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THE USE OF PREPOSITION IN DECRIPTIVE TEXT OF THE SEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS’ AT SMP NEGERI 1 BUNGORO
(A Descriptive Quantitative Research)
A THESIS
Submitted to the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Muhammadiyah University of Makassar in Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of
Education English Education Department
SITI MILKIAH YAHYA 105351102116
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY TEACHER TRAINING EDUCATION MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR
2022
▸ Baca selengkapnya: soal preposition of place kelas 3 sd
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UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MAKASSAR FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
SURAT PERNYATAAN Saya yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini:
Nama : Siti Milkiah Yahya
Nim : 105351102116
Jurusan : Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris
Judul Skripsi : The Use of Preposition in Descriptive Text of Seventh Grade Students’ at SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro
Dengan ini menyatakan bahwa skripsi yang saya ajukan di depan tim penguji adalah hasil karya saya sendiri dan bukan hasil ciptaan orang lain atau dibuatkan oleh siapapun.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dan saya bersedia menerima sanksi apabila pernyataan ini tidak benar.
Makassar, Januari 2022 Yang Membuat Pernyataan
Siti Milkiah Yahya
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UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MAKASSAR FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
SURAT PERJANJIAN Saya yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini:
Nama : Siti Milkiah Yahya
Nim : 105351102116
Jurusan : Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Fakultas : Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Dengan ini menyatakan perjanjian sebagai berikut:
1. Mulai dari penyusunan proposal sampai selesai penyusunan skripsi ini, saya akan menyusun sendiri skripsi saya (tidak dibuatkan oleh siapapun).
2. Dalam menyusun skripsi, saya akan selalu melakukan konsultasi dengan pembimbing yang telah ditetapkan oleh pimpinan fakultas.
3. Saya tidak akan melakukan penjiplakan (plagiat) dalam penyusunan skripsi.
4. Apabila saya melanggar perjanjian seperti pada butir1, 2, dan 3, saya bersedia menerima sanksi sesuai dengan aturan yang berlaku.
Demikian perjanjian ini saya buat dengan penuh kesadaran.
Makassar, Januari 2022 Yang Membuat Perjanjian
Siti Milkiah Yahya
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MOTTO AND DEDICATION
MOTTO
“Struggle that you do today, is the single way to build a better future”
DEDICATION
From the bottom of my heart, I would like to dedicate this thesis to:
1. My beloved parents, Mr. Muh. Yahya S.Pd. and Mrs. Kartini Thalib, S.Pd. MM..
always pray and give me support in finishing this thesis.
2. My beloved brother Muh. Tufa’il Yahya who always give me support and motivation.
3. My beloved classmate of awesome who gives the best memories.
4. And the important one for myself.
viii ABSTRACT
SITI MILKIAH YAHYA. 2022. The Use of Preposition in Descriptive Text of the Seventh Grade Students’ at SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro. A Thesis of English Department, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education. The Muhammadiyah University of Makassar. Supervised by Bahrun Amin and Sitti Maryam Hamid.
This research aimed to know the students’ ability in using preposition in descriptive text of the seventh grade students’ at SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro. The design of this research was descriptive quantitative research. The total number of the sample was 29 students. The researcher used the purposive sampling technique. The instrument used to get the data was a test as a data collection tool.
Based on the results, the researcher found the percentage of students’ ability in using preposition in descriptive text. The researcher analyzed the data by computing the frequency of the students’ score and frequency percentages of students’ score classification. Thus, the students’ ability in using preposition (preposition of time, preposition of place, and preposition of manner). The researcher found that there were only 3 students’ (10,34%) who had Excellent level of ability in used preposition, 12 students’ (41,38%) who had Good level of ability in used preposition, 5 students’ (17,27%) who had Fair level of ability in used preposition, 6 students (20,70%) who had Poor level of ability in used preposition, and 3 students’
(10,34%) who had Very Poor level of ability in used preposition.
It can be concluded that majority the students’ ability in using preposition (preposition of time, preposition of place, and preposition of manner) of the seventh grade students at SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro in the academic year of 2021/2022 belongs to Good level of ability.
Keywords: Preposition, test, descriptive text, quantitative research.
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SITI MILKIAH YAHYA. 2022. Penggunaan Preposisi dalam Teks Deskriptif Siswa Kelas Tujuh SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro. Skripsi Jurusan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan. Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar. Dibimbing oleh Bahrun Amin dan Sitti Maryam Hamid.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan siswa dalam menggunakan preposisi dalam teks deskriptif siswa kelas tujuh SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro. Desain penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 29 siswa. Peneliti menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan data adalah tes sebagai alat pengumpulan data.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, peneliti menemukan persentase kemampuan siswa dalam menggunakan kata depan dalam teks deskriptif. Peneliti menganalisis data dengan menghitung frekuensi skor siswa dan persentase frekuensi klasifikasi skor siswa. Dengan demikian, kemampuan siswa dalam menggunakan preposisi (preposition of time, preposition of place, dan preposition of manner). Peneliti menemukan bahwa hanya 3 siswa (10,34%) yang memiliki tingkat kemampuan Sangat Baik dalam penggunaan kata depan, 12 siswa (41,38%) yang memiliki tingkat kemampuan Baik dalam menggunakan kata depan, 5 siswa (17 ,27%) yang memiliki tingkat kemampuan Sedang dalam penggunaan preposisi, 6 siswa (20,70%) yang memiliki tingkat kemampuan Buruk dalam menggunakan preposisi, dan 3 siswa (10,34%) yang memiliki tingkat kemampuan Sangat Buruk dalam menggunakan preposisi.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa sebagian besar kemampuan siswa dalam menggunakan preposisi (preposisi waktu, preposisi tempat, dan preposisi cara) siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro tahun ajaran 2021/2022 termasuk dalam tingkat kemampuan yang baik.
