concept of face, introduced by influence. in Western social theorizing by Goffman (1967), as the key to the study of politeness. In practice, the entire focus of Brown and Levinson's theory was on face-threatening acts (FTAs) and the politeness strategies that were designed to correct or mitigate them.
The act itself is actually a threat, it depends not so much on the intention of the speaker, but on the perception of the listener.
The Principle of Politeness
- Tact Maxim
- Generosity Maxim
- Modesty Maxim
- Agreement Maxim
- Sympathy Maxim
In his book, Leech argues that the tact maxim is "Minimize trusts that imply loss to others while maximizing trusts that imply benefits to others." Likewise, the hurt feelings that arise from the treatment of others can be minimized if this tact maxim is held firmly and enforced in a speech or interaction.
In his book, Leech (2014:35) says that the maxim of generosity is "The expression of expenditure to others should be minimized, while the expression of benefit to others should be maximized." In his book Leech (2014:35) states that approval rule “reduces expressions of belief that convey disapproval of others; maximize belief expressions that express approval of others”. In his book Leech (2014:35) states that modesty's principle is "Self-praise should be kept to a minimum, while self-dis-praise should be maximized."
In his book, Leech (2014:35) states that the maxim of agreement is: “Minimize self and other expressions of disagreement and enhance self and other expressions of agreement.” As with the other whole maxim, the usual caveat applies as to the need to take into account the relationship between the speaker and the hearer and the nature of the interaction in which they are involved. In his book, Leech (2014:35) states that the maxim of sympathy is: “Reduce antipathy towards others and increase sympathy for others.”. The purpose of this maxim is that participants in speech can maximize their sympathetic attitude between one side and the other.
I am sorry for your loss' this utterance seems to care about the hearer and shows the speaker's sympathy for the headline.
METHODOLOGY
Type of the Research
Source of Data
Method of Collecting Data
Method of Analyzing Data
The writer liked the principle of courtesy used by the characters in the novel "The Perks of Being a Wallflower." If the benefit to the listener outweighed the cost, the statement was polite. 33 Based on data 2 above, the utterance “I felt so sad”, the hearer tried to lessen the speaker's sadness by saying “No.
The utterance showed that the hearer maximizes benefits for others and minimizes costs for others. This was caused by the benefit of the utterance to the hearer being higher than the cost. In his book Leech (2014:35) states that maxim of generosity “minimizes the expression of costs to others; maximize the expression of benefit to others.” The data below showed the data finding based on Generosity Maxim.
On the basis of information 8, it was said “she told me not to worry because he hadn't hit her since that night. In his book, Leech (2014:35) states that the maxim of consensus is “Minimize the expression of disagreement between yourself and others; increase the expression of agreement between oneself and others." The table showed the data finding based on the agreement maxim. Based on the data 20 above, the mother's statement implements the maxim of agreement in which she agreed with the father's statement with the words "the best".
It was clear from the context that the statement was about agreement. From the above statement, it can be seen that the use of the principle of politeness in the line of the maxim of sympathy showed that the speaker paid attention to the listener. The scale of authority referred to the social status relationship between the speaker and the listener participating in the utterance.
Discussion
The frequency of using the maxim of generosity by the characters in the novel showed that 2 clues consist of 2 utterances. The frequency of use of this maxim by the characters in the novel shows 5 data consists of 5 sayings. This maxim was intended to keep the speaker humble and not to give the impression of being arrogant to the listeners.
The frequency of the use of maximum modesty by the characters in the novel showed that 5 clues consist of 5 utterances. The frequency of use of maximum agreement by characters in the novel showed that 6 clues consist of 6 utterances. The use of this maxim and tact maxim is used more by the character rs.
The frequency of the use of sympathy maximum by characters in the novel showed that 4 data consists of 4 statements. The use of a pragmatic scale aimed to show the level of politeness in an utterance. The implication showed that the use of maxims of politeness principle such as tact maxim, generosity maxim, approval maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim and sympathy maxim, was important to make a good behavior in communication.
The writer concluded the findings of the research conducted and the writer provided suggestions for further research in the same area.
Conclusion
- Synopsis The Perks of Being a Wallflower
After completing the study, the author focuses on examining the politeness principles in the novel "The Perks of Being a Wallflower" using Geoffrey Leech theory. Therefore, the writer suggests that further research on the principle of politeness should be enhanced with different theories or data sources. He begins to write about everything that happens in him recently, or his perception of things, or even his memory in the past life.
Charlie endures a post-traumatic event caused by several events that happen to him in his childhood such as the death of two of his closest figure in his life, and also sexual abuse that he went through. Until one day he meets Patricks and Sam, his senior and that's when the story of school life begins. After being very close to Patrick and Sam who everyone at school understands are very popular, Charlie begins to encounter free sex and drug use.
And then he started his first film "no names around", which premiered at the sundance film festival and won the award for best narrative feature film at the Chicago film underground film festival. After five years of research and writing, it was published and became one of the best-selling novels of 1999. 33 Sumpang Binangae in 2009 and then continued his education at SMP Negeri 1 Barru and graduated in 2012.
During college, she spent her time studying in the classroom and joined the letter faculty of the student executive board serving as the department's secretarial coordinator for a period.