Kata kunci : Preposisi, tes, teks deskriptif, penelitian quantitative
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah Robbie 'Alamin. The researcher would like to express their deepest gratitude to Allah SWT who has provided guidance, grace and health to complete this thesis. Salawat and, greetings are addressed to the last elected religious messenger, the prophet Muhammad S.A.W.
Furthermore, the researcher also expressed her deepest gratitude to her beloved parents: her father Muh. Yahya and her mother Kartini Thalib for their prayers, finances, motivation, sacrifice for their success, and their sincere and pure love without time.
The researcher realized that in carrying out the research and writing of this thesis, many parties have contributed valuable suggestions, guidance, assistance, and advice for the completion of this thesis. Therefore, the researchers would like to thank them:
1. Prof. Dr. H. Ambo Asse, M.,Ag the Rector of Muhammadiyah University of Makassar
2. Erwin Akib, S.Pd., M.Pd., P.Hd., the Dean of Faculty of Teacher Training and Education of the Muhammadiyah University of Makassar.
3. Dr. Ummi Khaerati Syam, S.Pd. M.Pd., the head of the English Department of Faculty of Teacher Training and Education at the Muhammadiyah University of Makassar who gave her valuable authorities and suggestion in doing this thesis.
4. A big thank you to Dr. H. Bahrun, Amin, M.Hum. as my first mentor who gave valuable time and seriousness in motivating and guiding me to complete this thesis.
5. A big thank you to Sitti Maryam Hamid, S.Pd., M.Pd. as the second mentor who spent his valuable time and patience in motivating, guiding, and entertaining me in completing this thesis
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6. My heartful thank to all of the lectures of English Education Department for teaching precious knowledge and share the wonderful experience
7. My heartful thank to my family as a supporter in all conditions for me
8. My beloved partners in crime, Juswandi that always help me whenever I asked for help and support me all the time.
9. My appreciation for Awesome class that always supporting each other’s since 2016
10.Finally, for everyone who has provided valuable advice, guidance, assistance, and advice to complete this thesis, may Allah S.W.T. be with us now happily ever after.
Makassar, January 2022 The researcher
SITI MILKIAH YAHYA
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER ... i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ... ii
APPROVAL SHEET ... iii
COUNSELLING SHEET 1 ... iv
COUNSELLING SHEET 2 ... v
SURAT PERNYATAAN ... vi
SURAT PERJANJIAN ... vii
MOTTO ... viii
ABSTRACT ... ix
ABSTRAK ... x
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xii
LIST OF FIGURE ... xiii
LIST OF TABLE ... xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES ... xv
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION A. Background ... 1
B. Problem Statement ... 5
C. Objective of Study ... 5
D. Significant of the Study ... 5
E. Scope of study ... 6
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CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Previous Research Findings ... 7
B. Some Partinent Ideas ... 12
1. Writing ... 12
2. Descriptive Text ... 13
3. Preposition ... 14
4. The Type of Preposition ... 16
a. Preposition of Time ... 16
b. Preposition of Place ... 15
c. Preposition of Manner ... 21
d. Conceptual Framework ... 23
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHOD A. Research Design ... 24
B. Population and Sample ... 24
C. Research Instrument ... 25
D. Data Collection... 26
E. Data Analysis ... 27
CHAPTER 4: FINDING AND DISCUSSION A. Research Findings ... 39
B. Discussion ... 38
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion ... 43
B. Suggestion ... 44 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
CURRICULUM VITAE
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LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 3.1. Conceptual Framework ... 23
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LIST OF TABLE
Table 3.1. Research Design ... 24
Table 3.2. Student Score Category ... 27
Table 4.1. Student Score Categories ... 35
Table 4.2. Percentage of Students’ ... 36
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LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1 Research Instrument
Appendix 2 the Key Answer of Test
Appendix 3 the Students’ Score in Used Preposition Appendix 4 Documentation (Students’ test result) Appendix 5 Documentation
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background
In Indonesia, English is a foreign language. It has very essential position in communication among people. It has been studied and taught from junior high school until university. The aim of teaching English at Indonesian school is to produce people mastering English perfectly. Basically, the curriculum of teaching English deals with skills of practical language like listening, speaking, reading, and writing.
For expanding the students’ skills, the curriculum of the teaching English also includes the language components like vocabulary, structure (Grammar) and pronunciation (in speech) or spelling (in writing).
Writing is one of the important main language skills that the students’ should learn because it is one of the ways to communicate with other people. The student can share information and ideas in the written form. To write well, the people must have good writing capabilities too. According to Heaton (1975: 127) writing is a task which involves students to make grammatically correct sentences by manipulating words in the form of a piece of continuous writing with successfully communicates the writers' ideas on a certain topic. As one of Englis language skills, writing is important to be learnt by student’s at junior high school. According to Nunan and David (2003 : 88) writing is the mental work of inventing ideas, thinking about how to express them and organizing them into statements and paragraphs that will be clear to a reader. So the student’s need to master writing skill because it can be used to
express the student’s as well as feeling and communication with others. It means in giving information to other people, the information must be clear and able to be understood by the receiver of the information. In writing English text, prepositions are very often used in sentences.
Preposition is one of the parts of speech that apply in a sentence which is followed by noun or pronoun. Prepositions words are as significant as different materials, yet indeed the understudies actually discover a few troubles in learning them. Preposition is very important in writing English text especially in writing narrative text. According to Frank (1972) preposition is classified as a part of speech in traditional grammar. However, preposition are as the same important as other material because learning English preposition is not easy.
Greenbaum and Gerald (2002) defined that prepositions are closed of items connecting two units in a sentence and specifying a relationship between them.From the statement above, the researcher concludes that preposition is a word that can not be changed in shape and are usually in place in front of the noun to show a certain relationship with other words in the sentence. Preposition has been called the biggest little words in English. They are usually quite short and insignificant looking, but they have very important functions to show the meaning of the sentences if only the grammar parts that must be mastered by students of junior high school. In general, we can classify prepositions into three groups, namely Prepositions of time, Prepositions of place and preposition of manner.
Based on researchers' observations in this academic year, The total number of the sample consist of 29 students. The researcher took A class because the ability of the students in the seventh grade are same in every clas. They often get confused and make mistake when using preposition in sentences. They are usually pick the wrong choice of word (especially on the preposition). Prepositions are as the same important as other materials, but in the fact the students still find some difficulties in learning them. It naturally happens because learning English preposition is not easy.
Based on the interview to Mrs. Murni S.Pd, as the English teacher of seventh grade in SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro Pangkep, the prepositions are put in the syllabus to be taught in seventh grade. Eventhough the language learners have been taught about the use of the preposition, they still consider it is a problem.
Althought English has been educated since the junior high school, there are still numerous students of SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro that can’t comprehend and make a difference between the standards particularly in utilizing preposition words. The preposition word is one of the issue for most English students that frequently make understudies confounded. For instance "in" equivalents to “di dalam”, "on"
equivalents to “di atas”. "behind" equivalents to di “belakang”, "under" equivalents to
“di bawah”. Prepositions in Indonesian language sometimes has more than one meaning in English. For example, preposition of place “di atas”, in English we can use prepositions of place on or above, a preposition of place “di bawah”, in English we can use preposition of place under or below, but they have different situation in
use. For examples in sentences; The cat is on the table (kucing itu di atas meja), The bird flies above the tree (burung itu terbang di atas pohon). From those example, it can be seen that prepositions of place on and above have the same meaning in Indonesian language, that is “di atas”.However, they actually have different situation. Even though the students know the meaning of preposition of place in Indonesian language, they are often confused which one will be used. Therefore, they have difficulty in using and applying them in real situation. The students are still unable to use English in grammar and they are also still unable to practice their English in their daily activity in their class room.
Based on that case, it is important to know whether all of the students have mastered using preposition or not. The researcher wants to know how the Students ability in the Use of Preposition in Writing Text Made by the Seventh Grade of SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro. So I will pour this research into the title “The Use of Preposition in Writing Made by the Seventh Grade Students’ of SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro”
B. Problem Statement
Based on the background that has been described, the problems studied can be formulated as follows “How is the students’ ability to use preposition in descriptive text of the seventh grade students’ at SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro”
C. Objective of the Study
Based on the problem statement, the objective of this study is “To know the students’ ability in using preposition in descriptive text of the seventh grade students’
at SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro.
D. Significance of the Study
The significant of the study are divided into two. Expected to give some contributions as follows :
1. Theoretically Significance
The findings of this study are expect to give some useful information for the English Department students’ and for the people out there (public) about the use of preposition in writing English text.
2. Practically Significance
This research is expect to be able to help in using preposition and to correct students' mistakes when using preposition. And also this research is expected to be a reference source for further studies on related topics for the next reaserchers.
E. Scope of the Study
In this research, the researcher will identify and analyze students’ ability when using preposition (Preposition of time, place, and manner) in descriptive text by looking the suitable preposition word in descriptive text that students’ used for the seventh grade.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher reviews some related literatures on this study.
This chapter deals with some parts, namely previous research findings, some partinet ideas, and conceptual framework.
A. Previous Research Findings
This previous research became one of the researcher’s references in conducting research, so the researcher can enrich the theories used in studying research conducted. There are some researches related to this research.
Syafei and Nentis (2020) in their article Errors in Using Preposition Made by English Freshmen Majoring in Literature at Universitas Negeri Padang in Academic Year 2019. This study aims to analyzing the English department students errors in using prepositions based on using gap-filling test. Researchers used a descriptive quantitative research. The subjects of this study were the freshmen of English department majoring on Literature in academic year 2019. As the instrument of the study, a gap-filling test was used. In this case, the students were asked to fill in the blank with appropriate The results of the data analysis show that from 1240 answers in the test, there were 796 errors made by the students. The errors included 184 (59%) errors prepositions of time, 213 (69%) errors in prepositions of place, 236 (76%) errors prepositions of direction/movement and 163 (52%) errors other kinds of prepositions.
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Research conduct by Fabella et al (2019) in their An Analysis of Students’
Ability in Using Prepositions By 7th Grade of SMPN 1 Tanjungpinang. This research aimed to find out and identify students’ ability in using prepositions in sentence. This research was a descriptive qualitative research by using test instrument to collect the data needed . This research was conducted by seventh grade students as the respondents at SMPN 1 Tanjungpinang in the academic year 2018/2019. The test of instrument was test in using prepositions of place and time. The results of this research show that of 39 students, the average of errors in using of prepositions of place and time with 42.05% which is categorized into “poor”. There were 00.00%
categorized into “excellent” grade, which is there was no one get the excellent score.
20.51% was categorized into “good” grade, 12.82% was categorized “average” grade, and 66.66% categorized into “poor” grade. Furthermore, the dominant of “poor”
grade of students’ ability in using of prepositions was prepositions of place because it had 26 students, while preposition of time had 21 students for “poor” grade.
Research conduct by Samae (2018) in his research Students’ Ability In Using Preposition of Place at the Seventh Grade of SMP PGRI Sukarame Bandar Lampung in 2017/2018 Academic Year. This study was about students’ ability in using preposition of place. The purpose of the research was to find out the data of students‟
ability in using preposition of place of the seventh grade students at first semester of SMP PGRI 6 Bandar Lampung in the academic year of 2018 This type of research was descriptive quantitative research. The subject of this research was 30 students of the seventh grade. The data of this research were obtained by using test. The
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researcher analyzed the data by computing the frequency of the students‟ score and frequency percentages of students’ score classification.
Research conduct by Fahmi (2018) in his research The Students' Ability in Using Preposition in Guided Writing of Seventh Grade SMP Negeri 25 Malang. This study was written to observe the students' ability in using preposition in guided writing, and to show the presentage of students' ability based on the test. The design of this research is descriptive quantitative research, this research uses numbers to know the students ability' in using preposition. The target population of this research is the seventh grade students of SMPN 25 Malang. There are four classes of the seventh grade (VII A, VII B, VII C, and VII D). The sample of this research is as many as 60 students.
They were randomly selected from 4 different classes. The data were collected by distributing a test. The students were required to complete the sentences by using correct preposition. The test consisted of 50 items which is the students should complete the sentences by using the correct preposition. The result of the analysis showed that the students' ability in using preposition was poor. Only one students (1.7%) got (18-20) or very good, twenty one students (35%) got (12-15) or good, thirty eight students (63.3%) got (8-11) or pass, and there were not students (0%) got weak (5-7) and very poor (0-4). The most of students pass the test and only 1 students (1.7%) got very good score. It can be stated that the students' ability in using preposition was considered pass.
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Based on the previous related research findings above, this research is different from previous studies because the researcher has discusses preposition in writing descriptive text, the researcher also focused on the students’ ability to avoid confusion in using preposition. So the researcher decided to do more research about the preposition to find the students’ ability in writing descriptive text. There are similarities and differences with this research. The similarities are all of them discuss preposition. The differences are the type of prepositin, research objects, and research methods used. The first research was conducted by Syafe’i and Nentis (2020) in their article Errors in Using Preposition Made by English Freshmen Majoring in Literature at Universitas Negeri Padang in Academic Year 2019. This study aims to analyzing the English department students errors in using prepositions based on using gap- filling test. Second research conducted by Fabella et al (2019) in their An Analysis of Students’ Ability in Using Prepositions By 7th Grade of SMPN 1 Tanjungpinang.
This research aimed to find out and identify students’ ability in using prepositions in sentence. This research was a descriptive qualitative research by using test instrument to collect the data. Third Research conducted by by Samae (2018) in his research Students’ Ability In Using Preposition of Place at the Seventh Grade of SMP PGRI Sukarame Bandar Lampung in 2017/2018 Academic Year. This study was about students’ ability in using preposition of place. The purpose of the research was to find out the data of students‟ ability in using preposition of place. This type of research was descriptive quantitative research. The subject of this research was 30 students of the seventh grade. The data of this research were obtained by using test. The fourth
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research conducted by Fahmi (2018) in his research The Students' Ability in Using Preposition in Guided Writing of Seventh Grade SMP Negeri 25 Malang. The researcher observe the students' ability in using preposition in guided writing, and to show the presentage of students' ability based on the test. The researcher used descriptive quantitative research.
B. Some Partinent Ideas 1. Writing
a. Definition of Writing
Writing is a human communication medium that involves language representation with symbols. Elbow (1973) states that writing calls on the ability to create words and ideas out of yourself, but it also calls on the ability to criticize them in order to describe which ones to use. Writing is the nature of the composing process of writing. Written products are often the result of thinking, drafting and revising procedures that require specialized skills, skills that not every speaker develops naturally, Brown and Li (2003:
335). Besides that, according to White (1986 : 10) writing is the process expressing the ideas, information, knowledge, or experience and understand the writing to acquire the knowledge or some information to share and learn.
Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that the definition of writing is process of inventing ideas, thinking about how to express them, and organizing them into statements and paragraphs which the purpose is used to communicate something with the other people indirectly,
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student gets effort to express mind through language in writing, and also writing is an activity of writing something by expressing feelings and ideas, making and composing good sentences in writing
b. The Importance of Writing
The reason for teaching writing to the stu dents of English as a foreign language include reinforcement, language development, learning style, and the most importantly writing as a skill in it’s own right, Harmer (2002:79). According to Harmer (2004: 31-33) there are some importance of writing. Those are:
a. Writing encourages students to focus on accurate language use because they think as they write, it may provoke well development as they resolve problems which writing puts in their mind.
b. Writing is often used as a means of reinforcing language that has been thought.They use writing skill to make a note about what they have learn while learning process happens.
c. Writing is frequently usefull as preparation for some other activity.
d. Writing can be used as an integral part of a larger activity where the focus is on something else such as language practice, acting out, or speaking.
e. Writing is also used in questionnaire-type of activities. Writing is important to face questionnaire test. In the examination, students are asked their answer in the form of written.
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2. Descriptive Text
Descriptive text is one of text types or genre. Anderson (2003) states that, a factual description, describes a particular person, place or thing. In other words, a particular person, place or thing is described in details in this composition.It means that descriptive text is a text which says what a thing, animal, or a person is like. It is purpose is to describe and reveal a particular thing, person, or place.
From the statement above it can be concluded that the descriptive text is a text which describes the characteristic of something, it can be person, a place or a thing in such a way that a picture is formed in the reader’s mind.
Furthermore, students’ descriptive From the statement above it can be concluded that the descriptive text is a text which describes the characteristic of something, it can be person, a place or a thing in such a way that a picture is formed in the reader’s mind. Furthermore, students’ descriptive.
3. Preposition
The preposition is classified as a part of speech in traditional. Frank (1972) give the definition about preposition as follows: A preposition is a word used with an object to form a prepositional phrase. It shows how the noun or pronoun that follows it relates to another word or words in the sentences. The preposition, the sixth part of speech, is a word that shows the
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relation- ship between a noun (or a pronoun) and another word in the sentence. Preposition word has a function to indicate the relationship between nouns or pronouns and other words in a sentence, or word placed before nouns or pronouns with parts of the other sentence. Preposition serves to indicate direction, position, or time. It means that preposition are connective words that show the relationship between the nouns following them and one of the basic elements: subject, verb, object, or complement. They usually indicate relationship, such as position, place, direction, time, manner, and condition between their object and other parts of the sentence.
Holt and Wishon (2000, p.12) said the preposition is the link that connects the words and phrases of a sentence in various special relationships It means, the preposition has the function of connecting a noun or a pronoun to another word, usually a noun, verb or adjective. Preposition word portrays the connection between at least two things, Foley and Hall (1997) It can interface thing, action words or modifiers before the relational word with a thing. Preposition word depicts a connection between different words in a sentence. Majorie Farmer said that Preposition word is a word that presents an expression altering another word or a piece of a sentence. Greenbaum and Gerald (2002) characterized that preposition words are shut of things interface two unit in a sentence and indicating a connection between them.
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From the statement above, The researcher conclude that preposition is a word that can not be changed for the most part set up before the thing to show a specific relationship with different words in sentence.
4. The Types of Preposition a. Preposition of Time
Quirk and Greenbaum (1973) state that at, on, and in as preposition of time when are to some extent parallel to the same items as positive preposition of position, although in the time sphere there are only two dimension-types, point of time and period of time. It means preposition of time is a preposition to discuss a specific time period such as a date on the calendar, one of the days of the week, or the actual time something takes place. Prepositions of time are the same words as prepositions of place, however they are used in a different way.
a. At – This preposition of time is used to discuss clock times, holidays and festivals, and other very specific time frames including exceptions, such as “at night.”
b. In – This preposition of time is used to discuss months, seasons, years, centuries, general times of day, and longer periods of time such as “in the past.”
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c. On – This preposition of time is used to discuss certain days of the week or portions of days of the week, specific dates, and special days such as
“on New Year’s Day.”
There may only be three prepositions of time, but the ways in which you can use them are almost endless. In the following examples, the prepositions of time have been italicized for ease of identification. Example :
1. My great-grandmother was born in 1906.
2. Breakfast is a meal which is generally eaten in the morning.
3. My parents grew up in the 1960s.
4. My vacation ends on Monday.
5. We’re going bowling on Friday night.
6. My brother John was born on September 3rd.
7. We always have a huge celebration on New Year’s Eve.
8. Meet me at 7:30.
9. The town is always well-decorated at Christmastime.
10. Now that my grandfather is older, he no longer drives at night.
b. Preposition Place
Preposition of place indicates the relationships of place or position.
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Frank (1972) divides them into three indicator. They are the point itself, higher or lower than point, and neighboring the point There are numerous sorts of preposition words that show the spot or position, they are:
a.1. The point it self
In or inside Put your shirt in the cupboard. (in showing the area of something enclosed, a building, a drawer, a container, a room)
There is no one inside the library. (inside emphasizes the containment)
On Put the spoon on the table. (on indicates the surface of something – a table, a window, a desk, or anything).On top of – He is singing on top of the chair. (On top of emphasizies the highest even surface. It is utilized with an item that has some tallness).
At She is at post office (at mosque, at the market).
(“At” alludes to general region. Were presence at the spot is admitted or demonstrated).
At is additionally utilized for addresses with road number
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After the action word show up, at alludes to a spot more modest than a city. He has shown up at the air terminal (or the hospital, the administration) in alludes to a spot bigger than a city or town. He showed up in California (South Korea, Asia). For a city, in is more normal. “At” may likewise be utilized, particularly concerning venturing to every part of the plane showed up in (or at).
b.1. Higher or lower than apoint b.1.1. Higher
Over A bird flew over the tree. (Over is word when felt to be Ggenerally higher than a point).
Above She lives on the floor above her sister. (Above is felt to be straightforwardly higher than a point). This qualification among far beyond isn't in every case deliberately noticed.
b.2.2 Lower
Under A train runs under this flyover. (Underis a word showing or feltto be generally lower than apoint).
Underneath She swept the cereal underneath the carpet.
(underneath showing or express the idea of closed under, especially hidden objects)
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Beneath Beneath a table lay a cat fast asleep. ("Beneath"
showing or express the idea of "directly under" and some space between).
Below She lives in the apartment on the floor below her sister. (Below is felt immediately lower than a point).
b.2. Neighboring the point
Near She lives near the mosque.
("Near" is close has the broadest meaning of neighboring point). By is the equivalent word for close. Near is methods of extremely close
Next to The cinema is right next to the mall (nothing else between them).
Alongside The little car stopped alongside the truck. (Bordering people or things that are considered to be arranged, or next to each other)
Beside She sat beside her husband during the ceremony.
(showing one side of a person or object that has two sides).
Between She sleep between her two sister. (shows each side of the person or something that has two sides) if the sentence shows more than 2 people or objects that are
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located around a point, must use "in between". She sleep among all her sisters.
Opposite The mosque is just opposite the shopee office.
(point directly to someone or something else).
c. Preposition of Manner
According to Quirk and Greenbaum (1989) preposition of manner is a word in English that shows how the way between objects and words. The preposition object used can be a Noun, Pronoun, or Gerund. Preposition of manner is preposition that is used to describe the way of how something happen or done.
Types and Examples of Prepositions of Manner in English Sentences : a. Preposition of Manner "BY"
We go on vacation by train
He goes to the market by a motorcycle They say by cooking makes them happy By bicycle he will walk around the field By eating he can forget the problem b. Preposition of Manner "IN"
Don't be noisy in prayer (Don't be noisy in praying) he doing tasks in slowly
He is happy in his family We smile in happily happiness
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They go in rain He comes in anger
c. Preposition of Manner "Like"
I want to be like a successful entrepreneur We do it like professionals
They play like fear
He despairs like he will die He draws like a painter He cries like losing something d. Preposition of Manner "ON"
I always cook on myself at home I often walk on foot to go to school
They rarely cook on themselves at home (They rarely cook at home) e. Preposition of Manner "WITH"
I made breakfast with my mother this morning I will go shopping with my friends
He watches a movie with his girlfriend My father goes on vacation with my mother They cycle with their club.
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Conceptual Framework
Figure 2.1 : Conceptual Framework
The figure 2.1 above describe the purpose of the research. In this case the research wants to know the students’ ability in using preposition (Preposition of time, place and manner). Therefore, to collect the data researcher will use a writing test to know the students’ ability about using preposition (Preposition of time, place and manner) in descriptive text.
Writing
Preposition
Preposition of Time Preposition of Place Preposition of Manner
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD A. Research Design
The kind of the research was descriptive research. The researcher utilized a quantitative strategy and writing test as the instrument of the research. With the aim to know students’ ability on the use of preposition made by the seventh grade of SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro. So in this research independent variable, students’ ability in writing skill (X) and the dependent variable is Preposition (preposition of time, place and manner) (Y). The design variables of the research were given in the following figure by Riduwan and Sunarto (2012).
Figure 3.1 Research Design
B. Population and Sample a. Population
The population of this reasearch was the seventh grade students’ of SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro. The total number of the population were 254 students. However, not all students are used as the sample of the research.
The 254 students were divided into nine classes. A class consisted of 29 students, and B, C, D, E, F class consisted of 32 students each class, G and H
Students’ ability( X ) Preposition (Y)
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consisted of 22 students each class, and I class consisted of 21 students. And total of population was 254 students.
b. Sample
The researcher applied Purposive Sampling Technique because the level of all the students’ writing and the students position in the class is based on the ability or their learning result. The researcher took one class of the seventh grade students’ at SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro as a sample. The researcher took A class consisted of 29 students because the ability of the students in the class to have a high enough value in English than other students in the seventh grade. So the researcher measured students' ability in writing prepositions. So that the data obtained later can be more representative.
C. Research Instrument
To recognize the students’ ability in using preposition, the researcher used writing test as the instrument. Test was used when the researcher worked on the inquiry of numbers using statistics in analyzing obtained the data. The researcher used this instrument to gain the data and identify the percentage and level of students’ ability.
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D. Data Collection
The researcher used the procedures of research as follows:
1. The researcher determined the subject of the research.
2. The researcher determined the instrument of the research.
The researcher used writing test as the instrument which consist of 10 number of the test.
3. Collected the students’ work.
4. The researcher collected students’ work sheet after conducted the test.
5. Analyzed the data. There were some steps to analyze the data after giving the test, as the following :
a) Checked the students’ name and identity.
b) Corrected the students’ answer sheet one by one.
c) Gave the students’ score.
d) Determined level of each students’
e) Classified the students’ level of ability to know the frequency’s percentage of students’ classification
f) Calculated the total average score of the students’ to concluded the category of students’ work.
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E. Data Analysis
From the data that have been collected then a descriptive analysis of the data is carried out by way of describing objectively and systematically the existing situation in the field.
To analyze the data the researcher used steps were as follows:
1. Checked the students answer sheet.
2. Corrected the students answer sheet one by one.
3. Gave the students score. Scoring system of the test is gave score one to each correct answers and zero to the wrong answer. Then, the total of correct answer is devided by the total test item and text test by 100, so that the highest score is 100.
And then, to know the students’ score from test, the researcher used the formula in by Sudjono (1996) as follows:
4. Determined the category of students ability. The researcher classified the students’ score one by one used score category as follow:
Table 3.2 Student’s Score Category
No Score
Interval Level of
Ability
1 80-100 Excellent
2 66-79 Good
𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 𝐺𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 ×100
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3 56-65 Fair
4 40-55 Poor
5 0-39 Very poor
(Gay, 2006 : 320) 5. Classified the students’ level work. After the students’ score is
classified the researcher put it into percentage of classification before made a chart to know the students’ classification ability easily. The researcher used formula of percentage by Sudjono (1989:79).
: Notes :
P percentage number F : frequency
N : number of cases (number of frequency or individual) 𝑃 =𝐹
𝑁 ×100%
CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
This chapter was divided into two parts, namely findings and discussions. It showed the results of research findings and sheds more light on those findings. The findings of this study relate to the answers to the research questions about the use of preposition in descriptive text of seventh grade students’ at SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro.
And the discussion section, further information was also provided by the researcher.
A. Research Findings
This research was conducted at the seventh grade students’ of SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro in academic year of 2021/2022. The subject of this research was the A class of seventh grade students at SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro. The purpose of this research was to gain the description of students’ ability in using preposition (Preposition of time, preposition of place, preposition of manner). The researcher gave a test of students’ ability in using preposition (preposition of time, preposition of place, prepsotiion of manner) in descriptive text to them. After that, the researcher collected and analyzed the data. It was mentioned that the research findings were analyzed based on the students’ ability in using preposition (preposition of time, preposition of place, prepsotiion of manner) in descriptive text. It was done to give the relevant answer to research questions posed in statement of the problem: “How is the students’ ability in using preposition in descriptive text of the seventh grade students’
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at SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro?” In completing the data, the researcher corrected the students’ answer sheet. The researcher gave one score for correct answer and zero score for wrong answer. The test was fill in the blank in Descriptive text (Borobudur Temple) that was used to measure students’ ability in using preposition (Preposition of time, preposition of place, and preposition of manner).
A.1. The Use of Preposition in Decriptive Text of the Seventh Grade Students’ at SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro
The result of the students’ test, the researcher found that there were many students who were correct in using preposition in descriptive text. In this study, the researcher used tests as a tool to collect the data sample of the seventh grade students’
at SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro, where students have to complete the blank by choosing which one of the correct preposition.
a. Data number 1
It was built 1…… (at/in) the ninth century under Sailendra dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom.
The correct answer : It was built in the ninth century under Sailendra dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom
Based on the data above, preposition “in” is the correct answer of data number 1.
The preposition “in” is a preposition of time that used to discuss months, seasons, years, centuries, general times of day, and longer periods of time. The ninth century showed that time in the sentence. For this question, 23 students answer correctly and 6 students answer incorrectly.
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b. Data number 2.
Borobudur is located 2……. (in/at) Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.
The correct answer : Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.
Based on the data above, preposition “in” is the correct answer of data number 2.
The preposition “in” showed the area of something enclosed, and a building.
Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia showed that place in the sentence. For this question, 14 students answer correctly and 15 students answer incorrectly.
c. Data number 3 and 4
The reason is 3……. (at/on) that time Hinduism and Buddhism developed simultaneously 4…….. (on/at) the island of Java
The correct answer : The reason is at that time Hinduism and Buddhism developed simultaneously on the island of Java
- Based on the data above, preposition “at” is the correct answer of data number 3.
The preposition “at” This preposition of time is used to discuss clock times, holidays and festivals, and other very specific time frames including exceptions. at that time Hinduism and Buddhism showed that time in the sentence. For this question, 10 students answer correctly and 19 students answer incorrectly.
- Based on the data number 4, preposition “on” is the correct answer of data number 4. The preposition “on” this preposition of place is used when talking about a specific place but still quite broad. On can be used for non-specific addresses, left or right positions, surfaces, and when on public transportation. For this question, 19 students answer correctly and 10 students answer incorrectly
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d. Data number 5
Its construction is influenced 5………… (by/with) the Gupta architecture of India.
The correct answer : Its construction is influenced by the Gupta architecture of India.
Based on the data number 5, preposition “by” is the correct answer of data number 5. The preposition of manner “by” is the correct answer because the preposition describes the object that is the actor in the sentence.
For this question, 13 students answer correctly and 16 students answer incorrectly.
e. Data number 6
The first five terraces are square and surrounded by walls adorned 6……….
(with/by) buddhist sculpture in bas-relief
The correct answer : The first five terraces are square and surrounded by walls adorned with buddhist sculpture in bas-relief
Based on the data number 6, preposition “with” is the correct answer form the data number 6. The preposition of manner “with” because the sentence explain details of the terraces of Borobudur Temple. For this question, 18 students answer correctly and 11 students answer incorrectly.
f. Data number 7 and 8
On the way, pilgrims walk through a series of hallways and stairs 7……… (by/on) witnessing 1,460 reliefs engraved 8……….(on/at) the stone walls of the temple.
The correct answer : On the way, pilgrims walk through a series of hallways and stairs by witnessing 1,460 reliefs engraved on the stone walls of the temple
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- Based on the data number 7, preposition “by” is the correct answer form the data number 7. The preposition of manner “by” is the correct answer because witnessing word is the noun, when using preposition of manner the preposition object used can be a Noun, Pronoun, or Gerund. For this question, 5 students answer correctly and 24 students answer incorrectly.
- Based on the data number 8, preposition “on” is the correct answer form the data number 8. The preposition of place on because the preposition on indicates the surface of something – a stone, a window, a desk, or anything). The word on top of emphasizes the highest even surface. It is utilized with an item that has some tallness). For this question, 16 students answer correctly and 13 students answer incorrectly.
g. Data number 9
Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument 9………
(at/in) 1983 is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people.
The correct answer : Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people.
Based on the data number 9, preposition “in” is the correct answer form the data number 8. The preposition of time in because in used to discuss months, seasons, years, centuries, general times of day, and longer periods of time. in 1983 showed time in that sentence. For this question, 18 students answer correctly and 11 students answer incorrectly.
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h. Data number 10
10……… (with/in) its magnificent size and architecture, no wonder that Borobudur Temple includes 7 wonders of the world.
The correct answer : With its magnificent size and architecture, no wonder that Borobudur Temple includes 7 wonders of the world. Based on the data number 10, preposition “with” is the correct answer form the data number 10. The preposition of manner with because the sentence explain about the characteristic of Borobudur Temple. its magnificent size and architecture showed the characteristic of the sentence. For this question, 26 students answer correctly and 2 students answer incorrectly.
Determining the level of student’s mastery in using preposition (preposition of time, preposition of place, and preposition of manner). Scoring system of the test was given score one to each correct answers and zero to the wrong answer. Then, to know the students’ score from test, the researcher using the formula in by Sudjono (1996).
Then, the total of correct answer was devided by the total test item by 100, so that the highest score was 100.
Based on the result of counting the test, the students’ score can be seen on the table below:
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Table 4.1. Students’ score categories NO. RESPONDENT
(STUDENT)
RIGHT ANSWER
ITEMS SCORE CATEGORIES
1 A1 4 10 40 Poor
2 A2 6 10 60 Good
3 A3 4 10 40 Poor
4 A4 6 10 60 Good
5 A5 4 10 40 Poor
6 A6 6 10 60 Good
7 A7 5 10 50 Fair
8 A8 6 10 60 Good
9 A9 4 10 40 Poor
10 A10 6 10 60 Good
11 A11 6 10 60 Good
12 A12 7 10 70 Good
13 A13 3 10 30 Very Poor
14 A14 7 10 70 Good
15 A15 5 10 50 Fair
16 A16 7 10 70 Good
17 A17 5 10 50 Fair
18 A18 5 10 50 Fair
19 A19 7 10 70 Good
20 A20 6 10 60 Good
21 A21 2 10 20 Very Poor
22 A22 10 10 100 Excellent
23 A23 4 10 40 Poor
24 A24 3 10 30 Very Poor
25 A25 5 10 50 Fair
26 A26 6 10 60 Good
27 A27 5 10 50 Fair
28 A28 9 10 90 Excellent
29 A29 8 10 80 Excellent
The results of the students’ test, the researcher found that there were still many students who have poor in using preposition. In this study, the researcher used the test as a tool used to collect data on A class of seventh grade students at SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro, where students were directed to fill in the blanks by choosing the best answer of preposition
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in descriptive text. Based on the results of the research, most students’ had poor when used preposition in descriptive text. The result of the students’ test of preposition (preposition of time, preposition of place, and preposition of manner) presented on the research findings table below:
The percentage of the students’ ability in used preposition (preposition of time, preposition of place, and preposition of manner) in descriptive text by A class of seventh grade students’ at SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro.
A.2. Table 4.2 Percentage of students’ ability in used preposition (Preposition of time, preposition of place, and preposition of manner) in descriptive text by A class of seventh grade students’ at SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro
No Level of Ability Total of students’ Percentage
1 Excellent 3 10,34 %
2 Good 12 41, 38 %
3 Fair 6 20,70 %
4 Poor 5 17,24 %
5 Very poor 3 10,34 %
Total 29 100%
Based on the table above, the researcher found that there were many students who had Good level of abiliy in used preposition (preposition of time, preposition of place and preposition of manner) by the A class of seventh grade students’ at SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro. The researcher got a result there were only 3 students’ (10,34%) who had Excellent level of ability in used preposition, 12 students’ (41,38%) who had Good level of ability in used preposition, 5 students’ (17,27%) who had Fair level of
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ability in used preposition, 6 students (20,70%) who had Poor level of ability in used preposition, and 3 students’ (10,34%) who had Very Poor level of ability in used preposition.
B. Discussion
This research provides an overview of students’ ability in using preposition (Preposition of time, preposition of place and preposition of manner) in descriptive text of the seventh grade students’ at SMP Negeri 1 based on the result of the writing tests.
B.1. The Use of Preposition in Decriptive Text of the Seventh Grade Students’ at SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro
In this study, the researcher found that there were several levels of students' abilities when using prepositions (preposition of time, preposition of place, and preposition of manner). The same finding is also proven by Samae (2018) that there are 5 levels of student ability when using preposition words. The level of student ability in question includes the level of excellent, good, fair, poor and very poor.
Moderate. There are 5 levels that are categorized, then the data shows that the level that the students have is a Fair ability level. The same finding from Fabela et al (2019) in their research showed that there are 4 level ability namely : good level, excellent level, average level and poor level, then their data shows that the level that the students have is a Poor ability level. And the third research to proven the researcher research from by Fahmi (2018). His research same by Fabela et al (2019)
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which has 4 level students’ abilities researched. Based on previous findings, the differences between the findings of this study and previous studies indicate that there are differences in the findings of students' ability levels, and the types of tests given to students. Research by Fahmi (2018) and Samae (2018) used descriptive quantitative method, while Fabela et al research (2019) used descriptive qualitative method. And this study shows that the students' level of ability belongs to Good level when use preposition (preposition of time, preposition of place and preposition of manner) in descriptive text, the researcher used descriptive quantitative as a method for the research.
Based on the result of this research, majority the students’ ability in using preposition (preposition of time, preposition of place, and preposition of manner) of the seventh grade students at SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro in the academic year of 2021/2022 belongs to Good level of ability. Through the data, the researcher obtained that 3 students or 10,34% were included in the highest score or having excellent level of ability. 12 students or 41,38% students were included in good level. Then, 6 students or 20,70% were included in fair level, 5 students or 17,24% students were included in poor level and 3 students or 10,34% students were included in very poor level. It means that the students’ ability was belong to good level by result percentage.
Based on the findings above, it can be concluded that there are many students’
in the A class of seventh grade students’ at SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro have good level
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of ability in SMP Negeri 1 Bunggoro, Class A has higher knowledge than other classes. Therefore, many of the class A students have a good level to answer the preposition test in the Borobudur temple text.
38 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSSION AND SUGGESTION
After collecting data and analyzing the research result, the researcher drew some conclussion and suggestion in analyzing students’ ability in used preposition (preposition of time, preposition of place, preposition of manner) :
A. Conclussion
Based on the data analysing of the students’ students’ ability in used preposition (preposition of time, preposition of place, preposition of manner) in descriptive text of seventh grade students’ of SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro.
In using preposition (preposition of time, preposition of place, preposition of manner) in descriptive text of seventh grade students’ of SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro Based on the findings above, it can be concluded that there are many students in A class have good level of ability and able to answer correctly in the test sheet. Only 3 students’ have very poor level of ability and unable to answer correctly in the test sheet of descriptive text Borobudur Temple.
B. Suggestion
Based on the above conclusions, the researcher proposes the following suggestions;
1. For teacher
a. The teacher should be creative in teaching-learning English and make students’ comfortable in the class.
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b. In teaching, especially in preposition material, the teacher also advised implementing strategies that attract students’ motivation to improve it. They need to be motivated that the preposition was also an important part of the English language which must be mastered in both oral and written communication.
2. Suggestion for students
a. The students should develop their motivations because it was an important factor in English learning.
b. Students should learn more about preposition and how to use and write preposition in descriptive text. So that in the future students are more reliable using the correct preposition.
c. The students must answer every question, which is given by the teacher, and are not afraid to answers incorrect.
3. Suggestion for other researcher
This research was about an analysis of students’ ability in using preposition (preposition of time, preposition of place, and preposition of manner) of the seventh grade students at SMP Negeri 1 Bungoro in the academic year of 2021/2022. The researcher hopes that this research can be used as a reference for a research about preposition with different objectives, sample, and methodology.
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APPENDIX 1
Research Instrument Writing Test
1. Petunjuk pengisian :
a. Hasil tes ini tidak akan mempengaruhi nilai saudara (i) dalam mata pelajaran Bahasa Inggris, karena hasil tes ini hanya semata-mata untuk kepentingan penelitian.
b. Atas partisipasi dan kerja sama, peneliti mengucapkan banyak terima kasih.
c. Isitilah identitas anda sesuai dengan petunjuk yang telah disediakan!
d. Kerjakanlah tes ini dengan sebaik-baiknya
e. Waktu untuk mengerjakan tes ini selama 30 menit.
2. Responden diminta agar mengisi preposition yang hilang pada text Deskriptif dibawah ini dengan judul “BOROBUDUR TEMPLE”
a. Jumlah preposition yang hilang : 10 kata. (SETIAP 1 KATA BERNILAI 1 POINT, JIKA BENAR SEMUA MAKA BERNILAI 10 POINT)
b. SELAMAT MENGERJAKAN^^
